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Richter, the Greek-Turkish War 1919-1922 Heinz A. Richter THE GREEK-TURKISH WAR 1919-1922 PELEUS STUDIEN ZUR ARCHÄOLOGIE UND GESCHICHTE GRIECHENLANDS UND ZYPERNS BAND 73 IN KOMMISSION BEI HARRASSOWITZVERLAG WIESBADEN Heinz A. Richter THE GREEK-TURKISH WAR 1919- 1922 PELEUS Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Griechenlandsund Zyperns Herausgegeben vonReinhardStupperich und HeinzA.Richter Band 73 Bibliografische Information derDeutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothekverzeichnet diesePublikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie;detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliotheklists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographicdata areavailable in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Umschlagvignetten: Umschlagbild: Venizelos &Kemal GegenüberTitelblatt: Innenbild einer Schale des Peithinosmalers, Berlin, Pergamonmuseum (CVA Berlin 2, Taf. 61). Copyright: VerlagFranzPhilippRutzenund Autor, 2013 Alle Rechte vorbehalten.Ohne ausdrückliche Genehmigung des Verlags istesnichtgestattet,das Buchoder Teile daraus auf fotomechanischem Wege (z.B. Photokopie, Mikrokopie) oder unterVerwendung elektronischer Systemezubearbeiten, zu vervielfältigen oder zu verbreiten. Printed in Germanyonfaderesistant and archivalquality paper (PH7neutral). Gesamtherstellung: Beltz Druckpartner, Carl-Benz-Str.11, 69 502Hemsbach VERLAG FRANZ PHILIPP RUTZEN D-83324Ruhpolding, Am Zellerberg21 Tel. 08663/883386, Fax 08663/883389, e-mail: [email protected] In Kommission bei Harrassowitz Verlag•Wiesbaden, www.harrassowitz-verlag.de ISBN 978-3-447-10671-9 CONTENT INTRODUCTION 9 TERRITORIAL BACKGROUND 1900-1918: Facts, Plans and Dreams Ottomanterritorial losses 1900-1914 11 Entente’s plans forpartition 14 TheMegali Idea of the Greeks18 POLITICAL BACKGROUND 1914-1918 The Ottoman Empire 1914-1918 22 Greece 1914-1918 24 ON THE EVEOFTHE PEACE CONFERENCE October 1918 -January 1919 Venizelos’journeytoParis andLondon October-November 1918 29 The situation of the Greeks in theOttoman Empire 31 Thesituation of the GreeksinAsiaMinor after the Armistice 33 Venizelos’ journeytoParis to the Peace Conference 35 The preparations of the conference January 1919 37 GREECE AT THE PEACE CONFERENCE February-May 1919 Venizelos and the negotiations 1919 40 Fiumeand Smyrna 42 DEVELOPMENTS MAY -DECEMBER 1919 The Greeklanding in Smyrna 52 The internalTurkish developments57 The expansion of the Greek landingzone 59 Theinter-allied commission of investigation 63 The Tittoni-Venizelos-Agreement 68 Mustafa Kemal’sascension 69 The old boy is done 72 The Peace Treaty of Neuilly 74 Churchilland Smyrna 74 DEVELOPMENTS IN 1920 The Conference of London 12 -14February 1920 76 Turkish internal developments 76 TheSan Remo Conference 78 Operations againstFiladelfia (Alaşehir), Uşak und Bursa 82 The PeaceTreaty of Sèvres85 Political oscillations 89 Theelections of 14 November1920 90 Change of the regimeinGreece 94 Developments on the Turkish sideinautumn1920 98 1921: ON THE WAYINTO AHISTORICAL CUL-DE-SAC Thenew GreekGovernment101 The armed reconnaissance towardsEskişehirinJanuary 1921 102 Theconference in London February 1921105 The SpringOffensive1921 109 Developments on the Turkish side116 The summeroffensive June -July 1921 118 The battleonthe Sakarya River 121 Reactions to the victory at the Sakarya River 125 Developments in Autumnand Winter 1921/22127 Movements of the Amyna of Asia Minor 129 1922:THE YEAR OF CATASTROPHES Seeking adiplomaticsolution131 NewactivitiesofAmyna of Asia Minor134 Greek entanglement 135 On the wayinto thecatastrophe 138 Developments on the Turkish side140 The Catastrophe 141 The evacuationofSmyrna by the Greek mainlanders 152 Reasons for the defeat 155 SMYRNA 1922 Occupation of Smyrna by the Turks 156 Thegreat fireofSmyrna 163 The Evacuation 168 Reactions of the American Press 173 THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE DISASTER TheRevolution of 1922 175 The armisticeofMudanya 177 The second waveofrefugees 180 The trial of thesix 182 The fate of the PontianGreeks 186 THEPEACE OF LAUSANNE 1924 The peace of Lausanne 188 CONCLUSION194 APPENDIX 197 BIBLIOGRAPHY 202 INDEX OF NAMES 208.
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