DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Bedada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Bedada Sustainable response to the impact of AIDS on food security in AIDS afflicted households of rural area: The case of Bereh DistrictDistrict,Ethiopia.,Ethiopia. Masters of Professional Thesis ByByBy Bethlehem Mamo Bedada A Research PProjectroject Submitted to Larenstein UUniversityniversity of AppliedApplied Sciences in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Development, Specialization Rural Development and HIV/AIDS © Copyright Bethlehem Mamo Bedada, 2009. All rights reserved September 2009 Van Hall LarenestLarenesteineineinein The Netherlands PERMISSION TO USE As I present this research project, which is partial fulfillment of the requirement for Master’s Degree, I fully agree that Larenstein University Library makes freely available for inspection, I further agree that permission for copying of this research project in any form, in whole or in part for the purpose of academic study may be granted by Larenstein Director of Research. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this research project or parts therefore for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that recognition shall be given to me and to the University in any scholarly use, which may be made of any material in my research project. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this research project in whole or in part should be addressed to: Larenstein University of Professional Education P.O.Box 9001 6880 GB Velp The Netherlands Fax: 31 26 3615287 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study benefited from a host of contributions of various organisations and many persons who are acknowledged here. First and foremost I would like to extend my gratitude to Agri Service Ethiopia(ASE) for facilitating my further education for professional master program. I am indebted to Ato Getachew Worku, the executive Director of ASE, Ato Amanuel Assefa, the Director of ASE’s Training and Extension Department and Wt.Filagot Lemma, human resource and general service division head of ASE. My particular gratitude goes to the government of the Netherlands (NUFFIC) for giving me the opportunity to study in one of its famous University and for its financial support. I am sincerely grateful to my research advisor Dr. Robert Baars for his constructive and inspirational direction, who tirelessly coached and guided me professionally through the entire research project. Special thanks goes to Mrs. Koos Kingman, RDA course coordinator, Van Hall Larenstein for enabling me to have a better understanding of the dynamics of rural livelihoods, and HIV/AIDS which was invaluable to carry out my thesis. I am deeply indebted to Kleis Oenema ,Mrs. Loes Witteveen and Treja wilkins, for facilitating my study in Netherlands. My profound gratitude goes to Bereh district ASE program office, Bereh district Health office and Sendafa health center staffs,Bereh district agriculture office, Microfinance institutions and YeNoh Merkeb whose invaluable support and contribution was critical during my field work. Most importantly I wish to acknowledge the contributions of male and female people living with HIV for unreserved sharing of experience and knowledge during data collection. My heart-felt thanks goes to my father Ato Mamo Bedada, my mother Sr.Lishan Tegegn,my two sisters Seble and Metasebia and my brother Wondayehu Mamo who never relent their efforts to provide me with the material, moral and honourable support I needed to study in the Netherlands. In like manner, my blessing goes to all my friends and christian fellows in Ethiopia and Netherlands those who contributed in prayer or another way to the success my study in Netherlands, whose names I did not mention. Finally, above all I thank to my Lord and Savoir Jesus Christ for giving me health and grace during my study in the Netherlands. iii DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to People Living with HIV suffering by stigma and discrimination all over the world. iv TABLE OF CONTENT PERMISSION TO USE ................................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. III DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... VII ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. VIII ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. IX I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 PROBLEM .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT ........................................................................................................... 2 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH ................................................................................................ 2 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... 2 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1 HIV/AIDS GLOBAL , SUB SAHARA , ETHIOPIA , OROMIA , BEREH DISTRICT .................................... 4 2.2 FOOD SECURITY AND GENDER ................................................................................................ 4 2.3 AIDS, GENDER AND FOOD SECURITY ....................................................................................... 6 2.4 ANTI RETROVIRAL TREATMENT AND FOOD SECURITY ............................................................... 6 2.5 THE IMPACT OF AIDS ON FOOD SECURITY AND RESPONSES IN TERMS OF GENDER . .................... 6 2.6 MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS AND AIDS ................................................................................. 9 2.7 POLICIES AND PROGRAMS .................................................................................................... 11 III. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 13 3.1S TUDY AREA ........................................................................................................................ 13 3.1.1 Location and Administration division ........................................................................... 13 3.1.2 Population characteristics and land use ...................................................................... 13 3.1.3 Food security situation/means of livelihood ................................................................. 13 3.1.4 Health institutions ........................................................................................................ 14 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN .............................................................................................................. 14 3.2.1 Selection of respondents for survey ............................................................................ 15 3.2.2 Identification of organization/Institutions for case study ............................................... 16 3.3 DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................... 16 3.3.1 The survey .................................................................................................................. 16 3.3.2 The case study ............................................................................................................ 16 3.4.DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 16 3.4.1 Quantitative data ......................................................................................................... 16 3.4.2 Qualitative data ........................................................................................................... 16 3.5 CHALLENGES AND LIMITATION .............................................................................................. 17 IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................... 18 4.1 BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESPONDENTS .................................................................... 18 4.2 THE EFFECT OF AIDS .......................................................................................................... 19 4.3 THE RESPONSE ................................................................................................................... 20 4.4 THE IMPACTS OF AIDS ........................................................................................................ 21 4.4.1 Male
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Districts of Ethiopia
    Region District or Woredas Zone Remarks Afar Region Argobba Special Woreda -- Independent district/woredas Afar Region Afambo Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Asayita Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Chifra Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Dubti Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Elidar Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Kori Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Mille Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Abala Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Afdera Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Berhale Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Dallol Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Erebti Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Koneba Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Megale Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Amibara Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Awash Fentale Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Bure Mudaytu Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Dulecha Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Gewane Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Aura Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Ewa Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Gulina Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Teru Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Yalo Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Dalifage (formerly known as Artuma) Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Dewe Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Hadele Ele (formerly known as Fursi) Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Simurobi Gele'alo Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Telalak Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Amhara Region Achefer -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Angolalla Terana Asagirt -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Artuma Fursina Jile -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Banja -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Belessa --
    [Show full text]
  • The Mid-Term Evaluation of Usaid/Pact/Teach Program Report
    THE MID-TERM EVALUATION OF USAID/PACT/TEACH PROGRAM REPORT Ethio-Education Consultants (ETEC) Piluel ABE Center - Itang October 2008 Addis Ababa Ethio-Education Consultants (ETEC) P.O. Box 9184 A.A, Tel: 011-515 30 01, 011-515 58 00 Fax (251-1)553 39 29 E-mail: [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ethio-Education Consultants (ETEC) would like to acknowledge and express its appreciation to USAID/ETHIOPIA for the financial support and guidance provided to carryout the MID-TERM EVALUATION OF USAID/PACT/TEACH PROGRAM, Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-05-00401-00. ETEC would also like to express its appreciation and gratitude: To MoE Department of Educational Planning and those RSEBs that provided information despite their heavy schedule To PACT/TEACH for familiarizing their program of activities and continuous response to any questions asked any time by ETEC consultants To PACT Partners for providing relevant information and data by filling out the questionnaires and forms addressed to them. To WoE staff, facilitators/teachers and members of Center Management Committees (CMCs) for their cooperation to participate in Focus Group Discussion (FDG) ACRONYMS ABEC Alternative Basic Education Center ADA Amhara Development Association ADAA African Development Aid Association AFD Action for Development ANFEAE Adult and Non-Formal Education Association in Ethiopia BES Basic Education Service CMC Center Management Committee CTE College of Teacher Education EDA Emanueal Development Association EFA Education For All EMRDA Ethiopian Muslim's Relief
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Multiple Deprivations in Secondary Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa EMIT 19061
    Analysis Report Analysis of Multiple Deprivations in Secondary Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa EMIT 19061 Contact Information Cardno IT Transport Ltd Trading as Cardno IT Transport Registered No. 1460021 VAT No. 289 2190 69 Level 5 Clarendon Business Centre 42 Upper Berkeley Street Marylebone London W1H 5PW United Kingdom Contact Person: Jane Ndirangu, Isaacnezer K. Njuguna, Andy McLoughlin Phone: +44 1844 216500 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] www.ittransport.co.uk Document Information Prepared for UNICEF and UN Habitat Project Name Analysis of Multiple Deprivations in Secondary Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa File Reference Analysis Report Job Reference EMIT 19061 Date March 2020 General Information Author(s) Daniel Githira, Dr. Samwel Wakibi, Isaacnezer K. Njuguna, Dr. George Rae, Dr. Stephen Wandera, Jane Ndirangu Project Analysis of Multiple Deprivation of Secondary Town in SSA Document Analysis Report Version Revised Date of Submission 18/03/2020 Project Reference EMIT 19061 Contributors Name Department Samuel Godfrey Regional Advisor, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office Farai A. Tunhuma WASH Specialist, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office Bo Viktor Nylund Deputy Regional Director, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office Archana Dwivedi Statistics & Monitoring Specialist, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office Bisi Agberemi WASH Specialist, New York, Headquarters Ruben Bayiha Regional Advisor, West and Central Africa Regional Office Danzhen You Senior Adviser Statistics and Monitoring, New York, Headquarters Eva Quintana Statistics Specialist, New York, Headquarters Thomas George Senior Adviser, New York, Headquarters UN Habitat Robert Ndugwa Head, Data and Analytics Unit Donatien Beguy Demographer, Data and Analytics Unit Victor Kisob Deputy Executive Director © Cardno 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Next Stage for Dairy Development in Ethiopia
    The NEXT STAGE IN DAIRY DEVELOPMENT FOR ETHIOPIA Dairy Value Chains, End Markets and Food Security Cooperative Agreement 663-A-00-05-00431-00 Submitted by Land O'Lakes, Inc. P.O. Box 3099 code 1250, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia November 2010 2 TABLE OF CONTENT Pages ACRONYMNS…………………………………………………………………………………. 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………... 6 1. OVERVIEW OF THE DAIRY SUB-SECTOR STUDY………………………………….10 1.1. The Role of the Dairy Sub-Sector in the Economy of Ethiopia 1.1.1. Milk Production and its Allocation 1.1.2 Livestock and Milk in the household economy 1.2. The Challenges 1.3. A Value Chain Approach 1.4. The Tasks and the Study Team 2. DEMAND FOR MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS…………………………………….…. 15 2.1. Milk Consumption 2.1.1. Milk and Milk Product Consumption in Urban Areas 2.1.2. Milk and Milk Product Consumption in Rural Areas 2.1.3. Milk and Milk Product Consumption in Pastoral Areas 2.2. Milk Consumption Compared to Other Countries 2.3. Milk’s Role for Food Security and Household Nutrition 2.4. Consumption of Imported Milk Products by Areas and Product Categories – domestic and imported 2.5. Milk Consumption in 2020 2.5.1.. High Estimate 2.5.2. Middle of the Range Estimate 2.5.3. Low Estimate 2.6. Assessment 3. DAIRY PRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..…… 30 3.1. Current Situation 3.2. Milk Production Areas (waiting on the maps) 3.3. Production systems and Milk Sheds (see zonal data in annex 3.3.1. Commercial Production 3.3.2. Peri-Urban and Urban Production 3.3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Figure 2.1: Administrative Sub Division of Addis Ababa City
    E1566 V4 ESIA o f the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2013 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER LINES EXPANSION AND REHABILITATION IN THE KALITI CATCHMENT Public Disclosure Authorized (Final Report)\ (Volume I) Public Disclosure Authorized Client: Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA) Water, Sanitation Rehabilitation and Development Project Office Public Disclosure Authorized Consultant: Beles Engineering P.L.C (Experts in Water, Land & Environment) October 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized Addis Ababa, Ethiopia i Consultants: Beles Engineering PLC ESIA of the Kaliti Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sewer Lines Expansion and Rehabilitation Project 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................................. II LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................................... VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. IX ACRONYMS .....................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Oromia Region Administrative Map(As of 27 March 2013)
    ETHIOPIA: Oromia Region Administrative Map (as of 27 March 2013) Amhara Gundo Meskel ! Amuru Dera Kelo ! Agemsa BENISHANGUL ! Jangir Ibantu ! ! Filikilik Hidabu GUMUZ Kiremu ! ! Wara AMHARA Haro ! Obera Jarte Gosha Dire ! ! Abote ! Tsiyon Jars!o ! Ejere Limu Ayana ! Kiremu Alibo ! Jardega Hose Tulu Miki Haro ! ! Kokofe Ababo Mana Mendi ! Gebre ! Gida ! Guracha ! ! Degem AFAR ! Gelila SomHbo oro Abay ! ! Sibu Kiltu Kewo Kere ! Biriti Degem DIRE DAWA Ayana ! ! Fiche Benguwa Chomen Dobi Abuna Ali ! K! ara ! Kuyu Debre Tsige ! Toba Guduru Dedu ! Doro ! ! Achane G/Be!ret Minare Debre ! Mendida Shambu Daleti ! Libanos Weberi Abe Chulute! Jemo ! Abichuna Kombolcha West Limu Hor!o ! Meta Yaya Gota Dongoro Kombolcha Ginde Kachisi Lefo ! Muke Turi Melka Chinaksen ! Gne'a ! N!ejo Fincha!-a Kembolcha R!obi ! Adda Gulele Rafu Jarso ! ! ! Wuchale ! Nopa ! Beret Mekoda Muger ! ! Wellega Nejo ! Goro Kulubi ! ! Funyan Debeka Boji Shikute Berga Jida ! Kombolcha Kober Guto Guduru ! !Duber Water Kersa Haro Jarso ! ! Debra ! ! Bira Gudetu ! Bila Seyo Chobi Kembibit Gutu Che!lenko ! ! Welenkombi Gorfo ! ! Begi Jarso Dirmeji Gida Bila Jimma ! Ketket Mulo ! Kersa Maya Bila Gola ! ! ! Sheno ! Kobo Alem Kondole ! ! Bicho ! Deder Gursum Muklemi Hena Sibu ! Chancho Wenoda ! Mieso Doba Kurfa Maya Beg!i Deboko ! Rare Mida ! Goja Shino Inchini Sululta Aleltu Babile Jimma Mulo ! Meta Guliso Golo Sire Hunde! Deder Chele ! Tobi Lalo ! Mekenejo Bitile ! Kegn Aleltu ! Tulo ! Harawacha ! ! ! ! Rob G! obu Genete ! Ifata Jeldu Lafto Girawa ! Gawo Inango ! Sendafa Mieso Hirna
    [Show full text]
  • Administrative Region, Zone and Woreda Map of Oromia a M Tigray a Afar M H U Amhara a Uz N M
    35°0'0"E 40°0'0"E Administrative Region, Zone and Woreda Map of Oromia A m Tigray A Afar m h u Amhara a uz N m Dera u N u u G " / m r B u l t Dire Dawa " r a e 0 g G n Hareri 0 ' r u u Addis Ababa ' n i H a 0 Gambela m s Somali 0 ° b a K Oromia Ü a I ° o A Hidabu 0 u Wara o r a n SNNPR 0 h a b s o a 1 u r Abote r z 1 d Jarte a Jarso a b s a b i m J i i L i b K Jardega e r L S u G i g n o G A a e m e r b r a u / K e t m uyu D b e n i u l u o Abay B M G i Ginde e a r n L e o e D l o Chomen e M K Beret a a Abe r s Chinaksen B H e t h Yaya Abichuna Gne'a r a c Nejo Dongoro t u Kombolcha a o Gulele R W Gudetu Kondole b Jimma Genete ru J u Adda a a Boji Dirmeji a d o Jida Goro Gutu i Jarso t Gu J o Kembibit b a g B d e Berga l Kersa Bila Seyo e i l t S d D e a i l u u r b Gursum G i e M Haro Maya B b u B o Boji Chekorsa a l d Lalo Asabi g Jimma Rare Mida M Aleltu a D G e e i o u e u Kurfa Chele t r i r Mieso m s Kegn r Gobu Seyo Ifata A f o F a S Ayira Guliso e Tulo b u S e G j a e i S n Gawo Kebe h i a r a Bako F o d G a l e i r y E l i Ambo i Chiro Zuria r Wayu e e e i l d Gaji Tibe d lm a a s Diga e Toke n Jimma Horo Zuria s e Dale Wabera n a w Tuka B Haru h e N Gimbichu t Kutaye e Yubdo W B Chwaka C a Goba Koricha a Leka a Gidami Boneya Boshe D M A Dale Sadi l Gemechis J I e Sayo Nole Dulecha lu k Nole Kaba i Tikur Alem o l D Lalo Kile Wama Hagalo o b r Yama Logi Welel Akaki a a a Enchini i Dawo ' b Meko n Gena e U Anchar a Midega Tola h a G Dabo a t t M Babile o Jimma Nunu c W e H l d m i K S i s a Kersana o f Hana Arjo D n Becho A o t
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia: Administrative Map (August 2017)
    Ethiopia: Administrative map (August 2017) ERITREA National capital P Erob Tahtay Adiyabo Regional capital Gulomekeda Laelay Adiyabo Mereb Leke Ahferom Red Sea Humera Adigrat ! ! Dalul ! Adwa Ganta Afeshum Aksum Saesie Tsaedaemba Shire Indasilase ! Zonal Capital ! North West TigrayTahtay KoraroTahtay Maychew Eastern Tigray Kafta Humera Laelay Maychew Werei Leke TIGRAY Asgede Tsimbila Central Tigray Hawzen Medebay Zana Koneba Naeder Adet Berahile Region boundary Atsbi Wenberta Western Tigray Kelete Awelallo Welkait Kola Temben Tselemti Degua Temben Mekele Zone boundary Tanqua Abergele P Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Tsegede Tselemt Mekele Town Special Enderta Afdera Addi Arekay South East Ab Ala Tsegede Mirab Armacho Beyeda Woreda boundary Debark Erebti SUDAN Hintalo Wejirat Saharti Samre Tach Armacho Abergele Sanja ! Dabat Janamora Megale Bidu Alaje Sahla Addis Ababa Ziquala Maychew ! Wegera Metema Lay Armacho Wag Himra Endamehoni Raya Azebo North Gondar Gonder ! Sekota Teru Afar Chilga Southern Tigray Gonder City Adm. Yalo East Belesa Ofla West Belesa Kurri Dehana Dembia Gonder Zuria Alamata Gaz Gibla Zone 4 (Fantana Rasu ) Elidar Amhara Gelegu Quara ! Takusa Ebenat Gulina Bugna Awra Libo Kemkem Kobo Gidan Lasta Benishangul Gumuz North Wello AFAR Alfa Zone 1(Awsi Rasu) Debre Tabor Ewa ! Fogera Farta Lay Gayint Semera Meket Guba Lafto DPubti DJIBOUTI Jawi South Gondar Dire Dawa Semen Achefer East Esite Chifra Bahir Dar Wadla Delanta Habru Asayita P Tach Gayint ! Bahir Dar City Adm. Aysaita Guba AMHARA Dera Ambasel Debub Achefer Bahirdar Zuria Dawunt Worebabu Gambela Dangura West Esite Gulf of Aden Mecha Adaa'r Mile Pawe Special Simada Thehulederie Kutaber Dangila Yilmana Densa Afambo Mekdela Tenta Awi Dessie Bati Hulet Ej Enese ! Hareri Sayint Dessie City Adm.
    [Show full text]
  • Metropolitan Agriculture
    Metropolitan Agriculture Wuhan and Addis Ababa, two developing metropoles C.J.M. van der Lans1, H. Hengsdijk2, A. Elings1, J.W. van der Schans3, A.J.A. Aarnink4 and M. Yao5 1 Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture 2 Plant Research International 3 LEI 4 Wageningen UR Livestock Research 5 Wageningen UR Office in China Report GTB-1072 © 2011 Wageningen, Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture (Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw) Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture Adress : Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk : Postbus 20, 2665 ZG Bleiswijk Tel. : 0317 - 48 56 06 Fax : 010 - 522 51 93 E-mail : [email protected] Internet : www.glastuinbouw.wur.nl Inhoudsopgave 1 Management summary 5 2 Metropolitan agriculture 9 2.1 Need of knowledge 9 2.2 Project goals 10 2.3 Project team 10 3 Approach 11 3.1 Metropolitan agriculture – an integrative view 11 3.2 Case study China 13 3.3 Case study Africa 14 4 Focus on China: the metropolitan region of Wuhan 15 4.1 An introduction to metropolis Wuhan 15 4.2 Land use 18 4.3 Agricultural production types and production 19 4.3.1 Agricultural production types 19 4.3.2 Production 21 4.4 Supply chains 21 4.4.1 Supply of inputs 21 4.4.2 Marketing of output 21 4.5 Environment 21 4.6 Government 25 4.7 Social context 27 4.7.1 Employment data 27 4.7.2 Issues regarding agricultural employment, social care and future developments 28 4.7.3 Consumption 29 4.8 Two scenarios for Wuhan 29 4.8.1 Land Use Patterns and Theories to Explain these Patterns 29 4.8.2 Agriculture development in China 31 4.8.3 Competing paradigms in metropolitan
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Introduction the Relationship Between Women's Work And
    The Effect of Women’s Employment on Marriage Formation: The case of rural women in Sebeta Hawas District, Central Ethiopia. (Aynalem Megersa1, Workneh Negatu2, and Eshetu Gurmu3) 1. Introduction The relationship between women’s work and marriage is a widely studied issue. However, much of the literature focuses on the experiences of women in the western countries (see Kuo & Raley, 2014; Lichter et al., 1992), and is in some cases a comparative cross national research in its nature (Ono, 2003). Case studies from developing countries, especially Sub Saharan Africa, tend to be scanty in the body of literature. This little attention is primarily attributed to the fact that women’s employment in the region is related to subsistence agriculture where women primarily engage in unpaid family work in addition to their homemaking responsibilities. Though this pattern is still a fact, women are increasingly improving their market share in the income-earning employment (self-employment and wage employment) over time. For example, looking at the national statistics for Ethiopia (FDRE, 2005; CSA, 2011b), while only 26.8 percent of women were engaged in income-earning activities in 1994, this figure has increased to 59.6 percent in 2007. The statistics also shows that the increasing trend of women’s participation during the aforementioned period is attributed to the tremendous increase observed in the figure among rural women than urban women. This increasing women’s participation in income earning activities is attributed to the Ethiopian government’s increasing attention on job creation for the citizens in general and women in particular in its effort to alleviate poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Findings
    e-ifc No. 53, June 2018 Research Findings Photo 1. Teff pot experiment at the Center for Fertilization and Plant Nutrition (CFPN), Gilat, Israel. Photo by the authors. Response of Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] to Potassium Fertilizer Application in Four Districts of North Shewa, Ethiopia Gebrehawariyat, F.M.(1)*, W. Haile(1), T. Mamo(1), I. Zipori(2), and E. Sokolowski(3) Abstract Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a cereal crop species The objectives of the present study were to examine teff response unique to Ethiopia, where it is an important staple crop. It is to rising K application rates on Vertisols in four regions in the grown on more than 3 million ha of land. In recent decades, soil Ethiopian Central Highlands: Sululta, Mulu, Bereh, and Moretena fertility has significantly declined in Ethiopia. While nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are traditionally applied by teff growers, potassium (K) has been ignored due to the perceived notion that (1)College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia. soils in Ethiopia provide all K requirements. However, recent (2)Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO), Gilat Research Center, Negev, Israel (3)IPI Coordinator sub-Saharan Africa/Ethiopia, International Potash Institute (IPI), studies have led to opposite conclusions. Teff K requirements, and Zug, Switzerland its response to K application, have seldom been addressed. *Corresponding author: [email protected] 3/48 e-ifc No. 53, June 2018 Jiru. Potassium was applied at rates of 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg Teff has a number of particular features, which make it a preferred –1 –1 K2O ha along with urea + NPSZn blend applied at 64 kg N ha crop among farmers.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Land Management Project Ii (Slmp-2)
    Document of The World Bank Report No: PAD525 Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 32.6 MILLION (US$50 MILLION EQUIVALENT) AND A PROPOSED GRANT Public Disclosure Authorized FROM THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY TRUST FUND IN THE AMOUNT OF US$ 8.33 MILLION AND A PROPOSED GRANT FROM THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES FUND TRUST FUND IN THE AMOUNT OF US$ 4.62 MILLION AND A PROPOSED GRANT FROM THE ETHIOPIA SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT PROJECT TRUST FUND Public Disclosure Authorized IN THE AMOUNT OF US$ 42.65 MILLION TO THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA FOR A SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT PROJECT II (SLMP-2) October 29, 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective September 30, 2013) Currency Unit = Ethiopia Birr Ethiopia Birr18.92 = US$1 US$1.53408 = SDR 1 FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADLI Agriculture Development-led Industrialization ATA Agricultural Transformation Agency BoA Bureau of Agriculture CBPWDG Community-Based Participatory Watershed Development Guidelines CPS Country Partnership Strategy CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy CSA Climate-smart Agriculture CSO Civil Society Organization CWT Community Watershed Team DA Development Agent DPs Development Partners EIAR Ethiopian
    [Show full text]