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Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025 Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal Strategy Andactionplan2016-2025|Chitwan-Annapurnalandscape,Nepal Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025 Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal Strategy andActionPlan2016-2025|Chitwan-AnnapurnaLandscape,Nepal Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +977-1- 4211567, 4211936 Fax: +977-1-4223868 Website: www.mfsc.gov.np Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025 Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Publisher: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Citation: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation 2015. Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025, Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Cover photo credits: Forest, River, Women in Community and Rhino © WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program/ Nabin Baral Snow leopard © WWF Nepal/ DNPWC Rhododendron © WWF Nepal Back cover photo credits: Forest, Gharial, Peacock © WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program/ Nabin Baral Red Panda © Kamal Thapa/ WWF Nepal Buckwheat fi eld in Ghami village, Mustang © WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program/ Kapil Khanal Women in wetland © WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program/ Kashish Das Shrestha © Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Acronyms and Abbreviations ACA Annapurna Conservation Area asl Above Sea Level BZ Buffer Zone BZUC Buffer Zone User Committee CA Conservation Area CAMC Conservation Area Management Committee CAPA Community Adaptation Plans for Action CBO Community Based Organization CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CCC Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape Coordination Committee CDM Clean Development Mechanism CHALWG Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape Working Group CFUG Community Forest User Group CHAL Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape CIB Central Investigation Bureau DADO District Agriculture Development Offi ce DDC District Development Committee DFO District Forest Offi ce DFSCC District Forestry Sector Coordination Committee DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology DLSO District Livestock Service Offi ce DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation DoF Department of Forests DPR Department of Plant Resources DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DSCO District Soil Conservation Offi ce DSCWM Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EFGDCC Environment Friendly Governance District Coordination Committee EFLGMCC Environment Friendly Local Governance Municipal Coordination Committee EFLGVCC Environment Friendly Local Governance Village Coordination Committee FRA Forest Resource Assessment FECOFUN Federation of Community Forest Users Nepal GLA Government Line Agency GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood GoN Government of Nepal HDI Human Development Index HPI Human Poverty Index ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025 | Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal vii IEE Initial Environmental Examination IPA Important Plant Area IRBM Integrated River Basin Management IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature LAPA Local Adaptation Plans for Action LDOF Landslide Dam Outburst Flood LFUG Leasehold Forest User Group MAP Medicinal and Aromatic Plant MIS Management Information System MoAD Ministry of Agriculture Development MoFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development MoFSC Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation MoSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment NBCC National Biodiversity Coordination Committee NGO Non-governmental Organization NP National Park NPC National Planning Commission NR Nepali Rupee NRM Natural Resource Management NTFP Non-timber Forest Product NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation PA Protected Area PES Payment for Ecosystem Services PPP Purchasing Power Parity RD Regional Directorate REA Rapid Environmental Assessment REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment TAL Terai Arc Landscape USD US Dollar VDC Village Development Committee WCCB Wildlife Crime Control Bureau WEC Water and Energy Commission WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat WTO World Trade Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund viii Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025 | Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal Table of Contents Message ....................................................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................... v Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... vii Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter I ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. General overview ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Biodiversity ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1. Fauna ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2. Flora ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.3. Forests and other ecosystems ............................................................................................................... 5 1.2.4. Ecosystem processes .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.5. Ecosystem goods and services .............................................................................................................. 11 1.3. Socio-economic features .................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.1. Demography ........................................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2. Socio-economic indices .......................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.3. Local institutions ..................................................................................................................................... 14 1.4. Livelihood and economic development ............................................................................................................ 14 1.4.1. Agriculture .............................................................................................................................................. 14 1.4.2. Small and medium enterprises ............................................................................................................. 15 1.4.3. Tourism ................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.5. Infrastructure development ............................................................................................................................... 16 1.6. Effects of the Gorkha earthquake ...................................................................................................................... 17 1.7. Policy and enabling environment ..................................................................................................................... 18 1.8. Administrative and political status of CHAL ...................................................................................................... 20 Chapter II .................................................................................................................................... 21 Socio-ecological Threats and Opportunities in the CHAL ............................................................................................. 21 2.1. Opportunities ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2. Threats ................................................................................................................................................................ 25 2.1.1. Threats to ecosystem services and ecological processes .................................................................... 25 2.1.2. Threats to forests and other land uses ................................................................................................. 27 2.1.3. Threats to species .................................................................................................................................. 31 2.1.4. Threats to socio-economic prosperity ................................................................................................... 35 Chapter
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