Geologic Resources Inventory Report, Colonial National Historical Park

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Geologic Resources Inventory Report, Colonial National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Colonial National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2016/1237 ON THE COVER: The Yorktown Victory Monument was completed in January 1885 and, at nearly 30 m (100 ft) tall, overlooks the wide harbor of the York River. Architecturally it was planned and constructed in three parts, with a base, a sculptured podium (in the form of a drum), and a column. The whole “is intended to convey, in architectural language, the idea, set forth in the dedicatory inscription, that, by the victory at Yorktown, the independence of the United States of America was achieved, or brought to final accomplishment.” National Park Service photograph courtesy of Dorothy Geyer (Colonial National Historical Park). THIS PAGE: Local fossils are historically significant to paleontological history. Many species were discovered, described, and named from locations in the park. The bivalve (mollusk) Chesapecten jeffersonius was likely the first fossil to be described in North America. It was included in Martin Lister’s Historiae Conchyliorum in the late 1600s. National Park Service photograph courtesy of Melanie Peters (Geologic Resources Division) taken in August 2005. Colonial National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2016/1237 Trista L. Thornberry-Ehrlich Colorado State University Research Associate National Park Service Geologic Resources Division Geologic Resources Inventory PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 June 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://go.nps.gov/gripubs), and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Thornberry-Ehrlich, T. L. 2016. Colonial National Historical Park: Geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2016/1237. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 333/133343, June 2016 iiii Contents Page Figures . v Tables . v Executive Summary . vii Products and Acknowledgments . .. xi GRI Products . xi Acknowledgments . xi Geologic Setting and Significance . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Park Setting . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Geologic Setting . 2 Geologic Significance and Connections . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Geologic Features and Processes . .. 13 Fluvial Features and Processes . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 Coastal Plain Sediments . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 Slope Features and Processes . 19 Paleontological Resources . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Karst Topography and Cornwallis “Cave” . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Subsurface Geologic Features and the Chesapeake Bay Impact Crater . 23 Hydrogeologic System at Yorktown Battlefield . 26 Geologic Resource Management Issues . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 Sea Level Rise, Flooding, and Coastal Vulnerability . 29 Shoreline Erosion, Sediment Transport, and Coastal Engineering Structures . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 Stormwater Management along Colonial Parkway and Upland Erosion . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40 Paleontological Resource Inventory, Monitoring, and Protection . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 Geologic Hazards and Risks . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44 Groundwater Quantity and Quality . 47 Karst Landscape Management . 48 Yorktown Formation Shrink-and-Swell Clays . 48 Abandoned Mineral and Disturbed Lands . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������49 Geologic History . 51 Mesozoic Era (252.2 million to 66.0 million years ago)—Origin of the Coastal Plain . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������51 Cenozoic Era (66.0 million years ago to present)—Building and Reshaping the Coastal Plain . 51 Geologic Map Data . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 Geologic Maps . 57 Source Maps . 57 GRI GIS Data . 57 GRI Poster . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 Map Unit Properties Table . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 Use Constraints . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 Glossary . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59 Literature Cited . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69 Additional References . 77 Geology of National Park Service Areas . 77 NPS Resource Management Guidance and Documents . 77 Climate Change Resources . 77 Geological Surveys and Societies . 77 US Geological Survey Reference Tools . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������77 Appendix A: Scoping Participants . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79 iii Contents (continued) Page 2005 Scoping Meeting Participants . 79 2014 Conference Call Participants . 79 Appendix B: Geologic Resource Laws, Regulations, and Policies . 81 GRI Poster . ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������in pocket Map Unit Properties Table . .in pocket iv Figures Page Plate 1. Maps of Colonial National Historical Park. in pocket Figure 1. Map of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Figure 2. Map of the physiographic provinces and subprovinces of Virginia. 2 Figure 3. Generalized cross section and stratigraphic column of the Coastal Plain in Virginia . 3 Figure 4. Map of terraces on the James-York
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