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Tourism in Pokhara: Issues, Trends and Future Prospects for Peace and Prosperity

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Tourism in Pokhara

Issues, Trends and Future Prospects for Peace and Prosperity

Edited by

Bishnu Raj Upreti
Pranil Kumar Upadhayaya
Tikaram Sapkota

Published by

Pokhara Tourism Council, Pokhara
South Asia Regional Coordination Office of NCCR North-South and
Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research, Kathmandu

Kathmandu
2013

Citation: Upreti BR, Upadhayaya PK, Sapkota T, editors. 2013. Tourism in Pokhara

Issues, Trends and Future Prospects for Peace and Prosperity.  Kathmandu:

Pokhara Tourism Council (PTC), South Asia Regional Coordination Office of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR NorthSouth) and Nepal Center for Contemporary Research (NCCR), Kathmandu.

Copyright © 2013 PTC, NCCR North-South and NCCR, Kathmandu, Nepal All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-9937-2-6169-2 Subsidised price: NPR 390/- Cover concept: Pranil Upadhayaya Layout design: Jyoti Khatiwada

Printed at: Heidel Press Pvt. Ltd., Dillibazar, Kathmandu

Cover photo design:

Tourists at the outskirts of Pokhara with Mt. Annapurna and Machhapuchhre on back (top) and Fewa Lake (down) by Ashess Shakya

Disclaimer: The content and materials presented in this book are of the respective authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of Pokhara Tourism Council (PTC), the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR North-South) and Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research (NCCR).

Dedication

To the people who contributed to developing Pokhara as a tourism city and paradise

The editors of the book Tourism in Pokhara: Issues, Trends an d F utur e P rospect s f o r P eac e a n d P rosperit yacknowledge

supports of Pokhara Tourism Council (PTC) and the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, co-funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), and the participating institutions.

Acknowledgement

Nepal is a tourist destination with tremendous tourism potentials. Pokhara is one of the ideal potential tourist destinations in Nepal due to some of its specific attributes like unspoiled nature, age-old culture and hospitality attributes of Pokharelis. The centrally located position of Pokhara on the tourism map of Nepal is strategically supportive to position it as an easily accessible and reachable tourist destination in shorter travel duration from the various parts of the country. In nearly last six decades of its opening as a tourist destination for the external world, Pokhara has been gradually able to recognize itself as a favorite tourist destination with some tangible progresses on tourism products, events, amenities, accessibility (air and surface), service standards, products distribution channels and marketing and promotion.

The increase of the volume of tourists without compromising the value (quality and sustainability aspects) has remained the ultimate target in the context of the planned tourism development efforts in Pokhara. This tourism-related target in recent times is also associated with prospect of achieving holistic peace and progress through tourism. In context of these dual targets (both quantitative growth with qualitative tourism development), there are a number of thematic issues sensitively interlinked with the tourism industry of Pokhara. Such issues with their specific trends range from proper planning and management of tourism to its economic impacts in people and places of Pokhara, from growth and standardization of tourism events and services to preservation of cultural and natural heritages, from ethical aspects for the responsible tourism operation to the proper management of Fewa Lake, from envisioning the future with increased tourism products and events to proper marketing and promotion of tourism in Pokhara. A careful look and scrutiny of all these interlinked issues of tourism as discussed in this book can have implications on pragmatic policy and actions for a better tourism future in Pokhara.

The publication of this book is originally linked with a Partnership Actions for Mitigating Syndromes (PAMS) project titled ‘Meeting the challenges of

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Peace-building in Tourism in Pokhara - Strengthening the Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethical Business Operation’. It was executed jointly by Pokhara Tourism Council (PTC) and the South Asia Regional Coordination Office of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South in the years 2012-13. PAMS was a PhD research associated tourism project in the interrelationship between ‘tourism, conflict and peace in Nepal’ conducted under Kathmandu University. This research had focused for the responsible tourism development in Pokhara at the destinationlevel. Thisbookistheoutcomeofthecollectiveeffortsbetween tourism practitioners and tourism researchers under the banner of PAMS project. The research and empirical engagements of this publication were conducted within the framework of the Research Project (RP) 6 (Business and Peace) of the third phase under the thematic node 1 (Institutions, Livelihoods, Conflicts with Swiss Peace Foundation as its institutional partners) of NCCR North-South: Research Partnerships for Mitigating Syndromes of Global Change, co-funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.

We anticipate that this book written on the various thematic issues of tourism in Pokhara with conceptual, theoretical and empirical observations and some pertinent case studies will serve in promoting tourism in Pokhara and in strengthening the image of paradise Pokhara. Though list of issues offered in this book is not complete in itself, which are needed and related with overall tourism sector in Pokhara, we hope that the book with a total of 13 chapters on 13 different thematic issues is the first of its kind in the tourism sector of Pokhara. It is hoped that it will fulfill the knowledge gap and also help build new knowledge on all those important issues covered in this book.

Our sincere gratitude goes to all who helped us during the course of preparing this volume. We are especially indebted to the following people and organizations for their respective supports.

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Steering committee members of PAMS project namely Surya Bahadur Bhujel, Tikaram Sapkota, Bachhu Ram Tiwari, Basanta Raj Dawadi, Chirajibi Pokharel and Ramu Gautam (Treasurer of PTC) and Santhosh Pokharel (Secretary of PTC) at PTC for their praiseworthy coordination and untiring support in the process of collection of various relevant information and publication of this book. Out thanks go to all executive members of PTC for the support and encouragement in the process of the production of

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this book. Furthermore, our thanks go to Saligram Bhandari (ex. Office secretary), Shanti Kunwar (Office secretary) and Ramit Devkota (Office boy) at PTC for their administrative, logistic and accounts-related support in course of the operation of PAMS project.

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The foremost acknowledgment is there to the tireless efforts of all the chapter contributors (authors) who agreed to write on the respective 13 different issues of tourism in Pokhara.

Dr. Thomas Breu at NCCR North-South and Professor Dr. Laurent Goetchel and Dr. Andrea Iff at swisspeace foundation for their regular encouragement in work package 1 ‘conflict and economy’ and in the research project 6 ‘ Role of Private Sector in Peace Promotion’ with which this book’s publication in connected through PAMS project.

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Dr. Sagar Raj Sharma, Associate Professor at Kathmandu University for all of his constructive inputs, encouragement and supports in the writing and publishing of this book under the PAMS project.

Suman Babu Paudel, Research Associate at NCCR, for his enthusiastic assistance in finalizing the publication and Siddhi Manandhar, Regional Support Office, South Asia Office of NCCR North-South, for his logistic helps and coordination in publication process.

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District Tourism Development Committee (DTDC) of Kaski district and District Police Office Kaski for unanimously endorsing PAMS project at its beginning phase and helping to execute PAMS project which was the base (platform) for the idea and publication of this book.

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Hem Raj Kafle, Assistant Professor at Kathmandu University, for the language editing supports.

Ashess Shakya at Photo Zenith, Pokhara, for offering various historical photos of Pokhara.

Our cordial respondents who are the board members of tourismrelated all associations in Pokhara. And known/unknown informants from tourism trade sector of Pokhara and communitybased village tourism sector in surrounding peri-urban areas of

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Pokhara, who formed valuable foundation for the database of our research for this book.
Finally, we look forward to receiving comments and suggestions from readers of this volume. The comments and suggestions would be valuable for future excellence in such work in spiraling the brand of Pokhara as a true tourism paradise.

The Editors

Dr Bishnu Raj Upreti Dr Pranil Kumar Upadhayaya

Surya Bahadur Bhujel

President
Pokhara Tourism Council
Tikaram Sapkota
April 2013

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List of contents

Acknowledgement ..................................................................................... i Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................xi Chapter 1 Tourism in Pokhara: Nepal’s pride and means for peace and prosperity............................................................ 1
Chapter 2 Historical review of natural and cultural heritage of paradise Pokhara................................................................ 27
Chapter 3 Tourism planning, development, management and envisioning future of Pokhara ..................................... 71
Chapter 4 The Economic impact of tourism in Pokhara...................... 93 Chapter 5 Marketing and promotion of tourism in Pokhara ............ 113 Chapter 6 Socio-cultural impact of tourism in Pokhara.................... 137 Chapter 7 Women’s participation in tourism in Pokhara ................. 155 Chapter 8 Environmental aspects of tourism in Pokhara ................. 173 Chapter 9 Tourism events and facilities in Pokhara: current status and future potentials............................................. 193
Chapter 10 Ethical aspects (codes of conduct) for responsible tourism management in Pokhara..................................... 225
Chapter 11 Role of tourism in urban-rural integration: reflections from trekking (adventure) tourism in Pokhara ................ 251
Chapter 12 Fewa Lake and tourism in Pokhara .................................. 289 Chapter 13 Annapurna Conservation: The Crux of
Tourism in Pokhara .......................................................... 315
About the editors .................................................................................. 335

List of tables

  • Table 1.1
  • A chronological list of major tourism development

trends/events in past in Pokhara ......................................... 5

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Table 1.2 Table 1.3
Trend of tourists visiting Annapurna region via Pokhara... 11 List of organizations/associations as related with tourism in Pokhara............................................................. 14 Key natural heritage as the center of attraction for tourist in Pokhara............................................................... 29 Key cultural heritages of tourist attractions....................... 41 List of cultural and religious festivals as added
Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 attractions for tourism in Pokhara ..................................... 56 List of museum with their key information........................ 59 Annapurna Natural History Museum, Source:
Table 2.4 Table 2.5
Shreekanta Khatiwada, Pokhara ........................................ 60

  • Major milestones in the course of the planned
  • Table 3.1

development of tourism in Pokhara................................... 73 Annual data tourist trend in Pokhara city .......................... 99 Annual data of income and population trend in
Table 4.1 Table 4.2
Pokhara (2007-2011)........................................................ 100 Annual data of linear and log-linear regressions (2002-2011)...................................................................... 104 Tourists arrivals in Pokhara by different mode of transport............................................................ 119 Role of other tourism organizations in marketing and promotion of Pokhara ............................................... 127 Role of non-tourism organizations in marketing and promotion of Pokhara...................................................... 129 Recommendations for tourist statistics publications....... 133 PM10 (μg/m3) and TSP (μg/m3) concentration in
Table 4.3 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 8.1 urban areas of Nepal........................................................ 180

  • Tourism-related scheduled events and
  • Table 9.1

festivals in Pokhara .......................................................... 195 List of places for Golf sports events in Pokhara ............... 199 Pokhara as a center of diverse tourist service facilities ... 206 Rural tourism centers with home stay facilities
Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 9.4 surrounding Pokhara........................................................ 210

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Tourism in Pokhara: Issues, Trends and Future Prospects for Peace and Prosperity

  • Table 9.5
  • Different locations with diversified community settlements

in Pokhara ........................................................................ 217
Table 10.1 UNWTO Global code of ethics for tourism....................... 230 Table 10.2 The growing trend of international tourist arrivals in Pokhara............................................................ 233
Table 10.3 Issues of ethical aspects as concerned for responsible tourism management in Pokhara..................................... 236
Table 10.4 List of efforts on code of ethics for tourism sector in Pokhara.............................................................. 238
Table 10.5 Tourism actors with their codes of conduct for responsible tourism in Pokhara........................................ 243
Table 11.1 Tourists’ arrivals and their spending in 11 years.............. 252 Table 11.2 Flow of tourists to rural areas in Annapurna conservation area in Western Nepal................................ 263
Table 12.1 Number of tourism related commercial organizations.... 303 Table 12.2 List of organizations involved in the protection of Fewa Lake..................................................................... 310
Table 13.1 Fact sheet of ACA ............................................................. 318 Table 13.2 Tourist arrival in ACA since 2001...................................... 322 Table 13.3 Name and duration of the routes explored ..................... 327

List of Graph

Graph 5.1 Trend of tourist arrivals in Pokhara in the last ten years . 114 Graph 5.2 Tourist arrival in Pokhara by nationality .......................... 118

List of photos

Photo 2.1 Fewa Lake as one of the unique natural heritages in Pokhara, ......................................................................... 31
Photo 2.2 Unlimited bats in Bat’s Cave at Batulechaur...................... 34

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Photo 2.3 A typical hilltop area surrounding Pokhara often hovered by tourists ............................................................ 36
Photo 2.4 The enchanting peace pagoda in Pokhara ......................... 44 Photo 2.5 Karmadubgyu Chokhorling Monastery as the centre of Buddhist faith................................................................. 49
Photo 2.6 Brahmin and Chhetri women during teej festival celebrations ........................................................... 54
Photo 2.7 Newar community of Pokhara with cultural festival.......... 55 Photo 2.8 IMM with frontal view........................................................ 63 Photo 2.9 IMM with interiors view .................................................... 63 Photo 7.1 A cheerful female trekking guide with female tourist near Pokhara......................................................... 165
Photo 7.2 Declaration event of Annapurna Daughters’ Club at Annapurna Base Camp................................................. 168
Photo 9.1 Paragliding in Pokhara a unique adventure ..................... 200 Photo 9.2 An adventure on Zip-line from Pokhara........................... 201 Photo 9.3 New Year street festival in Pokhara ................................. 203 Photo 9.4 Asare ropai (rice plantation) festival................................ 205 Photo 9.5 Lucca Blumenstein volunteering teaching at a
Monastery at Sarangkot................................................... 214

Photo 9.6 The natural Rani Ban as potential for close nature watch ........ 216

Photo 9.7 Newly identified potential canyoning site nearby Pokhara ................................................................ 219
Photo 9.8 The snowy areas of Korchon and Khumai hills as potential for skiing ........................................................... 220
Photo 10.1 Mutual interactions between tourism industry partners and researchers for the formulation code of conducts.... 242
Photo 11.1 Ekai Kawaguchi................................................................. 258 Photo 11.2 Boris Lissanevitch (on left back) with King
Mahendra and Queen Ratna............................................ 258
Photo 11.3 Bill Tilman......................................................................... 259 Photo 11.4 Maurice Herzog................................................................ 259 Photo 11.5 Jimmy Roberts.................................................................. 260 Photo 11.6 Jhalak Thapa..................................................................... 261

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Photo 11.7 Hippies.............................................................................. 262

Photo 11.8 A joint exploration team on Machhapuchhre Model Trek........ 274

Photo 11.9 Exotic Machhapuchhre model trek areas......................... 274 Photo 11.10 A typical Home-stay at Source: Pranil Upadhayaya ......... 276 Photo 11.11 Tourists welcomed at Homestay...................................... 276 Photo 12.1 Fewa Lake as a source of pure drinking water in
2016 BS (1959 AD)............................................................ 298
Photo 12.2 Fewa Lake in the year 1986.............................................. 299 Photo 12.3 Fewa Lake as a tourist’s most relaxing spot in 1980 ........ 300 Photo 12.4 King Mahendra’s first visit as a milestone for Tal
Barahi temple................................................................... 301

List of figures

Figure 1.1 Strategic and central position of Pokhara in connection with other tourist destinations ........................................... 8
Figure 1.2 Growth of tourists’ arrivals in Pokhara in last 35 years in comparison to Nepal............................................ 10
Figure 1.3 Institutions and actors involved in tourism industry in Pokhara ........................................................... 13
Figure 2.1 A sketch with various natural and cultural heritages in Pokhara.......................................................... 28
Figure 5.1 Marketing and promotion at SATTE travel fair,
Delhi in 2012, Source: PTC 2012...................................... 124
Figure 7.1 Conceptual framework.................................................... 157 Figure 8.1 Map of Kaski District ....................................................... 177 Figure 11.1 Framework with interrelated factors of a sustainable urban-rural tourism integration................... 256
Figure 12.1 Location of Fewa Lake area............................................. 295 Figure 12.2 Surrounding areas as affected by natural and anthropogenic reasons.................................................... 305
Figure 12.3 The process of burring and shrinkage of Fewa Lake ....... 307

Figure 13.1 Annapurna Conservation Area land management zones......... 320

Figure 13.2 The integrated conservation and development model in ACAP area......................................................... 321

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List of boxes

Box 9.1 Box 10.1 Box 11.1
Volunteering for tourists in Pokhara !............................. 214 What is tourism code of conduct? .................................. 225 The rural-urban inseparable relationships for trekking tourism.............................................................. 264 Milestones on trekking tourism ...................................... 265 Machhapuchhre Model Trek and its major
Box 11.2 Box 11.3 attributes in a nutshell .................................................... 277 Views on entrance fee..................................................... 325 Views on ACAP ................................................................ 326

Views on community based project organized by ACAP.......... 328

Views on affects of motor road on Annapurna
Box 13.1 Box 13.2 Box 13.3 Box 13.4 trekking trail .................................................................... 329

  • Views on role of ACAP..................................................... 330
  • Box 13.5

List of annexes

Annex 4.1 Annual data on results of regression models
(1974-2010)..................................................................... 110
Annex 4.2 Results of linear & log-linear regression models............. 111 Annex 4.3 Results of auto-regressive & weighted least square models............................................................................. 112

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    Annapurna Circuit Trekking Overview There are very less trekking itineraries in Nepal which command as much attention of the visiting tourists as does the Annapurna Circuit Trekking. The popular trekking route of Annapurna Circuit lies in the Western part of the country, nearby from the popular tourist town of Pokhara. No wonder, Annapurna Sanctuary Trekking is a wonderful opportunity for the visiting tourists to learn and explore more about the fascinating region of Annapurna which is popular both inside and outside the country. It is by far the most amazing and popular trekking destination in the Annapurna region of Nepal. Annapurna region is crowded throughout the year as the visiting tourists come here to enjoy the adventures of Nepal trek and also to enjoy the natural sightseeing in the famous region. Annapurna Circuit Trekking with the ‘Nepal Glacier Treks’ is a 21-day trekking itinerary during the course of which the visiting tourists can witness the beauty of the Annapurna region, enjoy trekking in Nepal, and also observe the greatness of the popular Thorong-La Pass while also get the chance to visit the holy shrine of Muktinath. The shrine of Muktinath is a major highlight of the circuit trekking as many domestic tourists come here for pilgrimage purpose as well. The Hindu temple of Muktinath is located at around 3700 meters of altitude. The valley of Manang and the places like Jomsom are other major attractions of the Annapurna Circuit Trekking. The maximum elevation which the trekkers reach during Circuit trekking will be around 5400 meters, while the months of September- November and March-May are best for the trekking.
  • EROSION in the MIDDLE HIMALAYA, NEPAL with a CASE STUDY of the PHEW a VALLEY by WILLIAM JAMES HOPE RAMSAY B.Sc. (Hons.), Univers

    EROSION in the MIDDLE HIMALAYA, NEPAL with a CASE STUDY of the PHEW a VALLEY by WILLIAM JAMES HOPE RAMSAY B.Sc. (Hons.), Univers

    EROSION IN THE MIDDLE HIMALAYA, NEPAL WITH A CASE STUDY OF THE PHEW A VALLEY by WILLIAM JAMES HOPE RAMSAY B.Sc. (Hons.), University of Sussex, 1974 Dip. Agric. Eng., Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1976 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Forest Resources Management We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AUGUST 1985 ® William James Hope Ramsay, 1985 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Forest Resources Management THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date: AUGUST 1985 Abstract Data on erosion processes and other aspects of environmental change in the Himalaya are scarce and unreliable, and consequently policy decisions have been taken in a quantitative vacuum. Published estimates of denudation for large catchments in Nepal vary from 0.51 to 5.14 mm/yr, and indicate a dynamic geomorphological environment A review of the literature on erosion in Nepal revealed a consensus that: (1) mass wasting is the dominant hillslope process; (2) activity is seasonal, with virtually all failures occurring during the monsoon; (3) geological factors are the most important determinants of slope stability; (4) sediment delivery to channels is high; (5) little quantitative evidence exists to link landsliding to deforestation.
  • Kathmandu Guidebook.P65

    Kathmandu Guidebook.P65

    AttractionsAttractions ininKathmanduKathmandu AND ITS SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT A GUIDE BOOK Ananda Kumar Maharjan Ammar Raj Guni Attractions in Kathmandu AND ITS SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT A GUIDE BOOK Ananda Kumar Maharjan Ammar Raj Guni Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................... Traveland Tourismhas been regarded as the world's biggest business and most fruitful industry in the world and many nations have made heavy investments in this sector. Nepal is an important tourist destination in the world tourism map with its vast potentials of natural attractions, socio-cultural values and archaeological heritages. Tourismhas wider implications encompassing not only economic benefits but also social and cultural benefits as well. It also encompasses environmental, educational and political significance. Nepal offers tourists a breath-taking experience of nature and ever-present mountain scenery, including Everest, the world's highest peak. Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal has an incredibly rich cultural heritage, both built and living. This includes intriguing historic living cities, overflowing with monuments some of which are of great antiquity. It has many styles of traditional settlement, all set against some of the world's most dramatic mountain scenery. Festivals, often dating from pre-history, still abound and are filled with vitality and colour. The city is blessed by a pleasant year-round climate, affording stunning mountain views for much of the year. In addition to this the city is peopled by an unfailingly friendly population who are generally very happy to share their innate hospitality as well as their many customs and traditions with visitors. Kathmandu has an immense amount to offer both the general and special interest visitor and it developed as one of the world's most fashionable long haul exotic destinations.
  • CLEAR CULPABILITY “Disappearances” by Security Forces in Nepal

    CLEAR CULPABILITY “Disappearances” by Security Forces in Nepal

    CLEAR CULPABILITY “Disappearances” by Security Forces in Nepal I. Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 1 II. Background............................................................................................................................... 9 III. Nepal’s Obligations under International Law..................................................................16 Prohibition of enforced disappearances..............................................................................17 Duty to investigate..................................................................................................................19 Redress for victims .................................................................................................................21 IV. “Disappearances”.................................................................................................................24 Perpetrators..............................................................................................................................25 Victims......................................................................................................................................28 Modus operandi ......................................................................................................................29 Evidence of killings in custody .............................................................................................43 Evidence of torture
  • Strengthening the Role of Civil Society and Women in Democracy And

    Strengthening the Role of Civil Society and Women in Democracy And

    HARIYO BAN PROGRAM Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 25 November 2011 – 25 August 2016 (Cooperative Agreement No: AID-367-A-11-00003) Submitted to: UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NEPAL MISSION Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal Submitted by: WWF in partnership with CARE, FECOFUN and NTNC P.O. Box 7660, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal First approved on April 18, 2013 Updated and approved on January 5, 2015 Updated and approved on July 31, 2015 Updated and approved on August 31, 2015 Updated and approved on January 19, 2016 January 19, 2016 Ms. Judy Oglethorpe Chief of Party, Hariyo Ban Program WWF Nepal Baluwatar, Kathmandu Subject: Approval for revised M&E Plan for the Hariyo Ban Program Reference: Cooperative Agreement # 367-A-11-00003 Dear Judy, This letter is in response to the updated Monitoring and Evaluation Plan (M&E Plan) for the Hariyo Program that you submitted to me on January 14, 2016. I would like to thank WWF and all consortium partners (CARE, NTNC, and FECOFUN) for submitting the updated M&E Plan. The revised M&E Plan is consistent with the approved Annual Work Plan and the Program Description of the Cooperative Agreement (CA). This updated M&E has added/revised/updated targets to systematically align additional earthquake recovery funding added into the award through 8th modification of Hariyo Ban award to WWF to address very unexpected and burning issues, primarily in four Hariyo Ban program districts (Gorkha, Dhading, Rasuwa and Nuwakot) and partly in other districts, due to recent earthquake and associated climatic/environmental challenges. This updated M&E Plan, including its added/revised/updated indicators and targets, will have very good programmatic meaning for the program’s overall performance monitoring process in the future.