The Institutional Arrangements Between Airlines, Airports, and Handling Companies — a Transaction Cost Assessment

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The Institutional Arrangements Between Airlines, Airports, and Handling Companies — a Transaction Cost Assessment The Institutional Arrangements between Airlines, Airports, and Handling Companies — A Transaction Cost Assessment Vorgelegt von Dipl.-Betriebswirt (FH), MBA Johannes Fuhr aus Frankfurt am Main der Fakultät Wirtschaft und Management der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaften - Dr. rer. oec. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. C. Helberger Gutachter: Prof. Dr. K. Mitusch Gutachter: Prof. Dr. U. Steger Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Chr. von Hirschhausen Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 9. Juni 2008 Berlin 2008 D 83 Titel: The Institutional Arrangements between Airlines, Airports, and Handling Companies — A Transaction Cost Assessment Autor: Johannes Fuhr Technische Universität Berlin Fachgebiet Wirtschafts- und Infrastrukturpolitik Fakultät VII Wirtschaft und Management Sekretariat H33 D-10623 Berlin Deutschland E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Die Dissertationsschrift analysiert die institutionellen Arrangements zwischen Fluggesellschaften, Flughäfen und Abfertigungsunternehmen unter Anwendung der Transaktionskostentheorie. Der entwickelte Erklärungsansatz und die Fallstudienergebnisse belegen, dass die Unterschiede bei vertikalen Vertragsbeziehungen und Organisationsformen zwischen Fluggesellschaften und Flughäfen mit dem Volumen der spezifischen Investitionen und dem bilateralen Anpassungsbedarf erklärt werden können. Des Weiteren wird die Vertragsgestaltung zwischen Fluggesellschaften und Abfertigungsunternehmen in der Arbeit untersucht. Die qualitativen und quantitativen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dedizierte Investitionen und die Standardisierung von Vertragselementen die Gestaltung von Abfertigungsverträgen maßgeblich beeinflussen. Die Wahl von effizienten Vertrags- und Organisationsformen wird jedoch durch die Vergabe von Lizenzen an neue Wettbewerber in der EU behindert. Schlüsselwörter: Transaktionskostentheorie, Vertrag, Deregulierung, Luftverkehr Abstract: This thesis draws on transaction cost economics to analyze the institutional arrangements between airlines, airports, and handling companies. The developed explanatory framework and the presented case study evidence corroborate the proposition that contractual and organizational arrangements between airlines and airports vary with the amount of relationship-specific investments and the bilateral need for adaptation. In addition, we analyze the contract design decision between airlines and handling companies in this thesis. Our qualitative and quantitative results show that dedicated asset specificity and the degree of standardization of contract provisions explain the contract design decision. The award of temporary licenses to new entrants in the EU is shown to impede efficient contractual and organizational arrangements. Keywords: Transaction Cost Economics, Contract, Deregulation, Air Transport II Acknowledgements The research for this thesis has been conducted during my time as an external doctoral student at the Workgroup for Infrastructure Policy (WIP), Berlin University of Technology. Major parts of this thesis have been written during my stay at the faculty in the year 2006. I thank my supervising Professor Christian von Hirschhausen for his support of this dissertation project. Amongst other things, Professor von Hirschhausen encouraged me to present my research at international conferences such as the Annual Conference of the International Society of New Institutional Economics and the European School of New Institutional Economics. All members at the Workgroup for Infrastructure Policy have contributed to the success of this work. I thank Dr. Andreas Brenck and Dr. Achim Czerny for their valuable comments during the different stages of this dissertation project. Dr. Thorsten Beckers has provided excellent advice and support during my time as a doctoral student. I also thank Professor Mitusch and Professor Steger for serving as supervisors for this thesis. All papers in this thesis have greatly benefited from comments on earlier draft versions and presentations at seminars and conferences. Amongst others, David Starkie and Professor David Gillen have provided valuable suggestions at conferences hosted by the German Aviation Research Society. I thank Jan Abrell and the doctoral students of the Chair of Energy Economics and Public Sector Management, Dresden University of Technology for our discussions on the econometric issues contained in this thesis. The financial support from the Erich Becker Trust, Fraport AG, is gratefully acknowledged. I thank my parents Dr. Heinz-Georg and Dorothee Fuhr and my wife Brigitte for their support. Frankfurt, June 2008. Johannes Fuhr III Vorwort Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift entstand während meiner Zeit als externer Promovent am Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- und Infrastrukturpolitik (WIP) an der Technischen Universität Berlin. Ein Großteil der Arbeit wurde während eines Aufenthalts an der TU Berlin im Jahr 2006 verfasst. Mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Professor Dr. Christian von Hirschhausen für die Unterstützung und Betreuung der vorliegenden Arbeit. Unter anderem ermutigte mich Professor von Hirschhausen an verschiedenen Konferenzen, wie den Jahreskonferenzen der International Society of New Institutional Economics und der European School of New Institutional Economics, teilzunehmen und meine Forschungsergebnisse dort zu präsentieren. Ich danke meinen Kollegen am Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- und Infrastrukturpolitik für ihren individuellen Beitrag zum Gelingen dieser Promotion. Weiter danke ich Herrn Dr. Andreas Brenck und Herrn Dr. Achim Czerny für ihre Unterstützung während meiner Promotionszeit. Ganz besonders danke ich Herrn Dr. Thorsten Beckers, der während der Erstellung der Arbeit mir in allen organisatorischen und inhaltlichen Aspekten als wertvoller Ratgeber jederzeit zur Seite stand. Ich danke außerdem Herrn Prof. Dr. Kay Mitusch und Herrn Prof. Dr. Ulrich Steger, die diese Arbeit als Koreferenten betreut haben. Diese Arbeit hat von Anmerkungen, welche ich auf Konferenzen und Seminaren erhalten haben, Impulse erhalten. Im Rahmen der Konferenzserie der German Aviation Research Society haben insbesondere Professor Dr. David Gillen und David Starkie mir Hinweise zu einzelnen Beiträgen und Ihrer Veröffentlichung gegeben. Mit Dipl.-Vw. Jan Abrell und anderen wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeitern des Lehrstuhls für Energiewirtschaft der Technischen Universität Dresden konnte ich die ökonometrischen Auswertungen in meinen empirischen Studien kritisch diskutieren. Danken möchte ich auch der Erich-Becker Stiftung der Fraport AG für die finanzielle Unterstützung dieser Promotion. Meinen Eltern Dr. Heinz-Georg und Dorothee Fuhr und meiner Frau Brigitte gilt mein besonderer Dank für ihre Unterstützung. Frankfurt, Juni 2008 Johannes Fuhr IV Table of Contents 1 Summary 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Transaction Cost Economics: Theory and Applications 3 1.2.1 Theoretical Foundations 3 1.2.2 Extensions and Empirical Studies 10 1.3 Thesis 15 1.4 Concluding Remarks 22 2 Vertical Governance between Airlines and Airports – A Transaction Cost Analysis 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Transactions between Airlines and Airports 25 2.2.1 Transaction Cost Economics as the Lens of Analysis 25 2.2.2 The Transaction as the Unit of Analysis 25 2.2.3 Transaction Attributes 27 2.2.3.1 Frequency Distribution in Airline Networks 27 2.2.3.2 Uncertainty 30 2.2.3.3 Asset Specificity 32 2.3 Vertical Governance: Some Propositions 37 2.3.1 Hub Airport Privatization 37 2.3.2 Hub Terminal Expansion 41 2.3.3 Low Cost Terminal Expansion at Base Airport 46 2.4 Discussion 51 3 Contracts, Financing Arrangements, and Public Ownership – An Empirical Analysis of the US Airport Governance Model 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Transaction Cost Assessment 55 3.2.1 Theory 55 3.2.2 The Airport-Airline Relationship: Transaction Cost Considerations 57 3.3 Empirical Study 62 3.3.1 Governance Model of US Airports 62 3.3.2 Case Studies 66 3.3.2.1 Case I: Boston Logan International Airport 68 3.3.2.2 Case II: John F. Kennedy Airport 70 3.3.2.3 Case III: Portland International Airport 73 3.3.2.4 Case IV: Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport 75 3.4 Discussion 77 V 4 (De)regulation of the European Ramp Handling Market – Lessons to be Learned from an Institutional Perspective? 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Contracting Problem and Licensing Rules 83 4.2.1 Asset Specificity and Uncertainty in Ramp Handling 86 4.2.2 EU Directive: The Award of Seven-Year Licenses 88 4.3 Analytical Framework: Some Propositions 92 4.3.1 Licensing Procedure 92 4.3.2 Contractual Constraint 94 4.4 Contract Duration in Ramp Handling Contracts 96 4.4.1 Data and Model Specification 96 4.4.2 Explanatory Variables 97 4.4.3 Estimation Results 100 4.5 The German Experience: The Award of Handling Licenses 103 4.5.1 The Costs and Benefits of Licensing 104 4.5.2 Contractual Choices and Misalignment 109 4.5.3 Lessons Learned 110 4.6 Discussion 111 5 Contractual Design and Functions – Evidence from Service Contracts in the European Air Transport Industry 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Contractual Design and Functions 115 5.2.1 Static Propositions 116 5.2.2 Dynamic Propositions 119 5.3 Empirical Study 120 5.3.1 Qualitative Assessment 121 5.3.1.1 Contracting Hazards and Coordination Requirements 121 5.3.1.2 Contractual Design 122 5.3.2 Quantitative Assessment 130 5.3.2.1 Methodology and Model Specifications 130 5.3.2.2 Explanatory Variables 131 5.3.2.3 Estimation Results 136 5.4 Discussion 137 6 References 139 VI List of Figures Figure
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