DOCSLIB.ORG

Chinese Shadows by Simon Leys

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chinese Shadows by Simon Leys 51 cvcn Kuoniinrang China did not-as shc brilliancc ol' hlito'h though[. lo Chinese Shadows Peking docs-put niost of the country eradicate theiii. BUI rchcarsal is not by Simon Leys ot't' limits to foreigncrs. If it had. thc necessary. Evcry Chincsc know enormous nuniber of critical articles and csactly what he can and cannot say, (Viking: 714 pp.; $10.00) books listing the t'aults of the Chiang cwn to neighbors. ("Don't talk." were Kai-shek regime-and. indeed. Edgar the first words spoken by his old father Snow's Rid Stirr Oiw Clrirrir-could to an illiterate Chinese cook froni Peggy Durdin not have been \vritten. California. who iiiistakenly thought hc Some b'cstcrners arc so naive or s(i wanted to end his days in thc land of his C/rirrcJ.wS/rtrcloii~.v. publishcd in French arroganl [hat they believe they can ar- anccsti)rs. "Jiisr dori'r rulk. "1 several years ago by the Belgian rive at fundamental judgments at'tcr Sinion Lcys wrote Clrirri~si~Slttri1oii.s sinologist Simon Leys. and just recently only a brief "junket" for which they before thc campaign against the "Gang translated into English. is the iiiosl il- haw done no honicwork. For example. of Four." A fascinating appendix to any luniinating book so I'ar written about the one of this country's top cducation offi- new edition would be, first. visitors' Chinese People's Republic. cials. the assistant secretary for educa- accountso'ver the last three. four, or fivc There are many reasons for its exccl- tion in HEW. returned from an eight- years of how fine the situation \vas in lence. Mr. Lcys has loved the country as day visit toChina with a flattering report China and how happy the Chincsc much as his own since he first saw it in on education in China-one with which people were and. second. thc picture of I9S5. just before. he believes, the for- not only American cxperts. but the that same period now paintcd by thc ward dynamism of Mao's regime was Chinese themselves in official statc- official Coniniunist press and radio. compromised and then brokcn. He mcnts. disagree. Many visitors. includ- According to Peking there were. for knows China's history and culture and is ing academicians. and journalists, re- instance: strikes. often accompanied by fluent in thc language. Unlikc many of frain from criticism of China because violcncc. shutdowns of very important today's "experts," he has long been a they do not wish to be barred from future factories and paralysis of sonic impor- confirnird reader of thc Chincse Com- visits by Peking; Simon Leys states hc tant railway junctions; widesprcad munist press, still one of the best wrote under a pseudonym for just this "bcaring. smashing and looting." in- sourccs on the country. He has made reason. Other experts. including profcs- cluding looting of cars and banks: vi- three trips into China. sors. have been constrained by the cious factional fighting. with no holds Leys is also a writer of style, deftly fear-wcll founded. as the experience barred. froni the highest Party and gov- combining personal experience and ob- of a few provcs-that honest public ernment level down to the "grass- servation with analysis. Most important appraisal of the China scene would roots." paralyzing many administrativc hc is a humanist and. in the tradition of bring condemnation and even ostracism bodies and decimating others; collec- Orwell (whom he often and aptly from their pcers. tion and falsification of "black" male- quotes). an enemy of totalitarianism Mao Tsc-tung accomplished, says rial (unfavorable intelligence itcms in wherever it may be found. Leys. thc almost incredible fcat of limit- the personnel file of every Chinese, At the onset Leys clearly states that he ing China for visitors to a "narrow. which accompanics him wherever hc docs not intend to deal with the consid- incredibly constricted area" in which goes) against a wide spectrum of pcr- erable achievcmcnts of thc regime. minutely and cleverly contrived "the- sons. including the lale Chou En-hi; the often described by "distinguished pro- ater" substitutes for and makes possible huniiliation and dismissal-even arrest fessionals" such as Han Suyin. Pe- direct. honest. and warm contact bc- and imprisonment-of many Coni- king's most brilliant apologist. Instead tween human bcings. Guides chosen munists associated with Mao and the he is "adding some shadows. without first for their political reliability fill a revolution for thrce or four decades. which even the most luminous portrait visitor's every waking hour with superb- "Struggle by violence" erupted over lacks depth." This is understatement. ly managed tours 10 carefully selectcd thc country. According to Peking thew What his "shadows" reveal is a totali- cities. communes. schools. factories. and other activities occurred before tarian reginic that tragically resembles ("We couldn't let our foreign friends go Mao's final illness. The leader who had Orwell's. not simply in ordering the to Hangchow la city built around a not hcsitatcd to purge some of the coun- daily life. but numbing the mind and lovcly expanse of quict water] because try's highest ol'licials and oldest destroying the spirit of some 850 mil- . of all the trouble there. So we just told "comrades-in-arms" could have de- lion people. The trains run on tinic. them we were working on the lake." a stroyed the "Gang of Four" in twenty- What pricc are the Chinese paying for Peking official reported jovially to a lour hours. He did not do so. it? visitor not long ago.) To Simon Leys it is extraordinary that How is it. Sinion Leys asks. that Sometimes props are added to the so many Westerners nianagc to disrc- American and European visitors to scene. Lcys notes a simple one: In a gard or charactcrizc as uniinportant the China. who denounce other dictator- coniniune held up as a model of political niass of evidence available in and out- ships around the world. become en- purity and cxtrcniely sparsc living there side China on thc character (if what is thusiastic converts to the Peking vari- were a proletarian howl of gruel and six certainly tine of the \vorld's niost all- ety? There arc inany reasons. .Sonie proletarian eggs on a proletarian tin embracing and cl'ficient dictatorships. It visitors are simply protagonists of the plate aniong the plethora of tasty dishes. is. after all. no sccret .that all regime; their accounts of China before Sonictinies thc actors are rchcarscd: A Chinese-unless they fit into the several and after entering it are identical. Many collegc professor rccitcs in a monotone categories of nonpersons-belong to of these travelers have forgotten that his bourgeois sins and his desire. undcr Party/govcrnnient-conlrolIcd organiza- [ions. It is no secret that cvcry aspect of appointed cultural czarina by Mao hini- greatest battle against "culture." and the peoples' lives is regulated by a tiny sclr in 1963 but who is now called a Peking has piled tragedy on tragedy by ?roup of' iiicn-soiiic ol' thcni "brilliant "white witch" renegade) for the entire making "the masses" describe it as a nd iv i t t y ' .--who I ran s ni i t ordc rs great heritage of Chinese opera. an art "glorious" to this very day. Books. (which cannot be qucstioncd) down- foriii lovcd equally by literate and illit- paintings. and plays that are "flowers" ward through a iiiassivc and intricate crate because it passed down through today art' "big dangerous weeds" to- hurcaucracy that has iiiorc gradations gcncrations Chinese history and values. morrow. "Strengthen the dictatorship than that ol'thc Kuoinintang. and. Lcys hlao and his collaborators. Siiiion of the proletariat" is quite simply adds. is hy nature of the system dull. Lcys believes. haw "deliberately crc- strengthening the dictatorial powers of' dogmatic. mediocre. arrogant. neurot- tinized.. one ofthc world's most intcIIi- the Party. "Following the capitalist ic. I'rozcn in cont'orniisiii. and IcrriI'icd gent pcoplc by "ancsthctizing thcir crit- road" is a deadly label useful to any ot' initiative. ical inielligcnce. purging their brain and group fighting another, as both the Cul- But what Lcys secs as the grtycst injecting the cenicnt of official ideology tural Revolution and the years after it tragedy l'or China is Peking's unceasing into the empty skull." Through every amply illustrate. attack on the Chinese niind and spirit. waking hour. pursuing cvery Chincsc to "Beat the dog that is drowning in the No ruler of our tiiiic has sccn as clearly frontier. field, or privy. Pcking speaks water." This instruction on how to deal as hlao the valuc to dictatorship of total in one repctitive voice, using what Or- with the bourgeoisie comes from Lu nianipulation of' the niind. or worked as wcll so rightly feared: a "mechanical Hsun. a revolutionary writer in the early cleverly and assiduously to achieve it. and prcfabricatcd jargon that is a suhsti- years of this century. He would cer- Lcys rightly points out that Mao set thc lute for thought ...indeed. inhibits the tainly have been executed or incarccr- coursc lor the castration of the intel- possibility of thinking."Thisjargon. as aied by hlao had he been alive in 1957.. I i gc n t si a- \v r i t e r s. a r t i st s . Ie ac h e rs . Orwell pointed out. substitutes the gen- He is sanctified by Peking because he is and so on-in Yenan in 1932. when he eral for the specific.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contemporary China: a Book List
    PRINCETON UNIVERSITY: Woodrow Wilson School, Politics Department, East Asian Studies Program CONTEMPORARY CHINA: A BOOK LIST by Lubna Malik and Lynn White Winter 2007-2008 Edition This list is available on the web at: http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinabib.pdf which can be viewed and printed with an Adobe Acrobat Reader. Variation of font sizes may cause pagination to differ slightly in the web and paper editions. No list of books can be totally up-to-date. Please surf to find further items. Also consult http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinawebs.doc for clicable URLs. This list of items in English has several purposes: --to help advise students' course essays, junior papers, policy workshops, and senior theses about contemporary China; --to supplement the required reading lists of courses on "Chinese Development" and "Chinese Politics," for which students may find books to review in this list; --to provide graduate students with a list that may suggest books for paper topics and may slightly help their study for exams in Chinese politics; a few of the compiler's favorite books are starred on the list, but not much should be made of this because such books may be old or the subjects may not meet present interests; --to supplement a bibliography of all Asian serials in the Princeton Libraries that was compiled long ago by Frances Chen and Maureen Donovan; many of these are now available on the web,e.g., from “J-Stor”; --to suggest to book selectors in the Princeton libraries items that are suitable for acquisition; to provide a computerized list on which researchers can search for keywords of interests; and to provide a resource that many teachers at various other universities have also used.
    [Show full text]
  • Question About Simon Leys/Pierre Ryckmans
    H-Asia Question about Simon Leys/Pierre Ryckmans Discussion published by Nicholas Clifford on Friday, September 4, 2015 Sorry if this is going to the wrong place, but it's the sort of relatively simple question that it was possible to ask on H-ASIA in its earlier incarnation. Is this the appropriate place to put it? and if not, where should I try? Many thanks. I'm trying to find out exactly when "Simon Leys" was publically identified as "Pierre Ryckmans," at the time of his arguments with a powerful group of French academic Maoists. His Habits neufs du président Mao (The Chairman’s New Clothes) a chronicle of the Cultural Revolution, written in Hong Kong and based on the Chinese press and other sources) came out in France in 1971. Then, after a stay of six months in Beijing attached to the new Belgian embassy, he wrote Ombres chinoises (Chinese Shadows) which appeared in 1974. In 1975-76 he had a tussle with the French scholar Michelle Loi, whose primary interest lay in Lu Xun (whom Leys admired enormously, as he did George Orwell). In 1976 she published (in Switzerland) a brief pamphlet called Pour Luxun: réponse à Pierre Ryckmans (For Lu Xun: reply to Pierre Ryckmans) attacking him and his views on China and linking him to reactionary circles in American China studies, and those Americans who (she says) actually preferred Zhou Zuoren (Lu Xun’s collaborationist brother) to Lu Xun himself. She herself, though admitting the problems the CCP gave Lu Xun prior to his death in 1936, managed to put the blame not on Mao and the Maoists, but on Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Yang, and some of the others who were disgraced during the Cultural Revolution, and had not yet been rehabilitated at the time of her writing.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Review 2017–2018
    Australia-China Institute for Arts and Culture Annual Review 2017–2018 ANNUAL REVIEW 2017–2018 Vision Statement China’s rapid emergence as a ACIAC positions itself as a hub and global economic and political national resource centre for cultural power is reshaping the world. For exchange between Australia, Australia, this means an urgent China and the Sinosphere, and for need to know about it not just as collaborative action in the arts and its largest trading partner but other cultural fields. It will build on as a centuries old neighboring the strengths of Western Sydney culture, and learn to engage with University and on existing exchange it in a culturally smart way. The programs in the University. It will Australia-China Institute for Arts help enhance existing exchanges and Culture (ACIAC) was founded between the University and partner for the purpose of facilitating this universities overseas, particularly need. ACIAC also offers to help in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong forge bilateral understanding Kong and Singapore. It will launch between the two peoples and significant new research programs enable development of deeper ties of relevance to the Australia-China between the two countries through relationship, and will engage with the an open, intellectual and dynamic local community in Western Sydney engagement. and particularly with ethnic Chinese groups, businesses and individuals and seek support to ensure its long- term future. Artwork by Shen Wednesday westernsydney.edu.au/aciac 3 AUSTRALIA-CHINA INSTITUTE FOR ARTS AND CULTURE Director’s Report The year of 2018 has been a time of steady completed during the year,and they are The Institute has, through its multiple events, growth for the Australia-China Institute for research fellow Dr Xiang Ren’s internationally turned itself into an important base for Arts and Culture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hall of Uselessness: Collected Essays Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    THE HALL OF USELESSNESS: COLLECTED ESSAYS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Simon Leys | 464 pages | 02 Dec 2012 | Black Inc. | 9781863955850 | English | Melbourne, Australia The Hall of Uselessness: Collected Essays PDF Book What made Leys most remarkable was his depth, his continuous effort to try to get to the bottom of things, to understand them, and to render them with the great simplicity proper of the people who really worked through them. Maeve Binchy. How Did I Get Here? Simon Leys died just short of two years ago. Simon Leys is one writer who is possessed of intelligence, wide learning, facility for the written word, and a clear minded logic that cuts through to the core of the matter. After his imprisonment on St Helena in , Napoleon manages to escape, having left an imposter, a close double, in his place. We are experiencing technical difficulties. I imagine Simon would have very little patience for the no-sacrifice, lip-service, sentimentality posing as critical thinking and actual involvement that seems to be all the rage today, facilitated as it is by the bully-pulpit-in-every- pot, medium of the internet. Continuity is not ensured by the immobility of inanimate objects, it is achieved through the fluidity of the successive generations. These are matched with his own highly-quotable phrases, sentences and whole paragraphs. If one did not already come to the conclusion from what I have just written, let me point out that Leys was also a Christian. Rarer still that that person would be a translator of Chinese. This collection is a collection of all of Leys' finest es Simon Leys or Pierre Ryckmans was a Belgian-Australian writer, professor of Chinese literature at University of Sydney, translator, sinologist and, frankly, an all round man of the arts.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Introduction
    Andy Jarvis:Users:AndysiMac:Public:ANDY'S IMAC JOBS:14446 - EE - VU (EE3 fn):VU PRINT 9780857939630 PRINT 1. Introduction Economic growth has rightly attracted major attention from economists and policy makers. It is vital from the point of view of human welfare, and challenging intellectually, to attempt to answer basic questions related to the past, present, and future performance of nations in economic develop- ment: Why are some countries rich while others are poor? What factors have enabled some poor countries to achieve miraculous success in catch- ing up with rich countries? Is the disparity in per capita income between rich and poor countries decreasing? Addressing these questions requires rigorous theories and robust empirical studies. In these efforts, one needs not only well- established concepts but also in- depth knowledge of promi- nent development stories, not only knowledge of development patterns in the past events but also the current dynamics that are shaping the trends in the world’s future economic growth. Of these questions, none is more important than what has produced remarkable economic growth in Asia. In a single lifetime, countries have been lifted from rural underdevelopment to the living standards of developed econ- omies. According to World Bank (2013), if China can complete this process in the next 20–30 years, the number of people living in high- income econo- mies would more than double.1 If India could achieve the same, then for the first time in modern human history, the majority of the world’s population would enjoy high- income living standards, with all the immense benefits in human welfare that would follow from this.
    [Show full text]
  • "Thought Reform" in China| Political Education for Political Change
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1979 "Thought reform" in China| Political education for political change Mary Herak The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Herak, Mary, ""Thought reform" in China| Political education for political change" (1979). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1449. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1449 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT IN WHICH COPYRIGHT SUB­ SISTS, ANY FURTHER REPRINTING OF ITS CONTENTS MUST BE APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. MANSFIELD LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA DATE: 19 7 9 "THOUGHT REFORM" IN CHINA: POLITICAL EDUCATION FOR POLITICAL CHANGE By Mary HeraJc B.A. University of Montana, 1972 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OP MONTANA 1979 Approved by: Graduat e **#cho o1 /- 7^ Date UMI Number: EP34293 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Christian SORACE, Ivan FRANCESCHINI, and Nicholas LOUBERE
    AFTERLIVES OF CHINESE COMMUNISM 1 Introduction Christian SORACE, Ivan FRANCESCHINI, and Nicholas LOUBERE ere we are in the twenty-first century, among the shipwrecks of utopian voyages, with faded maps to places that no longer exist. Maoist China seems Hlike one such place, with its dreams, aspirations, and terrors, erased under the shimmering miracle of capitalist development. But contemporary China is also a place of state-backed exploitation of labour that produces cheap commodities for global markets, including the electronic goods that have become the prostheses of modern life. The language of communism and class struggle has long been relegated to the past. When discussions of the staggering inequalities of wealth, corruption, and other adverse consequences of post-Maoist capitalism gain momentum, they are censored. Moreover, to read Marx and debate the legacy of Maoism in China is not permitted outside of highly circumscribed official channels—recently, it has even led to the repression and harassment of idealistic students who took Maoism at its word. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) carefully guards its legacy and vocabulary of legitimation. Against what it labels as ‘historical nihilism’ (lishi xuwuzhuyi)—that is to say, the rogue circulation of concepts with the potential to inspire and incite new ways of being in the world—it presents a story of China’s triumph under CCP rule. This edited volume argues that there is much we can learn by revisiting the complicated and contested legacies of Chinese communism. The dogmatic reification of Chinese communism in China, and its Cold War vilification in liberal democracies, makes this critical excavation all the more necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Xanadu: Encounters with China
    XANADU Encounters with China A NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA EXHIBITION XANADU Encounters with China National Library of Australia Canberra 2004 Published by the National Library of Australia Canberra ACT 2600 Australia ©National Library of Australia 2004 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Xanadu: encounters with China. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0 642 27612 9. 1. Australia—Relations—China—Exhibitions. 2. China— Relations—Australia—Exhibitions. I. Terry, Martin. II. Title. 327.94051 Publisher's editor: Leora Kirwan Curatorial assistant: Irene Turpie Designer: Kathy Jakupec Printed by: Goanna Print Front: Firing Crackers in Honour of the Kitchen God in Juliet Bredon Chinese New Year festivals: A Picturesque Monograph of the Rites, Ceremonies and Observances Thereto Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1930 Thanks to Geremie Barme and Andrew Gosling for their advice. Every reasonable effort has been made to contact the copyright holders. Where this has not been possible, the copyright holders are invited to contact the publisher. FOREWORD The creation of the National Library of Australia's major Asian Collection in the years following World War 11 is one of the success stories of Australia's engagement with the Asia-Pacific region. From the 1950s, the Library has built major research collections on East Asia and South-East Asia, and we also have significant holdings on other countries of the region, such as India. Today, the National Library houses the largest developing research resource on Asia in Australia, with holdings of over half a million volumes. Xanadu: Encounters with China is a very special exhibition for the National Library of Australia, drawing as it does on the Library's maps, pictures, rare books and, most notably, its Asian material.
    [Show full text]
  • Wilbert W. W. Wong Review of Philippe Paquet, Simon Leys: Navigator Between Worlds
    Wilbert W. W. Wong review of Philippe Paquet, Simon Leys: Navigator between Worlds (Carlton, Vic.: La Trobe University Press/Black Inc., 2017), 664 pp., HB $59.99 ISBN 9781863959209 A senior academic at The Australian National University described Pierre Ryckmans, as soon as he learned that I was writing this book review, as quiet, but having the look of a person with a strong sense of character and determination. This was the impression that Ryckmans gave to a person who had seen him on campus but not spoken to him. Nonetheless, it was an accurate portrayal of Ryckmans, and fits in nicely with the Ryckmans (also popularly known as Simon Leys, his pen-name) that Philippe Paquet captures in Simon Leys: Navigator between Worlds, an impressive biography that is both scholarly and well written. This biography is a translation by Julie Rose from the original French version, which was published in 2016. Born in Brussels on 28 September 1935, an auspicious day for a future Chinese scholar and man of letters since, as Paquet points out, it is officially the birthday of Confucius, Ryckmans grew up in a family with a strong Catholic, legal, political and colonial background. His uncle, also Pierre Ryckmans, was governor-general of the Belgian colony of Congo (1934–46) and was offered a post in the Ministry of Colonies in 1958, which he declined due to ill health. Ryckmans’s first encounter with China came in 1955, when, while studying at the Université catholique de Louvain, he joined a Belgian delegation to the country in a trip that was funded by the young communist government (pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Pierre Ryckmans, China Specialist, Public Intellectual and Author of a Minor Literary Masterpiece
    112 PIERRE RYCKMANS CHINA SPECIALIST, PUBLIC INTELLECTUAL AND AUTHOR OF A MINOR LITERARY MASTERPIECE 1935-2014 PATRICIA CLANCY There have been many tributes to Pierre Ryckmans, the Belgium-born sinologist, writer, critic, translator, art historian and public intellectual, since his death on 11 August, aged 79. Some have come from people in this country who knew him personally, like Peter Craven in the Australian and Murray Bail in the Monthly; many other obituaries have appeared in international newspapers, journals and on radio. They are evidence of the esteem in which Ryckmans and his literary incarnation, Simon Leys, were held both here and abroad. It is not often that a writer of such international standing decides to make his home in Australia, to the great benefit of Australian public life and letters. A bright future was no doubt expected of Pierre Ryckmans when he was born into an eminent Belgian family in Brussels on 28 September 1935. His grandfather was vice-president of the Senate, his father was a publisher and one uncle was governor-general of the Belgian Congo. Another uncle, who was a world authority on Arabic inscriptions, taught at the Catholic University of Louvain. Pierre would also study there, firstly law as was expected, then art history. He had attended primary school at the local Servites de Marie School, followed by the diocesan college of Braine- l’Alleud. Although Pierre Ryckmans was unconventional in some ways, he never wavered from the unshakeable Christian faith he acquired at the college, especially from one of his teachers, the abbé Voussure.
    [Show full text]
  • Mao's War Against Nature
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. in the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicaily in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artx>r, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MAO’S WAR AGAINST NATURE: POLITICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN REVOLUTIONARY CHINA by Judith Shapiro submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Chair; 4 'aul Wapner Kslag.
    [Show full text]
  • Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi
    AFTERLIVES OF CHINESE COMMUNISM AFTERLIVES OF CHINESE COMMUNISM POLITICAL CONCEPTS FROM MAO TO XI Edited by Christian Sorace, Ivan Franceschini, and Nicholas Loubere First published 2019 by ANU Press and Verso Books The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (hardback): 9781788734790 ISBN (paperback): 9781788734769 ISBN (online): 9781760462499 WorldCat (print): 1085370489 WorldCat (online): 1085370850 DOI: 10.22459/ACC.2019 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Note on Visual Material All images in this publication have been fully accredited. As this is a non-commercial publication, certain images have been used under a Creative Commons licence. These images have been sourced from Flickr, Wikipedia Commons and the copyright owner of each original picture is acknowledged and indicated in the source information. Design concept and typesetting by Tommaso Facchin; Illustrations by Marc Verdugo Lopez. Cover design by No Ideas. Cover artwork by Marc Verdugo Lopez. Proofreading by Sharon Strange and Evyn Chesneau Papworth. This edition © 2019 ANU Press and Verso Books Table of Contents Introduction - Christian SORACE, Ivan FRANCESCHINI, and Nicholas LOUBERE 1 1. Aesthetics - Christian SORACE 11 2. Blood Lineage - YI Xiaocuo 17 3. Class Feeling - Haiyan LEE 23 4. Class Struggle - Alessandro RUSSO 29 5. Collectivism - GAO Mobo 37 6. Contradiction - Carlos ROJAS 43 7. Culture - DAI Jinhua 49 8. Cultural Revolution - Patricia M.
    [Show full text]