DOCSLIB.ORG

A Narratological Approach to the Treatment of the Asia Minor Refugee in Modern Greek Novels

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Narratological Approach to the Treatment of the Asia Minor Refugee in Modern Greek Novels REFUGEES AND NARRATORS: A NARRATOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF THE ASIA MINOR REFUGEE IN MODERN GREEK NOVELS. Chrysoula Tirekidis A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of New South Wales, Australia 2012 PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Tirekidis First name: Chrysoula Other name/s: Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD School: International Studies Faculty: Arts and Social Sciences Title: Refugees and Narrators: A narratological approach to the treatment of the Asia Minor refugee in modern Greek novels. Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) In this thesis, I examine the structures of a variety of modern Greek novels referring to the Asia Minor refugees to examine how the form of a text articulates a message to produce a particular effect on the reader. By applying Gérard Genette’s methods of structural narratology, my main aim is to determine the role of refugee characters within the narrative situations. This will allow us to explore the depiction of the refugees within these narratological conventions and will indicate the authors’ choices in employing particular narrative techniques to present the refugees. In this way, we may be able to determine whether the treatment of refugee characters in the narrative structure of the novel can be correlated with the author’s level of perceived historical experience of the refugee situation in Greece. One might expect that as a result of the refugee writers’ personal background they would give more emphasis to the refugees by using them as narrators of their own stories than authors from Constantinople and the Greek mainland; however, a major finding of the way these authors use the refugees in their narrative situations shows that this is not the case. The chapters of this thesis are organised according to the narrative situations identified from the examination of the 13 novels that fit the appropriate criteria set for this study. Each novel had to include the theme of the Asia Minor refugee in Greece after the Asia Minor Disaster. As well as this, the author’s biography had to suggest the possibility of their direct knowledge of the refugees in Greece, either by being a refugee, witnessing the influx or by living amongst them after their immediate arrival. Ultimately, what I ask is: How do authors who simply observed the refugees’ situation and refugee authors who experienced this situation at first-hand employ the refugee character in narratological conventions? In addition, what are the affects of these techniques on the reader’s perception of the refugee characters in the novels? Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). 3/08/2012 …………………………………………………………… ……………………………………..……………… ……….……………………...…….… Signature Witness Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: THIS SHEET IS TO BE GLUED TO THE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THE THESIS ii iii Refugees and Narrators Thesis/Dissertation Sheet ii Refugees and Narrators Originality Statement ORIGINALITY STATEMENT I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material, which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project‟s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. Signed.............................................................. Date.................................................................. iii Refugees and Narrators Copyright Statement COPYRIGHT STATEMENT I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation. Signed.............................................................. Date.................................................................. iv Refugees and Narrators Authenticity Statement AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format. Signed................................................................. Date.................................................................. v Refugees and Narrators Abstract ABSTRACT In this thesis, I examine the structures of a variety of modern Greek novels referring to the Asia Minor refugees to examine how the form of a text articulates a message to produce a particular effect on the reader. By applying Gérard Genette‟s methods of structural narratology, my main aim is to determine the role of refugee characters within the narrative situations. This will allow us to explore the depiction of the refugees within these narratological conventions and will indicate the authors‟ choices in employing particular narrative techniques to present the refugees. In this way, we may be able to determine whether the treatment of refugee characters in the narrative structure of the novel can be correlated with the author‟s level of perceived historical experience of the refugee situation in Greece. One might expect that as a result of the refugee writers‟ personal background they would give more emphasis to the refugees by using them as narrators of their own stories than authors from Constantinople and the Greek mainland; however, a major finding of the way these authors use the refugees in their narrative situations shows that this is not the case. The chapters of this thesis are organised according to the narrative situations identified from the examination of the 13 novels that fit the appropriate criteria set for this study. Each novel had to include the theme of the Asia Minor refugee in Greece after the Asia Minor Disaster. As well as this, the author‟s biography had to suggest the possibility of their direct knowledge of the refugees in Greece, either by being a refugee, witnessing the influx or by living amongst them after their immediate arrival. Ultimately, what I ask is: How do authors who simply observed the refugees‟ situation and refugee authors who experienced this situation at first- hand employ the refugee character in narratological conventions? In addition, what are the affects of these techniques on the reader‟s perception of the refugee characters in the novels? vi Refugees and Narrators Contents CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction Aims and method 1 Outline of the history of the Asia Minor refugee 7 Literature review 22 Methodology 38 Structure of the thesis 62 PART ONE Refugees in minor roles: Extradiegetic-heterodiegetic narrators Chapter 1 Two different views: zero focalization 63 Chapter 2 The refugee in internal focalization 99 PART TWO Refugees as protagonists: Extradiegetic-heterodiegetic narrators and zero focalization Chapter 3 A refugee author‟s narrative 139 Chapter 4 A Constantinopolitan author‟s view 162 Chapter 5 A native author‟s perspective 185 PART THREE Experiencing vs. observing: Extradiegetic-homodiegetic narrators Chapter 6 „I, Refugee‟. Refugees as narrators. 212 Chapter 7 Observing the refugees: A case for paralepsis. 242 Conclusion 261 Bibliography 269 vii Refugees and Narrators Acknowledgments ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like extend my sincerest and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ilir Meta Lidhje Me Beogradin Dhe Athinën, Hezitimi Për Gent Cakën Fakton Gjithçka, Presidenti Po Hyn Në “Luftë” Me Ndërkombëtarët
    Rr.Sitki Çiço përballë Maternitetit të Ri, Tel: 067 20 72 263, E-mail: [email protected] Ndërkombëtarët zbardhin skemën Ç ë m k imi 20 le e pushtetarëve për pastrim parash, nga investimet në ndërtime, tek Tirazhi 10000 kopje E Mërkurë 9 Janar 2019 manipulimet e noterëve Faqe 9 Vetingu, shkarkohet nga Spartak Ngjela: Ilir Meta lidhje me detyra kryetari i Gjykatës së Sarandës, Italia konfirmon dënimin e Admir Thanzës Beogradin dhe Athinën, hezitimi për Komisioni i Pavarur i Kualifikimit i ka dhënë një tjetër goditje gjyqtarëve dhe prokurorëve të korruptuar, duke treguar se është i vendosur për të pastruar sistemin e drejtësisë. Ditën e djeshme KPK vendosi të shkarkojë nga... Gent Cakën fakton gjithçka, presidenti Faqe 4 Bujar Leskaj largohet nga drejtimi i KLSH, komandon po hyn në “luftë” me ndërkombëtarët në krye të institucionit Faqe 3 Lindita Latin, ja bilanci i punës së tij gjatë 7 viteve Bujar Leskaj është larguar përfundimisht nga drejtimi i Kontrollit të Lartë të Shtetit. Pas rrëzimit të kandidaturës së Vitore Tushës nga Kuvendi, Le- skajt i lindi e drejta të mbajë detyrën e kryetarit deri në zgjedhjen e pasardhësit të tij... Faqe 7 Qeveria merr të tjera masa për të frenuar abuzimet në burgje, ndryshojnë procedurat për transferimin e policëve, ja detajet Qeveria ka forcuar akoma më tej masat, sa i takon sigurisë në burgje. Pasi miratoi ligjin që të dënuarit e sigurisë së lartë do të qëndrojnë në izolim për të shmangur kontaktet me jashtë, dje Ministria e Drejtësisë ka nxjerrë një... Faqe 8 Zbehet protesta e studentëve, Rama rrëzon aludimet për tarifat, ja sa do të paguhet në fakultete Protesta e studentëve ka filluar të zbehet.
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Families' History and Heritage Making at the Crossroads of New
    Voicing the stories of the excluded: Albanian families’ history and heritage making at the crossroads of new and old homes Eleni Vomvyla UCL Institute of Archaeology Thesis submitted for the award of Doctor in Philosophy in Cultural Heritage 2013 Declaration of originality I, Eleni Vomvyla confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature 2 To the five Albanian families for opening their homes and sharing their stories with me. 3 Abstract My research explores the dialectical relationship between identity and the conceptualisation/creation of history and heritage in migration by studying a socially excluded group in Greece, that of Albanian families. Even though the Albanian community has more than twenty years of presence in the country, its stories, often invested with otherness, remain hidden in the Greek ‘mono-cultural’ landscape. In opposition to these stigmatising discourses, my study draws on movements democratising the past and calling for engagements from below by endorsing the socially constructed nature of identity and the denationalisation of memory. A nine-month fieldwork with five Albanian families took place in their domestic and neighbourhood settings in the areas of Athens and Piraeus. Based on critical ethnography, data collection was derived from participant observation, conversational interviews and participatory techniques. From an individual and family group point of view the notion of habitus led to diverse conceptions of ethnic identity, taking transnational dimensions in families’ literal and metaphorical back- and-forth movements between Greece and Albania.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratis Myrivilis (1890 - 1969), the Author of “The Mermaid Madonna”
    Erasmus+ project: “Every Child Matters: refugees and immigrants in education” Daily Junior High School of Petra, Lesvos, Hellas TENDRING TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE, Essex, U.K., 9-13 October 2017 Our school in Greece! Junior High School of Petra (Lesvos, Hellas) Participant countries: England Hellas Italy Portugal Turkey Participant teachers: •Mr. Charalambos Kavouras, Ancient/Modern Greek teacher •Ms. Panayiota Thiveou, English teacher •Ms. Eleni Ververi, Ancient/Modern Greek teacher Participant students: •Alexandra Kalpaki, C Class (Greek Gymnasium) •Eirini Miftiou, C Class (Greek Gymnasium) Mobility Theme: “Cultures – influences of immigration on literature, music and arts” PART A A short biography of Stratis Myrivilis (1890 - 1969), the author of “The Mermaid Madonna” Stratis Myrivilis (1890–1969) “The Mermaid Madonna” Stratis Myrivilis (1890–1969), is a major figure in the literary history of the 20th century in Greece. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature three times. He is considered one of the best European antiwar writers. He enrolled at Athens University to study law. However, his university education was cut short when he volunteered to fight in the first Balkan War in 1912. He also fought on the Macedonian front in North Greece and in the Asia Minor Campaign which followed. PART B The “Mermaid Madonna” by Stratis Myrivilis - The story of the refugees of 1922 In 1949, Myrivilis’ novel “The Mermaid Madonna” was published. The title of the novel derives from the name of a white chapel in his hometown dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The tiny chapel is built on a rock in the picturesque fishing village of Skala Skamia, on the island of Lesvos.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
    THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • American School of Classical Studies at Athens Newsletter Index 1977-2012 the Index Is Geared Toward Subjects, Sites, and Major
    American School of Classical Studies at Athens Newsletter Index 1977-2012 The index is geared toward subjects, sites, and major figures in the history of the School, and only the major subject of an article. Not every individual has a cross-entry: look for subject and site, first—entries that will tend to be more complete. Note: The symbol (F) next to an entry signifies the presence of a photograph of the subject. S = Spring [occasionally, Summer] Issue; F = Fall Issue; and W= Winter Issue, followed by the year and page number. Parentheses within subentries surround subsubentries, which would otherwise be indented and consume more space; this level of entry is separated by commas rather than semi-colons. When in doubt in a jungle of parentheses, refer to the right of the last semi-colon for the relevant subhead. Where this method becomes less effective, e.g., at “mega”-entries like the Gennadeion, typesetting devices like boldface and indentation have been added. Abbe, Mark (Wiener Travel Grant recipient): on roman sculpture in Corinth F10- 24 (F) Academy of Athens: admits H. Thompson F80-1 (F); gold medal to ASCSA S87- 4 (F) Acrocorinth: annual meeting report (R. Stroud) S88-5; sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone S88-5 (F). See also Corinth Acropolis (Athens): anniversary (300th) of bombardment observed F87-12; conservation measures, Erechtheion and Parthenon F84-1 (F), F88-7 (F), F91- 5 (F); exploration work of J.C. Wright S79-14 (F); Propylaia study, publication of S92-3 (F); reconstruction efforts, Parthenon (K.A. Schwab) S93-5 (F); restoration photos displayed at Fairfield University S04-4 (F);Temple of Athena Nike S99-5 (F) Adkins, Evelyn (Jameson Fellow): on school experience F11-13 Adossides, Alexander: tribute to S84-13 Aegean Fellows program (ARIT-ASCSA) S02-12 (F) Aesop’s Fables postcards: F87-15 After-Tea-Talks: description and ‘79 schedule F79-5; ‘80-‘81 report (P.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Greek Economic and Military Mobilization of the 1909-1923 Period.1
    Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 20, ISSUE 1 Studies The Economic forces of victory versus those of defeat: An analysis of the Greek Economic and Military Mobilization of the 1 1909-1923 period. Dr. Ioannis-Dionysios Salavrakos (*) Introduction. The intellectual aspiration of the paper is to highlight the economic forces, which played an immense role in the wars in which Greece participated during the 1909-1923 period. These were four major conflicts: The two Balkan wars of 1912-1913 against the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria; the First World War (1914-1918) and the Greek-Turkish war of 1919-1922. The tragic period started with Greek victories and ended with the greatest defeat of the modern Greek state. Although these conflicts were different, there is a clear nexus between them. In the Greek as well as the international bibliography, the majority of studies highlight the strategic, tactical, operational, diplomatic, psychological dimensions of the conflicts of the period, as well as, the personal motives of political and military leaders. Under this intellectual framework, the economic forces of the conflict are marginalized by most academics. The final conflict of the period is primarily known as the ‘Campaign of Asia-Minor’ in the Greek bibliography, whereas in the Turkish bibliography it is considered as ‘the Great Patriotic War.’ Thus in this article we aim to demonstrate that the conflicts of the period are connected and also that the Greek defeat 1 This article is dedicated to the memory of my beloved grandmother Stavroula Poulea Koutsikou (1921- 2019) who passed away. She had lived the Second World War and had told me many stories from that era.
    [Show full text]
  • On Security, Minorities, and Opportunistic Narcissism
    On Security, Minorities, and Opportunistic Narcissism Stavroula Pipyrou University of St Andrews Abstract At a global level, the last two decades have consistently witnessed the encroachment of right-wing rhetoric and anti-minority logos, with several states clearly promoting a discourse of fear of minorities. Seeing minorities either as the ‘enemy within’ or a political necessity that must be endured, states are sceptical in how they recognise or incorporate minority identities that threaten ideologies of national homogeneity. Adopting an anthropological perspective and having engaged in long-term research on minorities in Greece and Italy, I argue that the state selectively recognises minority traits that are deemed ‘secure’ enough to be incorporated into the national body of policies and governance in what I term opportunistic narcissism; the process of highlighting minority differences, territorialising them, and finally claiming them for the national corpus. Keywords: Freud; Greece; Italy; minorities; narcissism; nationalism; In Freud’s concept of the narcissism of minor differences, alterity relies upon the degree to which Otherness is, or is not, tolerated. In the same vein, traits of minority identity, evoked from the top-down (state to grassroots) or bottom-up, may promote certain levels of (in)security for minority populations. Is it ever enough for nations to simply recognise the existence of minorities without sustainably implementing policies that make them secure? What form should such policies take? In Italy, for instance, recognition of linguistic pluralism was a positive political step toward secure political representation for minority populations, turning away from classificatory systems intimately associated with the aesthetics of language celebrated under fascism.
    [Show full text]
  • AHEPA's James Plevritis Evzone Chapter #405
    AHEPA’s James Plevritis Evzone Chapter #405 Invites you to a Unique Cultural "Greek Movie Night" Presenting the Award Winner Movie "REBETIKO" Produced: 1983 Drama and Historic Fiction 2.5 hours The story is based on the life of the Rebetiko singer Marika Ninou and her relation with the famous composer Vassilis Tsitsanis. It presents the Rebetiko song as it entangles with the political instability of the entire Greek nation starting from the Asia Minor Disaster in 1922, the World War II and Nazi occupation in 1940, the tragic Civil War in 1948, to the even more economic instability of the 1950's. Mucic by the famous composer Stavros Xarhakos Saturday, March 21st, 2015 7:00 PM Holy Trinity Church – 10 Mill Road, New Rochelle, NY 10804 Reception with Hors d’oeuvres and wine will follow the movie Donation $15 Payable to: AHEPA Evzone Chapter #405 (501c10) Donations deductible to the extent permitted by law Portion of profits support the AHEPA Scholarship Fund Information: Peter Constantinides 718 543-8136, Joe Keane 914 738-4854 Elias Pantelaros 914 633-0678 "Rebetiko" Synopsis The time depicted in this film, covers a period in Athens from about 1922 -1958. This was a time of tremendous transition and instability for the entire Greek nation. The film begins with a montage of the Asia Minor Disaster which resulted in a population exchange, that increased the population in Greece by approximately 25%, almost overnight, in 1923 with most of them ending up in Athens. It was in these overcrowded and economically and spiritually destitute conditions during the 1930's, that the Rembetiko genre of music reached its height in popularity.
    [Show full text]
  • Settlement of Greek Refugees
    [Distributed to the Council and the Members of the League] C. 524. M. 187. 1924. II. Geneva, October 30th, 1924. LEAGUE OF NATIONS THE SETTLEMENT OF GREEK REFUGEES SCHEME FOR AN INTERNATIONAL LOAN PROTOCOL Arranged by the League of Nations and signed at Geneva on September 29th, 1923. Amended by the Additional Act signed at Geneva on September 19th, 1924 WITH THE RELEVANT DOCUMENTS AND PUBLIC STATEMENTS, INCLUDING THE STATUTES OF THE REFUGEE SETTLEMENT COMMISSION LEAGUE OF NATIONS RRATUM AND ADDENDUM TO DOCUMENT C. 524. M. 187.1924. II The Settlement of Greek Refugees. Page 6. Heading III. — The beginning of the second paragraph should read as follows: "As will be seen from Document XII, the property so transferred, and to be trans­ ferred to, (2) and held with a clean title by, the Refugee Settlement Commission", etc. A note should be added at the bottom of page 6 as follows : (2). “The position as to the delivery of land is as follows: In accordance with the terms if the Protocol of Geneva, the Hellenic Government has already transferred to the Refugee iettlement Commission all the cultivable lands left in Greece by Musulmans who have dépar­ ti from Greece under the Lausanne Convention for the Exchange of Populations between :eece and Turkey. After deducting from this area such portions as are not available for irious reasons for the settlement of refugees, it is estimated that at least 220,000 hectares of iltivable land will remain on which refugees can be established. In addition, the area of the nds already requisitioned with a view to expropriation, and the physical possession of which is already been given to the Commission with an undertaking on the part of the Hellenic ovemment that the lands will be formally transferred later to the Commission, amounts to jproximately 40,000 hectares.
    [Show full text]
  • By Konstantinou, Evangelos Precipitated Primarily by the Study
    by Konstantinou, Evangelos Precipitated primarily by the study of ancient Greece, a growing enthusiasm for Greece emerged in Europe from the 18th century. This enthusiasm manifested itself in literature and art in the movements referred to as classicism and neoclassicism. The founda- tions of contemporary culture were identified in the culture of Greek antiquity and there was an attempt to learn more about and even revive the latter. These efforts manifested themselves in the themes, motifs and forms employed in literature and art. How- ever, European philhellenism also had an effect in the political sphere. Numerous societies were founded to support the cause of Greek independence during the Greek War of Independence, and volunteers went to Greece to join the fight against the Ottoman Empire. Conversely, the emergence of the Enlightenment in Greece was due at least in part to the Greek students who studied at European universities and brought Enlightenment ideas with them back to Greece. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Literary and Popular Philhellenism in Europe 2. European Travellers to Greece and Their Travel Accounts 3. The Greek Enlightenment 4. Reasons for Supporting Greece 5. Philhellenic Germany 6. Lord Byron 7. European Philhellenism 8. Societies for the Support of the Greeks 9. Bavarian "State Philhellenism" 10. Jakob Philip Fallmerayer and Anti-Philhellenism 11. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Bibliography 3. Notes Indices Citation The neo-humanism of the 18th and 19th centuries contributed considerably to the emergence of a philhellenic1 climate in Europe. This new movement was founded by Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768) (ᇄ Media Link #ab), who identified aesthetic ideals and ethical norms in Greek art, and whose work Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums (1764) (ᇄ Media Link #ac) (History of the Art of Antiquity) made ancient Greece the point of departure for an aestheticizing art history and cultural history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vlachs of Greece and Their Misunderstood History Helen Abadzi1 January 2004
    The Vlachs of Greece and their Misunderstood History Helen Abadzi1 January 2004 Abstract The Vlachs speak a language that evolved from Latin. Latin was transmitted by Romans to many peoples and was used as an international language for centuries. Most Vlach populations live in and around the borders of modern Greece. The word „Vlachs‟ appears in the Byzantine documents at about the 10th century, but few details are connected with it and it is unclear it means for various authors. It has been variously hypothesized that Vlachs are descendants of Roman soldiers, Thracians, diaspora Romanians, or Latinized Greeks. However, the ethnic makeup of the empires that ruled the Balkans and the use of the language as a lingua franca suggest that the Vlachs do not have one single origin. DNA studies might clarify relationships, but these have not yet been done. In the 19th century Vlach was spoken by shepherds in Albania who had practically no relationship with Hellenism as well as by urban Macedonians who had Greek education dating back to at least the 17th century and who considered themselves Greek. The latter gave rise to many politicians, literary figures, and national benefactors in Greece. Because of the language, various religious and political special interests tried to attract the Vlachs in the 19th and early 20th centuries. At the same time, the Greek church and government were hostile to their language. The disputes of the era culminated in emigrations, alienation of thousands of people, and near-disappearance of the language. Nevertheless, due to assimilation and marriages with Greek speakers, a significant segment of the Greek population in Macedonia and elsewhere descends from Vlachs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unique Cultural & Innnovative Twelfty 1820
    Chekhov reading The Seagull to the Moscow Art Theatre Group, Stanislavski, Olga Knipper THE UNIQUE CULTURAL & INNNOVATIVE TWELFTY 1820-1939, by JACQUES CORY 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS No. of Page INSPIRATION 5 INTRODUCTION 6 THE METHODOLOGY OF THE BOOK 8 CULTURE IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES IN THE “CENTURY”/TWELFTY 1820-1939 14 LITERATURE 16 NOBEL PRIZES IN LITERATURE 16 CORY'S LIST OF BEST AUTHORS IN 1820-1939, WITH COMMENTS AND LISTS OF BOOKS 37 CORY'S LIST OF BEST AUTHORS IN TWELFTY 1820-1939 39 THE 3 MOST SIGNIFICANT LITERATURES – FRENCH, ENGLISH, GERMAN 39 THE 3 MORE SIGNIFICANT LITERATURES – SPANISH, RUSSIAN, ITALIAN 46 THE 10 SIGNIFICANT LITERATURES – PORTUGUESE, BRAZILIAN, DUTCH, CZECH, GREEK, POLISH, SWEDISH, NORWEGIAN, DANISH, FINNISH 50 12 OTHER EUROPEAN LITERATURES – ROMANIAN, TURKISH, HUNGARIAN, SERBIAN, CROATIAN, UKRAINIAN (20 EACH), AND IRISH GAELIC, BULGARIAN, ALBANIAN, ARMENIAN, GEORGIAN, LITHUANIAN (10 EACH) 56 TOTAL OF NOS. OF AUTHORS IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES BY CLUSTERS 59 JEWISH LANGUAGES LITERATURES 60 LITERATURES IN NON-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES 74 CORY'S LIST OF THE BEST BOOKS IN LITERATURE IN 1860-1899 78 3 SURVEY ON THE MOST/MORE/SIGNIFICANT LITERATURE/ART/MUSIC IN THE ROMANTICISM/REALISM/MODERNISM ERAS 113 ROMANTICISM IN LITERATURE, ART AND MUSIC 113 Analysis of the Results of the Romantic Era 125 REALISM IN LITERATURE, ART AND MUSIC 128 Analysis of the Results of the Realism/Naturalism Era 150 MODERNISM IN LITERATURE, ART AND MUSIC 153 Analysis of the Results of the Modernism Era 168 Analysis of the Results of the Total Period of 1820-1939
    [Show full text]