To Manage Abiotic Stress in Agricultural Production Systems
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Enhancing the use of crop genetic diversity to manage abiotic stress in agricultural production systems 23–27 May 2005, Budapest, Hungary D. Jarvis, I. Mar and L. Sears editors SWISS AGENCY FOR DEVELOP M E N T A N D COOPERATION SDC IPGRI is supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Enhancing the use of crop genetic diversity to manage abiotic stress in agricultural production systems 23–27 May 2005, Budapest, Hungary D. Jarvis, I. Mar and L. Sears editors ii ENHANCING CROP GENETIC DIVERSITY TO MANAGE ABIOTIC STRESS The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to improve the well-being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 Future Harvest Centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. IPGRI has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Commodities for Livelihoods. The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2006, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. Financial support for IPGRI’s research is provided by more than 150 donors, including governments, private foundations and international organizations. For details of donors and research activities please see IPGRI’s Annual Reports, which are available in printed form on request from [email protected] or from IPGRI’s Web site (www.ipgri.cgiar.org). The geographical designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IPGRI or the CGIAR concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Similarly, the views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. Citation: Jarvis D, Mar I and Sears L, editors. 2006. Enhancing the use of crop genetic diversity to manage abiotic stress in agricultural production systems. Proceedings of a workshop, 23–27 May 2005, Budapest, Hungary. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. ISBN 13: 978-92-9043-722-2 ISBN 10: 92-9043-722-7 IPGRI Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a 00057 Maccarese Rome, Italy © International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 2006 iii ABIOTIC STRESS Acknowledgements This publication is the product of the project, ‘‘Strengthening the scientific basis of in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity on-farm’’. The financial contribution to this project from the governments of Switzerland (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation), The Netherlands (DGIS --- Directorate-General for International Cooperation), Germany (BMZ/GTZ --- Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit/Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Technische Zusammenarbeit), and Canada (IDRC --- International Development Research Centre), the United National Environmental Programme Global Environmental Facility (UNEP/GEF) are gratefully acknowledged. iv ENHANCING CROP GENETIC DIVERSITY TO MANAGE ABIOTIC STRESS Contents I. Introduction 1 Devra Jarvis and Toby Hodgkin II. Abiotic Stress 2 Genetic features of populations from stress-prone environments 2 Anthony Brown and Loren Rieseberg III. Drought Stress 11 Diversity of Moroccan local faba bean landraces for reaction to drought stress 11 Mohammed Sadiki Management of the agrobiodiversity under the clinal variation of rainfall pattern in Burkina Faso: the example of okra drought resistance 18 Mahamadou Sawadogo, Didier Balma, Leopold Some, Carlo Fadda and Devra Jarvis Characterization of local maize landraces from Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi 25 C. Magorokosho, M. Bänziger and F. J. Betrán Sorghum diversity and adaptation to drought in West Africa 31 E. Weltzien, H.F.W. Rattunde, B. Clerget, S. Siart, A. Toure and F. Sagnard Environmental effect and genotypic variation of maize on-farm in Peruvian Central Amazon 39 Jose Luis Chavez-Servia, Luis A. Collado-Panduro, Roger Pinedo-Ramirez, Ricardo Sevilla- Panizo, Wilfredo Guillén-Huachua and Jaime Mori-Castro Synthesis – Drought 48 IV. Salt Stress 49 On-farm conservation of rice genetic diversity under salinity stress: case study in a lowland agrosystem of Vietnam 49 Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hue and In situ Project staff Indigenous knowledge in management of abiotic stress: Date palm genetic resources diversity in the oases of Maghreb region 55 Abdelmajid Rhouma, Noureddine Nasr, Abdelmalek Zirari and Malek Belguedj Synthesis – Salinity 62 V. Cold Stress 63 Improvement of maize chilling tolerance by breeding 63 Csaba L. Marton Frost and hail tolerance in quinoa crop and traditional knowledge to handle those adverse factors 68 Alejandro Bonifacio Participatory plant breeding for enhancing the use of local crop genetic diversity to manage abiotic stresses 72 Sanjaya Gyawali and Bhuwon R. Sthapit Use of native and introduced maize diversity to improve cold tolerance in Andean maize 84 Ricardo Sevilla Synthesis – Cold stress 92 CONTENTS v Group Discussion Summary: Issues and Future Directions 93 A. Keleman, T. Brown and D.I. Jarvis Participants 95 INTRODUCTION 1 I. Introduction Devra Jarvis and Toby Hodgkin Diversity can provide one means of sustaining and improving the livelihoods of farmers where or when environmental conditions are unfavourable in production systems. Much of the world’s agricultural biodiversity is found in environments marginal for agricultural production. It is in such environments where management of high levels of diversity can become a central part of the livelihood management strategies of farmers and the survival of their communities. Loss of such diversity or genetic choices diminishes farmers’ capacities to cope with extreme temperatures, drought and salinity. Farmers in stress-prone areas have to take particular care not to introduce non-adapted material which often fails and can lead to erosion of the desired characteristics in local varieties through unwanted crossing. Thus, in the face of constant vulnerability to loss of key stress-resistant types, the management of appropriate diversity of a specific crop constitutes a significant component of livelihood strategies of farmers in highly stressed production environments. Within the global project, ‘Strengthening the Scientific Basis of In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity On-farm’, and other projects concerned with the conservation and use of local crop diversity on-farm, national and international partners have developed tools to measure the amount and distribution of crop genetic diversity on-farm, to analyze the processes that maintain this diversity and to calculate values of this diversity to farmers and other stakeholders. Yet, there are still important unknowns concerning the diversity in local varieties managed by farmers subject to significant abiotic stress. These include: Whether within farmers’ use of diversity for managing abiotic stress: Does the use of stress- tolerant germplasm ‘cost’ lower yield? In the stressed environment? In benign environments? In both? How different are the local crop varieties—phenotypically and genetically—with respect to resistance to the specific traits conferring stress tolerance or resistance? Do the tolerant or resistant populations have sufficient diversity with respect to other characteristics, thus helping farmers to exploit their potential to develop material with further desirable characteristics such as pest resistance, nutritional aspects, grain quality? Do farmers manage such materials in a specific way to prevent dilution of their stress- resistance characteristics, and does this limit adaptability? From 23 to 27 May 2005, a workshop was held in Budapest, Hungary to refine these questions and to define areas where more basic research that uses tools which assess diversity, its structure and changes would be needed. During the workshop, the participants from Burkina Faso, Morocco, Zimbabwe, Mali, Peru, Vietnam, Tunisia, Hungary, Bolivia, Nepal, Australia, Italy and the US presented their ideas and information from their own work on enhancing the use of crop genetic diversity to manage abiotic stress. The following papers in this proceedings document the partners’ presentations and the output of the discussion groups. 2 ENHANCING CROP GENETIC DIVERSITY TO MANAGE ABIOTIC STRESS II. Abiotic Stress Genetic features of populations from stress-prone environments Anthony Brown and Loren Rieseberg Introduction We live in