DOCSLIB.ORG

Background Books

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

BACKGROUND BOOKS Mao and his colleagues were not the Frederic Wakeman, Jr. in The Fall of first to feel the weight of the 4,000 Imperial China (Free Press, 1975, years of recorded Chinese history. cloth; 1977, paper), culminated in Every leader since Sun Yat-sen 1900 with the "Boxer Rebellion," the (1866-1925) has sought to restore doomed attempt of a dying empire to China to its 11th-century imperial expel all foreigners. Hostilities ended eminence, when it was, according to when the troops of Britain, the historian Charles Hucker, "the most United States, France, Austria, Rus- populous, prosperous, and cultured sia, and Japan occupied Beijing (Pek- nation on earth." ing). The weakened Ching dynasty In China's Imperial Past: An In- was then battered by a string of re- troduction to Chinese History and volts and fell in 19 11. Culture (Stanford, 1979, Hucker The infant Republic of China, sees the 11th century as marking the founded in 1912, was as shaky as the end of China's adolescence. It was dynasty it replaced. For two decades, followed, he notes, by nine centuries hundreds of "warlords" - com- of "chastened, sober, often grim and manders of small personal armies drab maturity." controlling at most a province or two The causes of that languid decline - divided up a beleaguered China. are set forth by Mark Elvin, an Ox- The dozen years after 1916 saw the ford economic historian, in The Pat- formation and dissolution of 25 gov- tern of the Chinese Past (Stanford, ernments, notes Northwestern histo- 1973). Like the United States at the rian James E. Sheridan in China in end of the 19th century, China began Disintegration: The Republican Era to "fill up" with people. But rather in Chinese History, 1912- 1949 (Free than look to foreign outlets for its ex- Press, 1977, cloth & paper). panded economy as the Americans The "warlord era" ended in 1928 did, the xenophobic Chinese turned when Chiang Kai-shek unified China inward, reducing their overseas and established his capital in Nan- trade and contacts. jing (Nanking). Yet Chiang, says Ironically, China's economy was Sheridan, was never more than the revived by European and Japanese nominal ruler of a fragmented na- imperialism. Opening the country to tion. the world market in the middle of the Though hit by natural disasters (in 19th century, according to Elvin, led 1931, flooding of the Chang, or to rapid commercial and industrial Yangtze, River displaced 25 million growth. people) and plagued by the warlords, Seeing little of value in European the Communists. and the Japanese, civilization and dismayed by West- the Nationalist government ;as hurt ern encroachments on Chinese most by its own corruption. In sovereignity, the Chinese govern- 1931-32, barely half of the taxes as- ment tried to contain the movement sessed by the government actually and influence of Westerners. Their ef- arrived at the national treasury, ac- forts, observes Berkeley historian cording to Lloyd Eastman, a Univer- BACKGROUND BOOKS: MAO'S CHINA sity of Illinois historian. (Univ. of Calif., 1978), Suzanne Pep- Yet, Eastman argues in The Abor- per argues that Mao's popular appeal tive Revolution: China under resulted from his success in bringing Nationalist Rule, 1927- 1937 (Har- about land reform and from Chiang's vard, 1974), under Chiang, China be- failure to stop hyperinflation (prices came a modern nation: Law codes increased by 2,000 percent between were promulgated; the old exploita- 1937 and 1945). tive treaties with foreign powers In China: Tradition and Trans- were abrogated; school enrollment formation (Houghton, 1978), John nearly doubled. King Fairbank and Edwin 0. Reis- The 1937 Japanese invasion chauer, two of America's most dis- changed all that. Chiang retreated to tinguished Asia scholars, describe Chongqing (Chungking) in south- China's traditional dynastic cycle: "a western China, leaving most cities to heroic founding, a period of great the invaders and much of the north- power, then a long decline, and fi- ern countryside to the Communists. nally total collapse.'' The invasion also brought Ameri- From the day he proclaimed the can war correspondents. Fresh out of People's Republic in 1949, Mao tried Harvard, Theodore White was to postpone that cyclical decline by counted among the best of them. constantly re-creating the Com- Written with Annalee Jacoby, munist revolution. Maurice Meisner, White's Thunder Out of China a University of Wisconsin historian, (William Sloane, 1946; Da Capo re- observes in Mao's China: A History print, 1975) provides a vivid account of the People's Republic (Free Press, of a famine in Henan province. After 1977, cloth & paper) that Mao began watching the starving citizens of his efforts with broad land reform Zhengzhou literally eat dirt, White and agricultural collectivization. was served "one of the finest and The late 1950s brought the Hundred most sickening banquets I ever ate" Flowers movement and the Great by the city fathers. Leap Forward. Finally, in 1966, Mao While White covered the launched the Cultural Revolution. Nationalists, his fellow journalist The emblem of China in the 1960s Edgar Snow followed the Com- remains Quotations from Chairman munists into the countryside. In Mao Tse-tung (China Books, 1967), 1936, Snow caught up with them in the "little red book." More complete Yanan (Yenan). His glowing observa- is The Selected Works of Mao Tse- tions are preserved in Red Star Over tung (Foreign Languages Press, Bei- China (Random, 1938; Grove, rev. jing, 1960-77; Pergamon, 1977, cloth ed., 1968, cloth & paper; Bantam, & paper). These five volumes contain 1978, paper). Snow found the then the official, sanitized version of 43-year-old Mao Zedong "rather Lin- Mao's pre-1958 work. colnesque," a "plain-speaking and During the Cultural Revolution, plain-living" man who had a poten- China became "a nation of spies," tial for greatness. Mao reciprocated avers the narrator of one of the en- by telling Snow the story of his life. tries in Chen Jo-hsi's The Execution Four years after World War 11, of Mayor Yin and Other Stories from Chiang fled to Taiwan and Mao ruled the Great Proletarian Cultural Revo- the mainland. In Civil War in China: lution (Ind. Univ., 1978). Chen's The Political Struggle, 1945- 1949 fiction makes it clear that the revolu- BACKGROUND BOOKS: MAO'S CHINA tion touched every aspect of life: Par- jing's renewal of diplomatic ties with ents worry about their kindergar- Washington somehow implied the ten-age child's political record; a liberalization of China's economy, political pariah who commits suicide politics, and art. The thaw that came is said to have "terminated his ties in the wake of Mao's death in 1976 with the Party and the people." seemed at first to support that belief. The height of the Cultural Revolu- For a time, a few Chinese felt free to tion also saw the nadir of the PRC's speak their minds. It did not last. The image abroad. So notes newsman fiction, poetry, and essays in Litera- turned academic A. Doak Barnett in ture of the People's Republic of his lucid China and the Major Pow- China (Ind. Univ., 1980), edited by ers in East Asia (Brooking, 1977, Kai-yu Hsu, a scholar at San Fran- cloth & paper). Since 1949, Beijing cisco State University, offer few has tried to balance its dealings with surprises. "Steel is refined in the Moscow, Tokyo, and Washington, struggle of production," writes a observes Barnett. Always at odds People's Liberation Army poet, "and with one or another of those powers, poetry should also be refined and the PRC was, during the whirlwind honed in class struggle." era of the Cultural Revolution, on Such orthodoxy provoked Belgian unusually bad terms with all three. Sinologist Pierre Ryckmans to write For a time, it had only one foreign Chinese Shadows (Viking, 1977, ambassador, stationed in Cairo. cloth; Penguin, 1978, paper) under China's relations with the United the pseudonym "Simon Leys." States have been especially volatile. Ryckmans details 20 years of Maoist Within a year of the establishment of mayhem, scholars' suicides, and cul- the People's Republic, Mao sent tural destruction. 200,000 "volunteers" to fight the When the original French edition Americans and their allies in neigh- was published in 1974, the People's boring Korea. In 1971, however, dip- Republic was commonly portrayed lomatic reconciliation began even as in the Western press as a nation with the United States battled the Com- few noticeable blemishes. Today, munist North Vietnamese on China's however, Ryckman's criticisms seem southeastern border. The history of an eerie anticipation of the down- Sino-American difficulties is re- grading of Mao and Maoism by counted in detail in Congressional China's present rulers. Ryckman's Quarterly's China: U.S. Policy Since conclusion might give those men 1945 (Congressional Quarterly, 1980, pause: The Chinese people, he as- paper only). serts, "have buried 20 dynasties, they Some Americans assume that Bei- will also bury this one." EDITOR'S NOTE: Harry Harding and Ingrid Larsen, an administrative assistant of the Wilson Center's East Asia Program, suggested some of the titles mentioned in this essay. .
Recommended publications
  • Contemporary China: a Book List

    Contemporary China: a Book List

    PRINCETON UNIVERSITY: Woodrow Wilson School, Politics Department, East Asian Studies Program CONTEMPORARY CHINA: A BOOK LIST by Lubna Malik and Lynn White Winter 2007-2008 Edition This list is available on the web at: http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinabib.pdf which can be viewed and printed with an Adobe Acrobat Reader. Variation of font sizes may cause pagination to differ slightly in the web and paper editions. No list of books can be totally up-to-date. Please surf to find further items. Also consult http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinawebs.doc for clicable URLs. This list of items in English has several purposes: --to help advise students' course essays, junior papers, policy workshops, and senior theses about contemporary China; --to supplement the required reading lists of courses on "Chinese Development" and "Chinese Politics," for which students may find books to review in this list; --to provide graduate students with a list that may suggest books for paper topics and may slightly help their study for exams in Chinese politics; a few of the compiler's favorite books are starred on the list, but not much should be made of this because such books may be old or the subjects may not meet present interests; --to supplement a bibliography of all Asian serials in the Princeton Libraries that was compiled long ago by Frances Chen and Maureen Donovan; many of these are now available on the web,e.g., from “J-Stor”; --to suggest to book selectors in the Princeton libraries items that are suitable for acquisition; to provide a computerized list on which researchers can search for keywords of interests; and to provide a resource that many teachers at various other universities have also used.
  • Question About Simon Leys/Pierre Ryckmans

    Question About Simon Leys/Pierre Ryckmans

    H-Asia Question about Simon Leys/Pierre Ryckmans Discussion published by Nicholas Clifford on Friday, September 4, 2015 Sorry if this is going to the wrong place, but it's the sort of relatively simple question that it was possible to ask on H-ASIA in its earlier incarnation. Is this the appropriate place to put it? and if not, where should I try? Many thanks. I'm trying to find out exactly when "Simon Leys" was publically identified as "Pierre Ryckmans," at the time of his arguments with a powerful group of French academic Maoists. His Habits neufs du président Mao (The Chairman’s New Clothes) a chronicle of the Cultural Revolution, written in Hong Kong and based on the Chinese press and other sources) came out in France in 1971. Then, after a stay of six months in Beijing attached to the new Belgian embassy, he wrote Ombres chinoises (Chinese Shadows) which appeared in 1974. In 1975-76 he had a tussle with the French scholar Michelle Loi, whose primary interest lay in Lu Xun (whom Leys admired enormously, as he did George Orwell). In 1976 she published (in Switzerland) a brief pamphlet called Pour Luxun: réponse à Pierre Ryckmans (For Lu Xun: reply to Pierre Ryckmans) attacking him and his views on China and linking him to reactionary circles in American China studies, and those Americans who (she says) actually preferred Zhou Zuoren (Lu Xun’s collaborationist brother) to Lu Xun himself. She herself, though admitting the problems the CCP gave Lu Xun prior to his death in 1936, managed to put the blame not on Mao and the Maoists, but on Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Yang, and some of the others who were disgraced during the Cultural Revolution, and had not yet been rehabilitated at the time of her writing.
  • "Thought Reform" in China| Political Education for Political Change

    "Thought Reform" in China| Political Education for Political Change

    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1979 "Thought reform" in China| Political education for political change Mary Herak The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Herak, Mary, ""Thought reform" in China| Political education for political change" (1979). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1449. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1449 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT IN WHICH COPYRIGHT SUB­ SISTS, ANY FURTHER REPRINTING OF ITS CONTENTS MUST BE APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. MANSFIELD LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA DATE: 19 7 9 "THOUGHT REFORM" IN CHINA: POLITICAL EDUCATION FOR POLITICAL CHANGE By Mary HeraJc B.A. University of Montana, 1972 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OP MONTANA 1979 Approved by: Graduat e **#cho o1 /- 7^ Date UMI Number: EP34293 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
  • Introduction Christian SORACE, Ivan FRANCESCHINI, and Nicholas LOUBERE

    Introduction Christian SORACE, Ivan FRANCESCHINI, and Nicholas LOUBERE

    AFTERLIVES OF CHINESE COMMUNISM 1 Introduction Christian SORACE, Ivan FRANCESCHINI, and Nicholas LOUBERE ere we are in the twenty-first century, among the shipwrecks of utopian voyages, with faded maps to places that no longer exist. Maoist China seems Hlike one such place, with its dreams, aspirations, and terrors, erased under the shimmering miracle of capitalist development. But contemporary China is also a place of state-backed exploitation of labour that produces cheap commodities for global markets, including the electronic goods that have become the prostheses of modern life. The language of communism and class struggle has long been relegated to the past. When discussions of the staggering inequalities of wealth, corruption, and other adverse consequences of post-Maoist capitalism gain momentum, they are censored. Moreover, to read Marx and debate the legacy of Maoism in China is not permitted outside of highly circumscribed official channels—recently, it has even led to the repression and harassment of idealistic students who took Maoism at its word. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) carefully guards its legacy and vocabulary of legitimation. Against what it labels as ‘historical nihilism’ (lishi xuwuzhuyi)—that is to say, the rogue circulation of concepts with the potential to inspire and incite new ways of being in the world—it presents a story of China’s triumph under CCP rule. This edited volume argues that there is much we can learn by revisiting the complicated and contested legacies of Chinese communism. The dogmatic reification of Chinese communism in China, and its Cold War vilification in liberal democracies, makes this critical excavation all the more necessary.
  • Pierre Ryckmans, China Specialist, Public Intellectual and Author of a Minor Literary Masterpiece

    Pierre Ryckmans, China Specialist, Public Intellectual and Author of a Minor Literary Masterpiece

    112 PIERRE RYCKMANS CHINA SPECIALIST, PUBLIC INTELLECTUAL AND AUTHOR OF A MINOR LITERARY MASTERPIECE 1935-2014 PATRICIA CLANCY There have been many tributes to Pierre Ryckmans, the Belgium-born sinologist, writer, critic, translator, art historian and public intellectual, since his death on 11 August, aged 79. Some have come from people in this country who knew him personally, like Peter Craven in the Australian and Murray Bail in the Monthly; many other obituaries have appeared in international newspapers, journals and on radio. They are evidence of the esteem in which Ryckmans and his literary incarnation, Simon Leys, were held both here and abroad. It is not often that a writer of such international standing decides to make his home in Australia, to the great benefit of Australian public life and letters. A bright future was no doubt expected of Pierre Ryckmans when he was born into an eminent Belgian family in Brussels on 28 September 1935. His grandfather was vice-president of the Senate, his father was a publisher and one uncle was governor-general of the Belgian Congo. Another uncle, who was a world authority on Arabic inscriptions, taught at the Catholic University of Louvain. Pierre would also study there, firstly law as was expected, then art history. He had attended primary school at the local Servites de Marie School, followed by the diocesan college of Braine- l’Alleud. Although Pierre Ryckmans was unconventional in some ways, he never wavered from the unshakeable Christian faith he acquired at the college, especially from one of his teachers, the abbé Voussure.
  • Mao's War Against Nature

    Mao's War Against Nature

    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. in the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicaily in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artx>r, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MAO’S WAR AGAINST NATURE: POLITICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN REVOLUTIONARY CHINA by Judith Shapiro submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Chair; 4 'aul Wapner Kslag.
  • Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi

    Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi

    AFTERLIVES OF CHINESE COMMUNISM AFTERLIVES OF CHINESE COMMUNISM POLITICAL CONCEPTS FROM MAO TO XI Edited by Christian Sorace, Ivan Franceschini, and Nicholas Loubere First published 2019 by ANU Press and Verso Books The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (hardback): 9781788734790 ISBN (paperback): 9781788734769 ISBN (online): 9781760462499 WorldCat (print): 1085370489 WorldCat (online): 1085370850 DOI: 10.22459/ACC.2019 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Note on Visual Material All images in this publication have been fully accredited. As this is a non-commercial publication, certain images have been used under a Creative Commons licence. These images have been sourced from Flickr, Wikipedia Commons and the copyright owner of each original picture is acknowledged and indicated in the source information. Design concept and typesetting by Tommaso Facchin; Illustrations by Marc Verdugo Lopez. Cover design by No Ideas. Cover artwork by Marc Verdugo Lopez. Proofreading by Sharon Strange and Evyn Chesneau Papworth. This edition © 2019 ANU Press and Verso Books Table of Contents Introduction - Christian SORACE, Ivan FRANCESCHINI, and Nicholas LOUBERE 1 1. Aesthetics - Christian SORACE 11 2. Blood Lineage - YI Xiaocuo 17 3. Class Feeling - Haiyan LEE 23 4. Class Struggle - Alessandro RUSSO 29 5. Collectivism - GAO Mobo 37 6. Contradiction - Carlos ROJAS 43 7. Culture - DAI Jinhua 49 8. Cultural Revolution - Patricia M.
  • Wxs Productions, Chinese Shadows & Full House Present

    Wxs Productions, Chinese Shadows & Full House Present

    WXS PRODUCTIONS, CHINESE SHADOWS & FULL HOUSE PRESENT 1 graphic design : WXS PRODUCTIONS, CHINESE SHADOWS & FULL HOUSE PRESENT CHINA – FRANCE / 2011/ 110 MINUTES / 1.85 / DOLBY SR INTERNATIONAL SALES FILMS DISTRIBUTION 34, rue du Louvre 75001 Paris - France Tél: +33 1 53 10 33 99 [email protected] www.filmsdistribution.com PRESS RENDEZ-VOUS Viviana Andriani Tel/fax: +33 1 42 66 36 35 [email protected] Download Presskit and Stills: www.rv-press.com SYNOPSIS Wang Han, 11 year old boy in the province of Ghizhou is confronted with a runaway murderer. Hiding in the woods, the wounded man takes Wang Han drying shirt and persuades him to help him out. Frightened and fascinated at once, Wang Han and his friends accept to keep it secret from the police. Strange things are happening at school and the police is everywhere. 4 5 WANG Xiaoshuai Director’s statement AN AUTOBRIOGRAPHICAL STORY 11 FLOWERS is an autobiographical film. Front movement, which pushed these This child, his friends, his parents, the city-dwellers to live with their family in painting classes, the Cultural Revolution the middle of the countryside. and the factory born from the Third Front In my films, it was important for me to movement all come from my childhood speak about these people and their memories. There are obviously new lives. I even started a documentary narrative elements but I did meet this on the subject so that my parents and runaway murderer and I saw him being their friends could tell us why and how THE TITLE 11 FLOWERS arrested.
  • Language and Politics During the Chinese Cultural Revolution: a Study in Linguistic Engineering

    Language and Politics During the Chinese Cultural Revolution: a Study in Linguistic Engineering

    LANGUAGE AND POLITICS DURING THE CHINESE CULTURAL REVOLUTION: A STUDY IN LINGUISTIC ENGINEERING A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the University of Canterbury by Ji Fengyuan ? University of Canterbury 1998 CONTENTS Abbreviations vi Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 I PRELUDE 1. linguistic Engineering: Theoretical Considerations 1.1 The Language of Speech and the Language of Thought 8 1.2 Sapir, Whorf and the Categories of Thought 11 1.3 Concepts, Schemas and World View 24 1.4 Primitive Affective and Associational Processes 31 1.5 Code, Context and Relevance Theory 49 1.6 A Framework for Multi-factorial Persuasion: Information Processing and the Elaboration Likelihood Model 61 1.7 Timeless Theories and Empirical Case Studies 64 2. Linguistic Engineering before the Cultural Revolution 2.1 Origins of Linguistic Engineering in China 66 2.2 The Institutional Basis of linguistic Engineering 72 2.3 Formulae, Codability and Processing Efficiency 81 2.4 The Language of Class Analysis 84 2.5 Language, Love and Revolution 98 2.6 The Discourse of Collectivization 101 2.7 Discourse of the Great Leap Forward: From Martial Language to Disillusionment 103 2.8 Emerging Mao Worship: Prelude to the Cultural Revolution 110 2.9 Linguistic Engineering in China before the Cultural Revolution: an Assessment 117 ii II THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION 1966-68: MASS MOBILIZATION, LANGUAGE AND INTERPRETATION 3. Context and Interpretation: Mao's Manipulation of Meaning 3.1 Background to the
  • "All Under Heaven" -- Megaspace in Beijing

    "All Under Heaven" -- Megaspace in Beijing

    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (ASC) Annenberg School for Communication January 2008 "All Under Heaven" -- Megaspace in Beijing Carolyn Marvin University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers Recommended Citation (OVERRIDE) Marvin, C. (2008). "All under heaven" -- Megaspace in Beijing. In M. E. Price & D. Dayan (Eds.), Owning the Olympics (pp. 229-259). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press and the University of Michigan Library. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/127 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/127 For more information, please contact [email protected]. "All Under Heaven" -- Megaspace in Beijing Abstract Staging the 2008 Olympics is heady stuff for the modern descendants of the Middle Kingdom. Though its emperor once possessed a divine mandate to rule "All Under Heaven," China's international role has been far more circumscribed during the last century and a half. Now the Chinese believe their luck has changed. Playing host to the largest of all modern peacetime extravaganzas perfectly suits the current Chinese political imagination, succinctly if not subtly expressed in the Beijing Olympic Slogan, "One World, One Dream." Through the magic of media, the 2008 Games will certainly reach all under heaven, a scale the Chinese have embraced by sending an Olympic flag ot orbit the earth for five days in 2005 aboard China's second manned space mission, Shengzhou VI (Zhao 2005). This book chapter is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/127 "All Under Heaven"­ Megaspace in Beijing Carolyn Marvin Staging the 2008 Olympics is heady stuff for the modern descendants of the Middl~ Kingdom.
  • Tiananmen Square: a Political History of Monuments

    Tiananmen Square: a Political History of Monuments

    WU HUNG Tiananmen Square: A Political History of Monuments A FEW MONTHS AFTER JUNE 1989, we began to view the Tiananmen movementas history,and as history,the eventis transformedinto words-chron- icles, memorial speeches, analyses-and images of three kinds. Recordedimages are subjects of photo journalism, broadcast to us in "full coverage,"edited and preservedfor documenting or reconstructingthat heated period of fiftydays and nights(16 April-4 June). A condensedimage is a "particular[that] represents the more general";' it is extracted from chronologyto become a symbol: a single recorded image-a young man in a whiteshirt standing motionless before a row of slowlymoving tanks. The precise timeof the eventis rarelyremembered, and no one even knows the brave man's name. Printedon magazine covers,posters, and T-shirts,however, this stillscene stands above the rest and embodies them. Then there is an enrichedimage-Tiananmen Square, a vast open ground centered on and defined by a series of monumentsconstructed over a period of some five hundred years. Many Westernersperhaps only recentlylearned its name, but to everyChinese froma college freshmanto the country'sparamount leader, the Square has always been the center of politicaltension and attention. A series of mass movements taking place there have become landmarks in modern Chinese history:the demonstrationon 4 May 1919 in protestagainst the Treatyof Versailleshanding over Chinese lands to Japan; the patrioticmarch on 18 March 1926; the demonstrationon 9 December 1935, whichstarted the resis- tance movement against the Japanese invasion; the anti-autocraticmovement during the Civil War on 20 May 1947; the mass memorial to the formerprime ministerZhou Enlai on 5 April 1976; and finallythe 1989 studentuprising.
  • Mormonism and Maoism: the Church and People's China

    Mormonism and Maoism: the Church and People's China

    Mormonism and Maoism: The Church and People's China BILL HEATON IN A RECENT ADDRESS to a Regional Representatives Seminar, President Kimball stated— We asked last conference for all members to pray with increased sincer- ity for peace in all nations and especially China, and that we might make entry with our missionaries. Since then many people have been to China and much interest has been shown. Let us ask our Heavenly Father to grant our petition and permit this great neighbor, China, to join the great family of nations now bowing to the Lord Jesus Christ.1 In another address, President Kimball spoke favorably of many Chinese government policies. These policies, which encourage sexual morality, hard work, honesty, self-discipline and attention to personal cleanliness and public health measures, receive frequent favorable comment by visitors to China.2 In the past, LDS missionary work among the Chinese has been limited to areas adjacent to China—Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore—and to other countries with Chinese communities. The opening of diplomatic relations between China and the United States and political changes within China since the death of Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) seem to have given new impetus to the desire of Mormon leaders to expand missionary work among the Chinese and into China proper. BILL HEATON is a member of the Board of Editors of Dialogue and a Senior Research Fellow on Chinese Affairs at the National Defense University. 40 HEATON: Mormonism and Maoism I 41 At present, however, the Chinese government is not favorable toward religious proselytism. Just two weeks before President Kimball's address the authoritative People's Daily, in response to a question about religion, ob- served— All religions are hallucinatory and erroneous reflections among men which result from feelings of helplessness and fear in the face of natu- ral and social forces.