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Heritage Framework Book Chapter Nine Chesapeake Metropolis, 1930 to 2000 New World Depression Era World War II Cold War Economic Order 1930 to 1939 1939 to 1945 1947 to 1989 1989 to 2000 1950- 1965- 1930 1933 1939 1940 1941 1945 1947 1953 1952 1973 1973 1983 1989 1990 2000 ||||||||||||||| Regional | WWII | America WWII | Korean | Vietnam | U.S. EPA | Regional | population | begins in | enters ends | War | War | establishes | population | reaches | Europe | WW II || |Chesapeake | reaches | 5.0 million || Cold War Chesapeake | Bay Program | 10.5million | Franklin | begins Bay Bridge ||| Delano Regional opens Chesapeake Soviet Union Regional Roosevelt population Bay Bridge- collapses population first elected nears Tunnel ending reaches president 5.5 million opens Cold War 12.0 million AN ECOLOGY OF PEOPLE SIGNIFICANT EVENTS AND PLACE ▫ 1930–regional ▫ 1948 to 1950–Alger ▫ 1968–riots in population reaches Hiss spy case Washington, Ⅺ PEOPLE 5 million ▫ 1950–postwar Baltimore, and other ▫ 1932–Federal troops migration combined Chesapeake cities The 5 million inhabitants of the Chesa- disperse bonus with baby boom ▫ 1970–Amtrak peake Bay region faced a terrible para- marchers in increase regional established Washington population to dox in 1930 (see Map 11). On the surface, ▫ 1972–Hurricane ▫ 1933–Franklin 7 million Agnes devastates nothing seemed to have changed. Delano Roosevelt ▫ 1950 to 1953– region Although population pressure had elected to first term Korean War fought ▫ 1973–Chesapeake as president clearly left a mark on the region, fish still between U. S.–led Bay Bridge–Tunnel ▫ 1935–Social Security United Nations opens teemed in Bay waters, and farm fields Act passed by troops and ▫ 1973–OPEC oil Congress Communist North still swelled with produce ready for mar- embargo creates ▫ 1939–World War II Korean and Chinese ket. The impressive technological forces fuel shortages begins in Europe throughout region advances that many believed would ▫ 1952–Chesapeake ▫ 1940–regional ▫ 1983–Environmental Bay Bridge opens assure unending progress and prosperity population nears 5.5 Protection Agency had not disappeared. Yet for a second million ▫ 1956–Federal establishes time in less than forty years, financial ▫ 1941–America Interstate Highway Chesapeake Bay enters World War II Act passed by Program dealings and market forces beyond the on Allied side Congress ▫ 1989–Cold War ends average person’s understanding had ▫ 1942–Pentagon ▫ 1958–National De- as Soviet Union plunged Chesapeake Bay and the rest of opens in Arlington, fense Education Act collapses the nation into a devastating economic Virginia passed by Congress ▫ 1990–regional ▫ 1945–Harry S. ▫ 1964–Economic population reaches downturn. This downturn is still known Truman becomes Opportunity Act 10.5 million today as the Great Depression. president following passed by Congress ▫ 2000–regional Roosevelt’s death ▫ 1965 to 1973– population reaches This depression was even worse than the ▫ 1945–World War II American military 12 million one in 1893. Foreign markets collapsed ends involvement in as the American crash triggered a world- ▫ 1947–Cold War Vietnam begins as Executive ▫ 1966–Historic wide panic. Money and credit suddenly Order 9835 author- Preservation Act became hard to get. Factories, shops, izes loyalty checks passed by Congress and businesses closed, unable to raise An Ecology of People and Place 139 Map 11: Chesapeake Metropolis, 1930 to 2000 95 Hopewell Furnace NHS 76 76 1 ● Lancaster S u s 95 qu ●Yo r k eh Ferncliff Wildlife a 81 n and Wildflower AMTRAK na R Preserve Gilpin's iv Falls er 83 40 Conowingo Dam Sion Hill Gettysburg NMP ● Chesapeake and Elkton Delaware Canal Eisenhower NHS 1 ● Long Green Chesapeake City 70 Creek and e Aberdeen Proving g r Whitaker Sweathouse d e Ground i r in 95 e R v Chambers Branch ta i Hampton v n i n i Farm Natural Area t R u NHS R 13 c o Chestertown r o y t P te c M a a Historic es a t Towson ● th C h c a District u p C o Frederick ● o 70 s Fort McHenry NM S n c o ● o R iver & Historic Shrine M r C&O Canal e Baltimore v Harper's Ferry Gap NHP Columbia ● i R BWI Kent Island k Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Nat. Agric. Airport 3 301 Sugar Loaf n Harpers Ferry Res. Ctr.● a Mountain Annapolis t Gen. George p Silver Chesapeake o C. Marshall House ● h Rockville Spring Greenbelt 50 C Bay Bridge iver Bethesda ● 81 50 Rachel Carson House Manassas Gap Arlington ke R Washington DC Alexandria Dulles P tico 64 a n IAP t a u N Thorofare Occoquan x Belt Woods e Gap Manassas n 13 t ● Cambridge ● National Battlefield R Warrenton 1 i Bull Run Mtn. r 301 v e e iv r Battle Creek 50 r Thornton Gap V e i v 95 c R Cypress Swamp r ● i a g Salisbury in iver R m Calvert R ia h a to Thomas Cliffs Preserve & a Camp Hoover p o o P Stone NM M oke R d p K a a A r n y s h R l a n Gari Patuxent a n i a T n ocom a M d e t n Melchers Naval Air P n Shenan h doah n A R S u ● o Home Station a o NP Culpeper c i k lr M o Assateague ive P a e R r Caledon o St. Mary's City T d Island NS g R to Smith a d n i ● State Park mac River i Rapida ver Island n R g Fredericksburg i e George Washington e u Fredericksburg & Spence's r l S B Birthplace NM Montpelier 1 Spotsylvania Point o u Forest County NMP n d Rappahannock R Tangier Island 301 M C at ● ta iver h Charlottesville po 13 81 95 n e i Chesapeake and p R s h Ga iv Virginia fis e a Ohio Railroad (CSX) Rock P r 64 a p Coast Virginia mu Pamunkey n e Reserve Randolph ke Indian y a Cottage R Reservation Mattaponi Indian Green iv k e Reservation d Richmond r e a Springs ro NBP Robert R. Moton B il a House R Norfolk Southern Y o a rn Jam r e es Railroad k River Maggie L. y th R u Walker NHS Richmond i o 64 ve S r & r Colonial e Cape Blue Ridge Mountains lk o iv ● Williamsburg rf Charles o R N Appomattox Court x Fort Langley House NHP J Chesapeake tto Petersburg a s a m d Bay Bridge ●Hampton oa James River Gap m e R Tunnel o Petersburg ● s n p R to p Colonial NHP/ i p NB v ● m Cape A er a Jamestown NHS/ Newport H ● Henry Yorktown Battlefield Norfolk ● News Seashore Lynchburg 460 95 Charles C.Steirly 460 ● Natural Area Robert R. Moton Natural Area Portsmouth High School 85 Great Dismal Dismal 1 Norfolk & Southern Railroad Swamp Swamp Canal NorfolkRailroad & Southern K A R LEGEND T M National Historic Landmark Highway A © National Natural Landmark Railroad National Park Unit Canal • City or Town Bay ■ Natural or Cultural Feature Plain 0 5 10 25 50 miles Metropolitan Region Piedmont 0 5 10 40 80 kilometers North 140 CHAPTER NINE: CHESAPEAKE METROPOLIS KEY LOCALES NATIONAL HISTORIC Baltimore City Gari Melchers Home Charlottesville LANDMARKS Landmarks [1916-1932], Landmarks Chesapeake (Lightship Stafford County Shack Mountain District of Columbia No. 116) [1930] Robert R. Moton High [1916-1955] Constitution Hall College of Medicine of School [1950-1974], University of Virginia [1924-1930] Maryland [19th-20th Prince Edward County Historic District Francis Perkins House centuries] Robert R. Moton House [19th-20th centuries] [1937-1940] Elmer V. McCollum House [1935], Gloucester County Hampton City Sequoia (Presidential [ca. 1920] Landmarks yacht) [1931-1977] U.S.S. Torsk [1944] Portsmouth (Lightship No. 101) [1900-1949], EightFoot High-Speed Supreme Court Building Portsmouth Tunnel [1936-1956] [1935] Pennsylvania Dwight D. Eisenhower Virginia Randolph Cottage Full Scale Tunnel [1931], Maryland Farmstead [1950s], [1937], Henrico County Hampton Rachel Carson House Adams County Savannah (Nuclear ship) Hampton Institute [1956-1964], Prince [1958], Newport News [1868-present] George’s County Virginia Spence’s Point, John R. Lunar Landing Research Whittaker Chambers Farm Camp Hoover [1929- Dos Passos Farm Facility [1965-1972] [1948], Carroll County 1932], Madison County [1806, 1940s], Rendevous Docking Westmoreland County Greenbelt Historic District Gerald R. Ford, Jr. House Simulator [1963-1972] [1935-1946], Prince [1955], Alexandria City Arlington County Variable Density Tunnel George’s County Jackson Ward Historic Landmarks [1921-1940] Sion Hill [19th-20th District [19th-20th Charles Richard Drew centuries], Harford centuries], Richmond House [1920-1939] County General George C. Fort Myer Historic District Spacecraft Magnetic Test Marshall House [1925- [1900s] Facility [1966], Prince 1949], Loudon County George’s County The Pentagon [1942] capital or meet payrolls (see Figure 100). Workers were fired and lost life savings as some banks failed and others foreclosed on heavily mortgaged homes, farms, and equipment. The Depression hit hard everywhere in the Chesapeake Bay region. Tens of thou- sands of unemployed workers faced poverty in the cities and towns. Poor peo- ple in city tenements confronted the Figure 100: The Standard Oil Fleet in Mothballs during twin specters of homelessness and the Great Depression. hunger. In the countryside, farmers and (Photograph courtesy of the Calvert Marine Museum Collection) fishermen, making barely enough to live, struggled to hold on to their fields, boats, and implements. President Herbert Hoover’s pleas for executives to hire back workers and increase production were ignored by corporations unable to sell products on depressed world markets. As they did to Coxey’s Army in 1894, fed- eral troops scattered and burned a sprawling camp of 20,000 destitute veter- ans in 1932 (see Figure 101).
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