US 2010O286124A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0286124 A1 Gant et al. (43) Pub. Date: Nov. 11, 2010
(54) PROP-2-YN-1-AMINE INHIBITORS OF A63L/506 (2006.01) MONOAMINE OXDASE TYPE B A6II 3/428 (2006.01) A63L/98 (2006.01) (75) Inventors: Thomas G. Gant, Carlsbad, CA A6II 3L/24 (2006.01) (US); Sepehr Sarshar, Cardiff by A 6LX 3L/277 (2006.01) the Sea, CA (US) A6II 3/165. (2006.01) A6II 3/4409 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: A6II 3/42 (2006.01) Global Patent Group, LLC A63L/4525 (2006.01) Suite 304, 10411 Clayton Road A63L/437 (2006.01) St. Louis, MO 63131 (US) A 6LX 3/5.375 (2006.01) (73) Assi AUSPEX A 6LX 3/5.377 (2006.01) SS1gnee: (52) U.S. Cl...... 514/217.02:564/382: 514/654; elry sty TICALS, INC., 514/284: 514/250; 514/288: 514/252.2: 514/367; s 514/293; 514/567; 514/538; 514/521; 514/615; (21) Appl. No.: 12/757,237 514/354: 514/378: 514/320: 514/292; E. (22) Filed: Apr. 9, 2010 (57) ABSTRACT Related U.S. Application Data The present invention relates to new prop-2-yn-1-amine (60) Provisional application No. 61/168.252, filed on Apr. of monoamine oxidase type B activity, pharmaceu 10, 2009. ical compositions thereof, and methods of use thereof.
Publication Classification Formula I (51) Int. Cl. A6 IK3I/55 (2006.01) C07C 2 II/27 (2006.01) R A6 IK3I/37 (2006.01) A6IP 25/28 (2006.01) A6IP 25/6 (2006.01) A6IP 25/30 (2006.01) A6IP 25/24 (2006.01) A6 IK 3/473 (2006.01) A6 IK 3/4985 (2006.01) A6 IK 3/4745 (2006.01) US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
PROP-2-YN-1-AMINE INHIBITORS OF effects associated with selegiline administration include diz MONOAMINE OXIDASE TYPE B Ziness, nausea, pain, headache, insomnia, rhinitis, dyskinesia, back pain, stomatitis, and dyspepsia. 0001. This application claims the benefit of priority of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect U.S. provisional application No. 61/168,252, filed Apr. 10, 0005. In order to eliminate foreign substances such as 2009, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by ref therapeutic agents, the animal body expresses various erence as if written herein in its entirety. enzymes, such as the cytochrome Paso enzymes (CYPs), 0002 Disclosed herein are new substituted prop-2-yn-1- esterases, proteases, reductases, dehydrogenases, and amine compounds, pharmaceutical compositions made monoamine oxidases, to react with and convert these foreign thereof, and methods to inhibit monoamine oxidase type B Substances to more polar intermediates or metabolites for activity in a subject are also provided for, for the treatment of renal excretion. Such metabolic reactions frequently involve disorders such as Parkinson's disease, major depression, the oxidation of a carbon-hydrogen (C H) bond to either a Cushing's disease, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, carbon-oxygen (C-O) or a carbon-carbon (C-C) JU-bond. nicotine dependence, marijuana dependence, and Alzhe The resultant metabolites may be stable or unstable under imer's disease. physiological conditions, and can have substantially different 0003. Selegiline (FPF-1100, E-250, L-Deprenyl(R), pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and acute and long Deprenyl(R), Eldepryl(R), Jumex R, Otrasel R, Plurimen(R), term toxicity profiles relative to the parent compounds. For SeledatR), Vivapryl(R), Xilopar R. ZelapartR), Zydis(R), Emsam most drugs, such oxidations are generally rapid and ulti Patch(R) CAS # 4528-51-2), (R)-N-methyl-N-(1-phenylpro mately lead to administration of multiple or high daily doses. pan-2-yl)prop-2-yn-1-amine, is a monoamine oxidase type B 0006. The relationship between the activation energy and inhibitor. Selegiline is commonly prescribed for the treatment the rate of reaction may be quantified by the Arrhenius equa of Parkinson's disease (Heinonen et al., Clin. Pharmacol. tion, k=Ae'. The Arrhenius equation states that, at a Ther: 1994,56,742-749; Hidestrandet al., Drug Metab. Disp. given temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction depends 2001, 29(11), 1480; Katagi et al., J. Chromatogr: B Biomed. exponentially on the activation energy (E). Sci. Appl. 2001, 759(1), 125-133; and Shin, Drug Metab. 0007. The transition state in a reaction is a short lived state Disp. 1997. 25(6), 657-662). Selegiline has also shown prom along the reaction pathway during which the original bonds ise in treating Alzheimer's disease (Heinonen et al., Clin. have stretched to their limit. By definition, the activation Pharmacol. Ther: 1994, 56,742-749). energy E for a reaction is the energy required to reach the transition state of that reaction. Once the transition state is reached, the molecules can either revert to the original reac
tants, or form new bonds giving rise to reaction products. A catalyst facilitates a reaction process by lowering the activa us tion energy leading to a transition state. Enzymes are examples of biological catalysts. 0008 Carbon-hydrogen bond strength is directly propor Selegiline tional to the absolute value of the ground-state vibrational energy of the bond. This vibrational energy depends on the 0004 Selegiline is subject to extensive metabolic oxida mass of the atoms that form the bond, and increases as the tion via four distinct pathways: (1) N-demethylation, (2) mass of one or both of the atoms making the bond increases. hydroxylation of the benzyl methylene group, (3) aromatic Since deuterium (D) has twice the mass of protium (H), a hydroxylation, and (4) N-depropynylation. N-Depropynyla C-D bond is stronger than the corresponding C–H bond. If tion of selegiline results in the formation of desmethylsel a C-H bond is broken during a rate-determining step in a egiline and (R)-(-)-methamphetamine, which may be fol chemical reaction (i.e. the step with the highest transition lowed by further N-dealkylation to form (R)-(-)- state energy), then Substituting a deuterium for that protium amphetamine (Katagi et al., J. Chromatogr: B Biomed. Sci. will cause a decrease in the reaction rate. This phenomenon is Appl. 2001, 759(1), 125-133; Heinonen et al., Clin. Pharma known as the Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect (DKIE). The col. Ther: 1994, 56, 742-749; and Shin et al., Drug Metab. magnitude of the DKIE can be expressed as the ratio between Disp. 1997, 25(6), 657-662). Both methamphetamine and the rates of a given reaction in which a C H bond is broken, amphetamine are Subject to para-hydroxylation to give the and the same reaction where deuterium is substituted for 4-hydroxy derivatives 4-OH-methamphetamine and 4-OH protium. The DKIE can range from about 1 (no isotope effect) amphetamine (Heinonen et al., Clin. Pharmacol. Ther: 1994, to very large numbers, such as 50 or more. Substitution of 56,742-749; and Shin, Drug Metab. Disp. 1997, 25(6), 657 tritium for hydrogen results in yet a stronger bond than deu 662). Methamphetamine and amphetamine are also subject to terium and gives numerically larger isotope effects. benzyl hydroxylation resulting in the formation of the dias I0009 Deuterium (H or D) is a stable and non-radioactive tereoisomeric metabolites (1S,2R)-ephedrine, (1R,2R)-pseu isotope of hydrogen which has approximately twice the mass doephedrine, (1S,2R)-norephedrine, and (1R,2R)-norpseu of protium ("H), the most common isotope of hydrogen. doephedrine (Shin et al., Drug Metab. Disp. 1997, 25(6), Deuterium oxide (DO or "heavy water) looks and tastes like 657-662). The aforementioned metabolites have been HO, but has different physical properties. detected in human urine after oral administration of sel I0010. When pure DO is given to rodents, it is readily egiline, with methamphetamine being present in the greatest absorbed. The quantity of deuterium required to induce tox amount. In vitro studies demonstrated that selegiline metabo icity is extremely high. When about 0-15% of the body water lism is primarily mediated by CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 (Hide has been replaced by DO, animals are healthy but are unable strand et al., Drug Metab. Disp. 2001, 29(11), 1480). Adverse to gain weight as fast as the control (untreated) group. When US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
about 15-20% of the body water has been replaced with D.O. drug, (c) decrease the number of doses needed to achieve a the animals become excitable. When about 20-25% of the desired effect, (d) decrease the amount of a dose needed to body water has been replaced with DO, the animals become achieve a desired effect, (e) increase the formation of active so excitable that they go into frequent convulsions when metabolites, if any are formed, (f) decrease the production of stimulated. Skin lesions, ulcers on the paws and muzzles, and deleterious metabolites in specific tissues, and/or (g) create a necrosis of the tails appear. The animals also become very more effective drug and/or a safer drug for polypharmacy, aggressive. When about 30% of the body water has been whether the polypharmacy be intentional or not. The deutera replaced with DO, the animals refuse to eat and become tion approach has the strong potential to slow the metabolism comatose. Their body weight drops sharply and their meta of selegiline and attenuate interpatient variability. bolic rates drop far below normal, with death occurring at 0014 Novel compounds and pharmaceutical composi about 30 to about 35% replacement with D.O.The effects are tions, certain of which have been found to inhibit monoamine reversible unless more than thirty percent of the previous oxidase type B have been discovered, together with methods body weight has been lost due to D.O. Studies have also of synthesizing and using the compounds, including methods shown that the use of DO can delay the growth of cancer cells for the treatment of monoamine oxidase type B-mediated and enhance the cytotoxicity of certain antineoplastic agents. disorders in a patient by administering the compounds as 0011 Deuteration of pharmaceuticals to improve pharma disclosed herein. cokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and toxicity pro 0015. In certain embodiments of the present invention, files has been demonstrated previously with some classes of compounds have structural Formula I: drugs. For example, the DKIE was used to decrease the hepa totoxicity of halothane, presumably by limiting the produc tion of reactive species such as trifluoroacetylchloride. How (I) ever, this method may not be applicable to all drug classes. For example, deuterium incorporation can lead to metabolic Switching. Metabolic Switching occurs when Xenogens, sequestered by Phase I enzymes, bind transiently and re-bind in a variety of conformations prior to the chemical reaction (e.g., oxidation). Metabolic switching is enabled by the rela tively vast size of binding pockets in many Phase I enzymes and the promiscuous nature of many metabolic reactions. Metabolic switching can lead to different proportions of known metabolites as well as altogether new metabolites. This new metabolic profile may impart more or less toxicity. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Such pitfalls are non-obvious and are not predictable a priori 0016 R-R, are independently selected from the group for any drug class. consisting of hydrogen and deuterium; and 0012 Selegiline is a monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor. The carbon-hydrogen bonds of selegiline contain a naturally I0017 at least one of R-R is deuterium. occurring distribution of hydrogen isotopes, namely "H or 0018 Certain compounds disclosed herein may possess protium (about 99.984.4%), H or deuterium (about useful monoamine oxidase type B inhibiting activity, and 0.0156%), and H or tritium (in the range between about 0.5 may be used in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disorder in and 67 tritium atoms per 10' protium atoms). Increased which monoamine oxidase type B plays an active role. Thus, levels of deuterium incorporation may produce a detectable certain embodiments also provide pharmaceutical composi Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect (DKIE) that could effect tions comprising one or more compounds disclosed herein the pharmacokinetic, pharmacologic and/or toxicologic pro together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well files of selegiline in comparison with selegiline having natu as methods of making and using the compounds and compo sitions. Certain embodiments provide methods for inhibiting rally occurring levels of deuterium. monoamine oxidase type B activity. Other embodiments pro 0013 Based on discoveries made in our laboratory, as well vide methods for treating a monoamine oxidase type B-me as considering the literature, selegiline is metabolized in diated disorder in a patient in need of Such treatment, com humans at the N-methyl group, the propynyl methylene prising administering to said patient a therapeutically group, the benzylic methylene group, and the 4-position of effective amount of a compound or composition according to the phenyl ring. The current approach has the potential to the present invention. Also provided for is the use of certain prevent metabolism at these sites. Other sites on the molecule may also undergo transformations leading to metabolites compounds disclosed herein for use in the manufacture of a with as-yet-unknown pharmacology/toxicology. Limiting the medicament for the prevention or treatment of a disorder production of these metabolites has the potential to decrease ameliorated by inhibiting monoamine oxidase type B activity. the danger of the administration of such drugs and may even 0019. The compounds as disclosed herein may also con allow increased dosage and/or increased efficacy. All of these tain less prevalent isotopes for other elements, including 'C transformations can occur through polymorphically-ex or ''C for carbon, S, S, or S for sulfur, 'N for nitrogen, pressed enzymes, exacerbating interpatient variability. Fur and ''O or 'O for oxygen. ther, some disorders are best treated when the subject is 0020. In certain embodiments, if R-R are deuterium, medicated around the clock or for an extended period of time. then at least one of R-R- and R7-R, is deuterium. For all of the foregoing reasons, a medicine with a longer 0021. In certain embodiments, if R-R are deuterium, half-life may result in greater efficacy and cost savings. Vari then at least one of R and Ra-R, is deuterium. ous deuteration patterns can be used to (a) reduce or eliminate 0022. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed unwanted metabolites, (b) increase the half-life of the parent herein are not isotopically enriched with 'C. US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
0023. In certain embodiments, the compound disclosed bution of deuterium. In one embodiment deuterium enrich herein may expose a patient to a maximum of about ment is no less than about 1%, in another no less than about 0.000005% DO or about 0.00001% DHO, assuming that all 5%, in another no less than about 10%, in another no less than of the C-D bonds in the compound as disclosed herein are about 20%, in another no less than about 50%, in another no metabolized and released as DO or DHO. In certain embodi less than about 70%, in another no less than about 80%, in ments, the levels of DO shown to cause toxicity in animals is another no less than about 90%, or in another no less than much greater than even the maximum limit of exposure about 98% of deuterium at the specified position. caused by administration of the deuterium enriched com pound as disclosed herein. Thus, in certain embodiments, the 0032. The term “isotopic enrichment” refers to the per deuterium-enriched compound disclosed herein should not centage of incorporation of a less prevalent isotope of an cause any additional toxicity due to the formation of DO or element at a given position in a molecule in the place of the DHO upon drug metabolism. more prevalent isotope of the element. 0024. In certain embodiments, the deuterated compounds 0033. The term “non-isotopically enriched’ refers to a disclosed herein maintain the beneficial aspects of the corre molecule in which the percentages of the various isotopes are sponding non-isotopically enriched molecules while Substan Substantially the same as the naturally occurring percentages. tially increasing the maximum tolerated dose, decreasingtox 0034 Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds dis icity, increasing the half-life (T), lowering the maximum closed herein. These centers are designated by the symbols plasma concentration (C) of the minimum efficacious “R” or “S”, depending on the configuration of substituents dose (MED), lowering the efficacious dose and thus decreas around the chiral carbon atom. It should be understood that ing the non-mechanism-related toxicity, and/or lowering the the invention encompasses all Stereochemical isomeric probability of drug-drug interactions. forms, including diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric 0025 All publications and references cited herein are forms, as well as D-isomers and L-isomers, and mixtures expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. thereof. Individual stereoisomers of compounds can be pre However, with respect to any similar or identical terms found pared synthetically from commercially available starting in both the incorporated publications or references and those materials which contain chiral centers or by preparation of explicitly put forth or defined in this document, then those mixtures of enantiomeric products followed by separation terms definitions or meanings explicitly put forthin this docu such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed by ment shall control in all respects. separation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, 0026. As used herein, the terms below have the meanings direct separation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic indicated. columns, or any other appropriate method known in the art. 0027. The singular forms “a”, “an', and “the may refer to Starting compounds of particular Stereochemistry are either plural articles unless specifically stated otherwise. commercially available or can be made and resolved by tech 0028. The term “about’, as used herein, is intended to niques known in the art. Additionally, the compounds dis qualify the numerical values which it modifies, denoting Such closed herein may exist as geometric isomers. The present a value as variable within a margin of error. When no particu invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and lar margin of error, such as a standard deviation to a mean Zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures value given in a chart or table of data, is recited, the term thereof. Additionally, compounds may exist as tautomers; all “about’ should be understood to mean that range which tautomeric isomers are provided by this invention. Addition would encompass the recited value and the range which ally, the compounds disclosed herein can exist in unsolvated would be included by rounding up or down to that figure as as well as Solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable well, taking into account significant figures. Solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In general, the 0029 When ranges of values are disclosed, and the nota Solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated tion “from n ... to n' or “n-n” is used, where n and n are forms. the numbers, then unless otherwise specified, this notation is 0035. The term “bond” refers to a covalent linkage intended to include the numbers themselves and the range between two atoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by between them. This range may be integral or continuous the bond are considered to be part of larger substructure. A between and including the end values. bond may be single, double, or triple unless otherwise speci 0030. The term “deuterium enrichment” refers to the per fied. A dashed line between two atoms in a drawing of a centage of incorporation of deuterium at a given position in a molecule indicates that an additional bond may be present or molecule in the place of hydrogen. For example, deuterium absent at that position. enrichment of 1% at a given position means that 1% of mol 0036. The term “disorder as used herein is intended to be ecules in a given sample contain deuterium at the specified generally synonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of deu terms “disease”, “syndrome', and “condition' (as in medical terium is about 0.0156%, deuterium enrichment at any posi condition), in that all reflect an abnormal condition of the tion in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting human or animal body or of one of its parts that impairs materials is about 0.0156%. The deuterium enrichment can normal functioning, is typically manifested by distinguishing be determined using conventional analytical methods known signs and Symptoms. to one of ordinary skill in the art, including mass spectrometry 0037. The terms “treat”,99 “treating,&g and “treatment” are and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. meant to include alleviating or abrogating a disorder or one or 0031. The term “is/are deuterium', when used to describe more of the symptoms associated with a disorder; or allevi a given position in a molecule such as R-R7 or the symbol ating or eradicating the cause(s) of the disorder itself. As used “D’, when used to represent a given position in a drawing of herein, reference to “treatment of a disorder is intended to a molecular structure, means that the specified position is include prevention. The terms “prevent”, “preventing, and enriched with deuterium above the naturally occurring distri “prevention” refer to a method of delaying or precluding the US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 onset of a disorder; and/or its attendant symptoms, barring a oxidase type B by decreasing the probability that a complex Subject from acquiring a disorder or reducing a subject's risk forms between monoamine oxidase type B and a natural of acquiring a disorder. Substrate. In some embodiments, inhibition of monoamine 0038. The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers oxidase type B may be assessed using the methods described to the amount of a compound that, when administered, is in U.S. Pat. No. 6,956,060; U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,446; and WO sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some 1995O11016. extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being 0044) The term “inhibiting monoamine oxidase type B treated. The term “therapeutically effective amount” also activity” and “inhibition of monoamine oxidase type B activ refers to the amount of a compound that is sufficient to elicit ity refers to altering the function of monoamine oxidase type the biological or medical response of a cell, tissue, system, B by administering a monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor. animal, or human that is being sought by a researcher, Veteri 0045. The term “therapeutically acceptable” refers to narian, medical doctor, or clinician. those compounds (or salts, prodrugs, tautomers, Zwitterionic 0039. The term “subject” refers to an animal, including, forms, etc.) which are suitable for use in contact with the but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human, monkey, chimpan tissues of patients without excessive toxicity, irritation, aller Zee, gorilla, and the like), rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, gic response, immunogenecity, are commensurate with a rea hamsters, ferrets, and the like), lagomorphs, Swine (e.g., pig, sonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended miniature pig), equine, canine, feline, and the like. The terms SC. “subject' and “patient” are used interchangeably herein in 0046. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, reference, for example, to a mammalian Subject, such as a “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient”, “physiologically human patient. acceptable carrier, or “physiologically acceptable excipi 0040. The term “combination therapy’ means the admin ent” refers to a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, com istration of two or more therapeutic agents to treat a thera position, or vehicle, such as a liquid or Solid filler, diluent, peutic disorder described in the present disclosure. Such excipient, Solvent, or encapsulating material. Each compo administration encompasses co-administration of these nent must be “pharmaceutically acceptable' in the sense of therapeutic agents in a Substantially simultaneous manner, being compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceu Such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio of active tical formulation. It must also be suitable for use in contact ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each active with the tissue or organ of humans and animals without exces ingredient. In addition, Such administration also encom sive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenecity, or passes use of each type of therapeutic agent in a sequential other problems or complications, commensurate with a rea manner. In either case, the treatment regimen will provide sonable benefit/risk ratio. See, Remington. The Science and beneficial effects of the drug combination in treating the Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition; Lippincott Williams & disorders described herein. Wilkins: Philadelphia, Pa., 2005; Handbook of Pharmaceu 0041. The term “monoamine oxidase type B refers to an tical Excipients, 5th Edition; Rowe et al., Eds. The Pharma enzyme which catalyzes the oxidative deamination of ceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: monoamines Such as the neurotransmitter dopamine. 2005; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd Edi Monoamine oxidase type B is found mostly in the nervous tion; Ash and Ash Eds. Gower Publishing Company: 2007: system (neurons and astroglia) and in blood platelets. Inhibi Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, Gibson tion of monoamine oxidase type B activity is thought to Ed., CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, Fla., 2004). increase striatal extracellular dopamine levels, leading to a 0047. The terms “active ingredient”, “active compound', beneficial effect on motor function in Parkinson's disease. and “active substance' refer to a compound, which is admin 0042. The term “monoamine oxidase type B-mediated istered, alone or in combination with one or more pharma disorder, refers to a disorder that is characterized by abnor ceutically acceptable excipients or carriers, to a Subject for mal monoamine oxidase type B activity, or normal monoam treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms ine oxidase type B activity that when modulated leads to of a disorder. amelioration of other abnormal biochemical processes. A 0048. The terms “drug”, “therapeutic agent, and “chemo monoamine oxidase type B-mediated disorder may be com therapeutic agent” refer to a compound, or a pharmaceutical pletely or partially mediated by modulating monoamine oxi composition thereof, which is administered to a subject for dase type B. In particular, a monoamine oxidase type B-me treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms diated disorder is one in which inhibition of monoamine of a disorder. oxidase type B results in some effect on the underlying dis 0049. The term “release controlling excipient” refers to an order e.g., administration of a monoamine oxidase type B excipient whose primary function is to modify the duration or inhibitor results in some improvement in at least some of the place of release of the active Substance from a dosage form as patients being treated. compared with a conventional immediate release dosage 0043. The term “monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor, form. refers to the ability of a compound disclosed hereinto alter the 0050. The term “nonrelease controlling excipient” refers function of monoamine oxidase type B. A monoamine oxi to an excipient whose primary function do not include modi dase type B inhibitor may block or reduce the activity of fying the duration or place of release of the active Substance monoamine oxidase type B by forming a reversible or irre from a dosage form as compared with a conventional imme versible covalent bond between the inhibitor and monoamine diate release dosage form. oxidase type B or through formation of a noncovalently 0051. The term “prodrug” refers to a compound functional bound complex. Such inhibition may be manifest only in derivative of the compound as disclosed herein and is readily particular cell types or may be contingent on a particular convertible into the parent compound in vivo. Prodrugs are biological event. The term “monoamine oxidase type B often useful because, in Some situations, they may be easier to inhibitor, also refers to altering the function of monoamine administer than the parent compound. They may, for instance, US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent (+)-L-lactic acid, (t)-DL-lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric compound is not. The prodrug may also have enhanced solu acid, maleic acid, (-)-L-malic acid, malonic acid, (t)-DL bility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent com mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic pound. A prodrug may be converted into the parent drug by acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naph various mechanisms, including enzymatic processes and thoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, metabolic hydrolysis. See Harper, Progress in Drug Research oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, perchloric acid, phos 1962, 4, 221–294; Morozowich et al. in “Design of Biophar phoric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, Saccharic acid, salicylic maceutical Properties through Prodrugs and Analogs. Roche acid, 4-amino-salicylic acid, sebacic acid, Stearic acid, Suc Ed., APHA Acad. Pharm. Sci. 1977: “Bioreversible Carriers cinic acid, Sulfuric acid, tannic acid, (+)-L-tartaric acid, thio in Drug in Drug Design, Theory and Application. Roche Ed., cyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, undecylenic acid, and APHA Acad. Pharm. Sci. 1987: “Design of Prodrugs.” Bund Valeric acid. gaard, Elsevier, 1985; Wang et al., Curr: Pharm. Design 1999, 0054 Suitable bases for use in the preparation of pharma 5,265-287: Pauletti et al., Adv. Drug. Delivery Rev. 1997,27, ceutically acceptable salts, including, but not limited to, inor 235-256; Mizen et al., Pharm. Biotech. 1998, 11, 345-365; ganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydrox Gaignault et al., Pract. Med. Chem. 1996, 671-696; ide, potassium hydroxide, Zinc hydroxide, or Sodium Asgharnejad in “Transport Processes in Pharmaceutical Sys hydroxide; and organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tems. Amidon et al., Ed., Marcell Dekker, 185-218, 2000; tertiary, and quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, Balant et al., Eur: J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 1990, 15, including L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, choline, 143-53; Balimane and Sinko, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1999, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, dimethylamine, 39, 183-209; Browne, Clin. Neuropharmacol. 1997, 20, 1-12; dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, Bundgaard, Arch. Pharm. Chem. 1979, 86, 1-39: Bundgaard, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, isopropy Controlled Drug Delivery 1987, 17, 179–96: Bundgaard, Adv. lamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, Drug Delivery Rev. 1992, 8, 1-38; Fleisher et al., Adv. Drug L-lysine, morpholine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, Delivery Rev. 1996, 19, 115-130; Fleisher et al., Methods methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrroli Enzymol. 1985, 112,360-381: Farquhar et al., J. Pharm. Sci. dine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinuclidine, 1983, 72, 324-325; Freeman et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. quinoline, isoquinoline, secondary amines, triethanolamine, Commun. 1991, 875-877: Friis and Bundgaard, Eur: J. trimethylamine, triethylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, Pharm. Sci. 1996, 4, 49-59; Gangwar et al., Des. Biopharm. 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol. and Prop. Prodrugs Analogs, 1977, 409–421; Nathwani and tromethamine. Wood, Drugs 1993, 45,866-94: Sinhababu and Thakker, Adv. 0055 While it may be possible for the compounds of the Drug Delivery Rev. 1996, 19, 241-273; Stella et al., Drugs Subject invention to be administered as the raw chemical, it is 1985, 29, 455-73; Tan et al., Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1999, also possible to present them as a pharmaceutical composi 39, 117-151; Taylor, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1996, 19, 131 tion. Accordingly, provided herein are pharmaceutical com 148; Valentino and Borchardt, Drug Discovery Today 1997.2, positions which comprise one or more of certain compounds 148-155; Wiebe and Knaus, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1999, disclosed herein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable 39, 63-80; Waller et al., Br. J. Clin. Pharmac. 1989, 28, salts, prodrugs, or Solvates thereof, together with one or more 497-507. pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally 0052. The compounds disclosed herein can exist as thera one or more other therapeutic ingredients. Properformulation peutically acceptable salts. The term “pharmaceutically is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of acceptable salt, as used herein, represents salts or Zwitteri the well-known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be onic forms of the compounds disclosed herein which are used as Suitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Reming therapeutically acceptable as defined herein. The salts can be ton's Pharmaceutical Sciences. The pharmaceutical compo prepared during the final isolation and purification of the sitions disclosed herein may be manufactured in any manner compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate com known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, pound with a suitable acid or base. Therapeutically accept dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsi able salts include acid and basic addition salts. For a more fying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes. complete discussion of the preparation and selection of salts, The pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated as refer to “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Properties, and a modified release dosage form, including delayed-, Use.” Stah and Wermuth, Ed. (Wiley-VCH and VHCA, Zur extended-, prolonged-, Sustained-, pulsatile-, controlled ich, 2002) and Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19. accelerated- and fast-, targeted-, programmed-release, and 0053 Suitable acids for use in the preparation of pharma gastric retention dosage forms. These dosage forms can be ceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, prepared according to conventional methods and techniques acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, known to those skilled in the art (see, Remington. The Science adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, ben and Practice of Pharmacy, supra; Modified-Release Drug Zenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, Deliver Technology, Rathbone et al., Eds. Drugs and the boric acid, (+)-camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+)- Pharmaceutical Science, Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, (1S)-camphor-10-Sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, N.Y., 2002; Vol. 126). caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, cyclo 0056. The compositions include those suitable for oral, hexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disul parenteral (including Subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscu fonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic lar, intravenous, intraarticular, and intramedullary), intraperi acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, toneal, transmucosal, transdermal, rectal and topical (includ glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid, ing dermal, buccal, Sublingual and intraocular) L-glutamic acid, C-OXO-glutaric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric administration although the most Suitable route may depend acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, upon for example the condition and disorder of the recipient. US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
The compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dos tions and Suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, age form and may be prepared by any of the methods well granules and tablets of the kind previously described. known in the art of pharmacy. Typically, these methods 0060 Formulations for parenteral administration include include the step of bringing into association a compound of aqueous and non-aqueous (oily) sterile injection Solutions of the Subject invention or a pharmaceutically salt, prodrug, or the active compounds which may contain antioxidants, buff solvate thereof (“active ingredient') with the carrier which ers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately and non-aqueous sterile Suspensions which may include Sus bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid pending agents and thickening agents. Suitable lipophilic carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both and then, if Solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycer 0057 Formulations of the compounds disclosed herein ides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection Suspensions may con Suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete tain Substances which increase the Viscosity of the Suspen units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a Sion, such as Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Sorbitol, or predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or dextran. Optionally, the Suspension may also contain Suitable granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the com a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or pounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also Solutions. be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste. 0061. In addition to the formulations described previously, 0058 Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used the compounds may also be formulated as a depot prepara orally include tablets, push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as tion. Such long acting formulations may be administered by well as Soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, implantation (for example Subcutaneously or intramuscu Such as glycerol or Sorbitol. Tablets may be made by com larly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the pression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory compounds may be formulated with Suitable polymeric or ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by com hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an pressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt. with binders, inert diluents, or lubricating, surface active or 0062 Forbuccal or sublingual administration, the compo dispersing agents. Molded tablets may be made by molding in sitions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound gels formulated in conventional manner. Such compositions moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may may comprise the active ingredient in a flavored basis such as optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient Sucrose and acacia or tragacanth. therein. All formulations for oral administration should be in 0063. The compounds may also be formulated in rectal dosages suitable for Such administration. The push-fit cap compositions such as Suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., Sules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with containing conventional Suppository bases such as cocoa but filler Such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubri ter, polyethylene glycol, or other glycerides. cants such as talc or magnesium Stearate and, optionally, 0064 Certain compounds disclosed herein may be admin stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be istered topically, that is by non-systemic administration. This dissolved or Suspended in Suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, includes the application of a compound disclosed herein liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, externally to the epidermis or the buccal cavity and the instil stabilizers may be added. Dragee cores are provided with lation of such a compound into the ear, eye and nose, such that Suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated Sugar Solu the compound does not significantly enter the blood stream. tions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, In contrast, Systemic administration refers to oral, intrave talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene gly nous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration. col, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer Solutions, and Suitable 0065 Formulations suitable for topical administration organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments include liquid or semi-liquid preparations Suitable for pen may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identifica etration through the skin to the site of inflammation Such as tion or to characterize different combinations of active com gels, liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and pound doses. drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear or nose. 0059. The compounds may be formulated for parenteral 0.066 For administration by inhalation, compounds may administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or con be delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs tinuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented or other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray. in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose con Pressurized packs may comprise a suitable propellant Such as tainers, with an added preservative. The compositions may dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlo take Such forms as Suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily rotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be Such as Suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. The determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose Alternatively, for administration by inhalation or insufflation, containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may the compounds according to the invention may take the form be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) ofa dry powder composition, for example a powder mix of the condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water, starch. The powder composition may be presented in unit immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solu dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
blister packs from which the powder may be administered affect: (1) decreased inter-individual variation in plasma lev with the aid of an inhalator or insufflator. els of the compound or a metabolite thereof; (2) increased 0067 Preferred unit dosage formulations are those con average plasma levels of the compound or decreased average taining an effective dose, as herein below recited, oran appro plasma levels of at least one metabolite of the compound per priate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient. dosage unit; (3) decreased inhibition of and/or metabolism 0068 Compounds may be administered orally or via by at least one cytochrome Paso or monoamine oxidase iso injection at a dose of from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg per day. The dose form in the Subject; (4) decreased metabolism via at least one range for adult humans is generally from 5 mg to 2 g/day. polymorphically-expressed cytochrome Paso isoform in the Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete Subject; (5) at least one statistically-significantly improved units may conveniently contain an amount of one or more compounds which is effective at Such dosage or as a multiple disorder-control and/or disorder-eradication endpoint; (6) an of the same, for instance, units containing 5 mg to 500 mg. improved clinical effect during the treatment of the disorder, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg. (7) prevention of recurrence, or delay of decline or appear 0069. The amount of active ingredient that may be com ance, of abnormal alimentary or hepatic parameters as the bined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage primary clinical benefit, or (8) reduction or elimination of form will vary depending upon the host treated and the par deleterious changes in any diagnostic hepatobiliary function ticular mode of administration. endpoints, as compared to the corresponding non-isotopi 0070 The compounds can be administered in various cally enriched compound. modes, e.g. orally, topically, or by injection. The precise 0077. In certain embodiments, inter-individual variation amount of compound administered to a patient will be the in plasma levels of the compounds as disclosed herein, or responsibility of the attendant physician. The specific dose metabolites thereof, is decreased; average plasma levels of level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of the compound as disclosed herein are increased; average factors including the activity of the specific compound plasma levels of a metabolite of the compound as disclosed employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diets, herein are decreased; inhibition of a cytochrome Paso or time of administration, route of administration, rate of excre monoamine oxidase isoform by a compound as disclosed tion, drug combination, the precise disorder being treated, herein is decreased; or metabolism of the compound as dis and the severity of the disorder being treated. Also, the route closed herein by at least one polymorphically-expressed of administration may vary depending on the disorder and its cytochrome Paso isoform is decreased; by greater than about severity. 5%, greater than about 10%, greater than about 20%, greater 0071. In the case wherein the patient's condition does not than about 30%, greater than about 40%, or by greater than improve, upon the doctor's discretion the administration of about 50% as compared to the corresponding non-isotopi the compounds may be administered chronically, that is, for an extended period of time, including throughout the duration cally enriched compound. of the patient’s life in order to ameliorate or otherwise control 0078 Plasma levels of the compound as disclosed herein, or limit the symptoms of the patient’s disorder. or metabolites thereof, may be measured using the methods 0072. In the case wherein the patient's status does described by Li et al. Rapid Communications in Mass Spec improve, upon the doctor's discretion the administration of trometry 2005, 19, 1943-1950; Katagi, et al., Journal of Chro the compounds may be given continuously or temporarily matography, B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 2001, Suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a "drug holiday'). 759(1), 125-133: Kronstrand et al., Journal of Analytical 0073. Once improvement of the patient's conditions has Toxicology 2003, 27(3), 135-141; Patrick et al., Journal of occurred, a maintenance dose is administered if necessary. Chromatography 1992, 583 (2), 254-8; and any references Subsequently, the dosage or the frequency of administration, cited therein and any modifications made thereof. or both, can be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a 0079. Examples of cytochrome Paso isoforms in a mam level at which the improved disorder is retained. Patients can, malian subject include, but are not limited to, CYP1A1, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, upon any recurrence of symptoms. CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, 0074 Disclosed herein are methods of treating a monoam CYP2E1, CYP2G1 CYP2J2, CYP2R1, CYP2S1, CYP3A4, ine oxidase type B-mediated disorder comprising administer CYP3A5, CYP3A5P1, CYP3A5P2, CYP3A7, CYP4A11, ing to a Subject having or Suspected of having Such a disorder, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as dis closed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, Solvate, or prodrug thereof. CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP19, CYP21, CYP24, CYP26A1, 0075 Monoamine oxidase type B-mediated disorders, CYP26B1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP39, CYP46, and include, but are not limited to, Parkinson's disease, major CYP51. depression, Cushing's disease, Attention-Deficit Hyperactiv 0080 Examples of monoamine oxidase isoforms in a ity Disorder (ADHD), nicotine dependence, marijuana mammalian Subject include, but are not limited to, MAO dependence, Alzheimer's disease, and/or any disorder which and MAO. can lessened, alleviated, or prevented by administering a I0081. The inhibition of the cytochrome Paso isoform is monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor. measured by the method of Ko et al., British Journal of 0076. In certain embodiments, a method of treating a Clinical Pharmacology 2000, 49,343-351. The inhibition of monoamine oxidase type B-mediated disorder comprises the MAO isoform is measured by the method of Weyler et administering to the subject a therapeutically effective al., J. Biol. Chem. 1985, 260, 13199-13207. The inhibition of amount of a compound of as disclosed herein, or a pharma the MAO isoform is measured by the method of Uebelhack ceutically acceptable salt, Solvate, or prodrug thereof, so as to et al., Pharmacopsychiatry 1998, 31, 187-192. US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
0082 Examples of polymorphically-expressed cyto mocriptine, cabergoline, dihydrexidine, dihydroergocryptine chrome Paso isoforms in a mammalian Subject include, but are mesylate, fenoldopam, lisuride, pergolide, piribedil, prami not limited to, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. pexole, propylnorapomorphine, quinpirole, ropinirole, 0083. The metabolic activities of liver microsomes, cyto rotigotine, SKF 38393, and SKF 82958. chrome Paso isoforms, and monoamine oxidase isoforms are 0091. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed measured by the methods described herein. herein can be combined with one or more L-dopa derivative, 0084 Examples of improved disorder-control and/or dis including, but not limited to, droxidopa, levodopa, order-eradication endpoints, or improved clinical effects melevodopa, and etilevodopa. include, but are not limited to, change from baseline in mean 0092. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed adjusted total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UP herein can be combined with one or more catechol-O-methyl DRS) scores, change from baseline in Unified Parkinson's transferase inhibitor, including, but not limited to, tolcapone Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores, change from and entacapone. baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UP 0093. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed DRS) activities of daily living (ADL) scores, change from herein can be combined with one or more monoamine oxi baseline in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UP dase inhibitors, including, but not limited to iproclozide, ipro DRS) tremor and bradykinesia scores, improved health-re niazid, isocarboxazid, nialamide, pargyline, phenelzine, rasa lated quality of like (HR-QOL) scores, improved Clinical giline, selegiline, toloxatone, tranylcypromine, brofaromine, Global Impression (CGI) scores, and reduction of levodopa beta-carbolines (harmaline) and moclobemide, lineZolid, and dose. dienolide kavapyrone desmethoxyyangonin. 0085 Examples of diagnostic hepatobiliary function end points include, but are not limited to, alanine aminotrans 0094. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed ferase (ALT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase herein can be combined with rasagiline. (“SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST or “SGOT), 0.095 The compounds disclosed herein can also be admin ALT/AST ratios, serum aldolase, alkaline phosphatase istered in combination with other classes of compounds, (ALP), ammonia levels, bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl including, but not limited to, norepinephrine reuptake inhibi transpeptidase (“GGTP” “Y-GTP or “GGT), leucine ami tors (NRIs) such as atomoxetine; dopamine reuptake inhibi nopeptidase (“LAP), liver biopsy, liver ultrasonography, tors (DARIs). Such as methylphenidate; serotonin-norepi liver nuclear Scan, 5'-nucleotidase, and blood protein. Hepa nephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as milnacipran; tobiliary endpoints are compared to the stated normal levels sedatives. Such as diazepham; norepinephrine-dopamine as given in “Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference', 4' reuptake inhibitor (NDRIs), such as bupropion; serotonin edition, Mosby, 1999. These assays are run by accredited norepinephrine-dopamine-reuptake-inhibitors (SNDRIs), laboratories according to standard protocol. Such as Venlafaxine; monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as I0086 Besides being useful for human treatment, certain Selegiline; hypothalamic phospholipids; endothelin convert compounds and formulations disclosed herein may also be ing enzyme (ECE) inhibitors, such as phosphoramidon; opio useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic ids. Such as tramadol; thromboxane receptor antagonists, animals and farm animals, including mammals, rodents, and Such as ifetroban, potassium channel openers; thrombin the like. More preferred animals include horses, dogs, and inhibitors, such as hirudin; hypothalamic phospholipids; growth factor inhibitors, such as modulators of PDGF activ Cats. ity; platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists; anti-platelet Combination Therapy agents, such as GPIb/IIIa blockers (e.g., abdximab, eptifi batide, and tirofiban), P2Y (AC) antagonists (e.g., clopi 0087. The compounds disclosed herein may also be com dogrel, ticlopidine and CS-747), and aspirin; anticoagulants, bined or used in combination with other agents useful in the Such as warfarin; low molecular weight heparins, such as treatment of monoamine oxidase type B-mediated disorders. enoxaparin; Factor VIIa Inhibitors and Factor Xa Inhibitors: Or, by way of example only, the therapeutic effectiveness of renin inhibitors; neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors: one of the compounds described herein may be enhanced by vasopepsidase inhibitors (dual NEP-ACE inhibitors), such as administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by itself the adjuvant may omapatrilat and gemopatrilat; HMG CoA reductase inhibi only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combination tors, such as pravastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit NK-104 (a.k.a. itavastatin, niSvastatin, or nisbastatin), and to the patient is enhanced). ZD-4522 (also known as rosuvastatin, or atavastatin or vis 0088 Such other agents, adjuvants, or drugs, may be astatin): squalene synthetase inhibitors; fibrates; bile acid administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used sequestrants, such as questran; niacin; anti-atherosclerotic therefor, simultaneously or sequentially with a compound as agents, such as ACAT inhibitors; MTP Inhibitors; calcium disclosed herein. When a compound as disclosed herein is channel blockers, such as amlodipine besylate; potassium used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a channel activators; alpha-muscarinic agents; beta-muscarinic pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in agents, such as carvedilol and metoprolol, antiarrhythmic addition to the compound disclosed herein may be utilized, agents: diuretics, such as chlorothlazide, hydrochlorothiaz but is not required. ide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiaz 0089. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed ide, methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide, polythiazide, herein can be combined with one or more dopamine agonists, benzothlazide, ethacrynic acid, tricrynafen, chlorthalidone, L-dopa derivatives, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors, furosenilde, musolimine, bumetanide, triamterene, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. amiloride, and spironolactone; thrombolytic agents, such as 0090. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), recombinant tRA, strep herein can be combined with one or more dopamine agonists, tokinase, urokinase, prourokinase, and anisoylated plasmino including, but not limited to, A-412.997, apomorphine, bro gen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC); anti-diabetic US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
agents, such as biguanides (e.g. metformin), glucosidase 0096. Thus, in another aspect, certain embodiments pro inhibitors (e.g., acarbose), insulins, meglitinides (e.g., repa vide methods for treating monoamine oxidase type B-medi glinide), Sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glyburide, and glip ated disorders in a human or animal Subject in need of Such izide), thioZolidinediones (e.g. troglitaZone, rosiglitaZone treatment comprising administering to said subject an amount and pioglitaZone), and PPAR-gamma agonists; mineralocor of a compound disclosed herein effective to reduce or prevent ticoid receptor antagonists, such as Spironolactone and said disorder in the Subject, in combination with at least one eplerenone; growth hormone secretagogues; aP2 inhibitors; additional agent for the treatment of said disorder that is phosphodiesterase inhibitors, such as PDE III inhibitors (e.g., known in the art. In a related aspect, certain embodiments cilostazol) and PDE V inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, tadalafil. provide therapeutic compositions comprising at least one Vardenafil); protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors; antiinflamma compound disclosed herein in combination with one or more tories; antiproliferatives, such as methotrexate, FK506 (tac additional agents for the treatment of monoamine oxidase rolimus, Prograf), mycophenolate mofetil: chemotherapeutic type B-mediated disorders. agents; immunosuppressants; anticancer agents and cyto General Synthetic Methods for Preparing Compounds toxic agents (e.g., alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mus 0097. Isotopic hydrogen can be introduced into a com tards, alkyl Sulfonates, nitrosoureas, ethylenimines, and tria pound as disclosed herein by synthetic techniques that Zenes); antimetabolites, such as folate antagonists, purine employ deuterated reagents, whereby incorporation rates are analogues, and pyrridine analogues; antibiotics, such as pre-determined; and/or by exchange techniques, wherein anthracyclines, bleomycins, mitomycin, dactinomycin, and incorporation rates are determined by equilibrium conditions, plicamycin; enzymes, such as L-asparaginase; farnesyl-pro and may be highly variable depending on the reaction condi tein transferase inhibitors; hormonal agents, such as gluco tions. Synthetic techniques, where tritium or deuterium is corticoids (e.g., cortisone), estrogens/antiestrogens, andro directly and specifically inserted by tritiated or deuterated gens/antiandrogens, progestins, and luteinizing hormone reagents of known isotopic content, may yield high tritium or releasing hormone anatagonists, and octreotide acetate; deuterium abundance, but can be limited by the chemistry microtubule-disruptor agents, such as ecteinascidins; micro required. Exchange techniques, on the other hand, may yield tubule-stablizing agents, such as pacitaxel, docetaxel, and lower tritium or deuterium incorporation, often with the iso epothilones A-F; plant-derived products, such as Vinca alka tope being distributed over many sites on the molecule. loids, epipodophyllotoxins, and taxanes; and topoisomerase 0098. The compounds as disclosed herein can be prepared inhibitors; prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors; and by methods known to one of skill in the art and routine cyclosporins; steroids, such as prednisone and dexametha modifications thereof, and/or following procedures similar to Sone; cytotoxic drugs, such as azathiprine and cyclophospha those described herein and routine modifications thereof, mide; TNF-alpha inhibitors, such as tenidap; anti-TNF anti and/or procedures found in DE 1227447: DE 1568277, which bodies or soluble TNF receptor, such as etanercept, are hereby incorporated in their entirety, and references cited rapamycin, and leflunimide; and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) therein and routine modifications thereof. Compounds as dis inhibitors, such as celecoxib and rofecoxib; and miscella closed herein can also be prepared as shown in any of the neous agents such as, hydroxyurea, procarbazine, mitotane, following schemes and routine modifications thereof. hexamethylmelamine, gold compounds, platinum coordina 0099. The following schemes can be used to practice the tion complexes, such as cisplatin, satraplatin, and carbopl present invention. Any position shown as hydrogen may atin. optionally be replaced with deuterium.
US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 10
-continued
R R HO 2 Br 2
R3 R2 R3 R2 R 6 7
8 0100 Compound 1 is reacted with an appropriate iodinat ing reagent, such as a combination of iodine, imidazole, and polymer-Supported triphenylphosphine, in an appropriate Solvent, such as dichloromethane, to give compound 2. Com pound 2 is treated with an appropriate reducing agent, such as sodium tri-sec-butylborohydride (N-Selectride), in an appro priate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, to give compound 3. Compound 3 is reacted with an appropriate reducing agent, Such as lithium aluminum hydride, in an appropriate solvent, Such as ether, to give compound 4. Compound 5 is reacted with an appropriate reducing agent, such as lithium aluminum 'rik hydride, in an appropriate solvent, Such as ether, to give compound 6. Compound 6 is reacted with an appropriate brominating reagent, such as phosphorous tribromide, in the presence of an appropriate base. Such as pyridine, in an appro 0104 (S)-(1-Iodomethyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-carbamic acid priate solvent. Such as ether, to give compound 7. Compound tert-butyl ester: At about 0-5° C., iodine (11.92 g, 46.92 7 is reacted with compound 4 in the presence of an appropri mmol) and imidazole (3.49 g, 51.25 mmol) were added to a ate base. Such as potassium carbonate, in an appropriate Sol stirred Suspension of polymer-Supported triphenylphosphine vent, Such as acetonitrile, to give a compound 8 of Formula I. (15.66 g., 46.92 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (250 mL). The 0101 Deuterium can be incorporated to different posi mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for about 30 min tions synthetically, according to the synthetic procedures as utes, and then a solution of (S)-(1-hydroxymethyl-2-phenyl shown in Scheme I, by using appropriate deuterated interme ethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (5.36 g. 21.34 mmol) in diates. For example, to introduce deuterium at R, compound dry dichloromethane (40 mL) was added dropwise. The mix 5 with the corresponding substitution can be used. To intro ture was heated at reflux for about 2 hours, cooled to ambient duce deuterium at one or more positions of R-R- and Ra-Ra temperature, and filtered. Standard aqueous workup with the lithium aluminum deuteride can be used. To introduce deu filtrate gave a crude residue that was then purified by flash terium at R-7, tri-sec-butylborodeuteride can be used. To intro column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate (4:1)) to duce deuterium at one or more positions of Rs-R7, com afford the title compound as a white solid (5.37 g; pound 1 with the corresponding deuterium Substitutions can yield=70%). "H-NMR (CDC1): 81.43 (s, 9H), 2.78 (dd, be used. J=13.5, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (dd, J=13.5, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (dd, 0102 The invention is further illustrated by the following J=10.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (dd, J=10.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (m, examples. All IUPAC names were generated using Cam 1H), 6.60 (m, 1H), 7.27 (m, 5H). bridgeSoft's ChemDraw 10.0.
EXAMPLE1 (R)-di-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-2- ynyl-amine hydrochloride (d-selegiline hydrochlo ride) (0103)
01.05 (R)-(1-Methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-carbamic acid t-bu tyl ester: At about -15° C., a 1.0 M solution of sodium tri-sec-butylborohydride (N-Selectride) in tetrahydrofuran US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
(16 mL, 16 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of trile (6 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient (S)-(1-iodomethyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl temperature for about 20 hours. The mixture was then diluted ester (5.25 g, 14.54 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic lay mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5°C. for about 1.5 ers were combined, washed with brine, dried, and concen hours. After adding water (5 mL), the mixture was stirred at trated in vacuo. The resulting residue was then purified by ambient temperature for about 1 hour. The solvent was evapo flash column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate (6:4)) to rated in vacuo to give a residue, which after standard aqueous give the title product (0.262 g; yield=75%). H-NMR workup, was purified by flash column chromatography (hex (CDC1): 80.97 (d. J=6.9Hz,3H), 2.24 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.38 ane/ethyl acetate (10:1) to give the title compound as a white (dd, J=12.3, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (m, 1H), 3.05 (m. 1H), 3.43 (d. solid (2.14 g; yield=63%). H-NMR (CDC1): 81.09 (d. J=6.9 J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 7.10-7.32 (m, 5H). HZ,3H), 1.42 (s.9H), 2.65 (dd, J–13.5, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (dd.
J=13.5, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (m. 1H), 4.37 (m. 1H), 7.10-7.32 (m, 5H).
Step 3 risk --
0106 (R)-N-di-Methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine: A solu tion of (R)-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-carbamic acid t-butyl ester (1.17 g, 4.98 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5 0.108 (R)-di-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-2- mL) was added dropwise to a Suspension of lithium alumi ynyl-amine hydrochloride: (R)-di-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phe num deuteride in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (30 mL). The nyl-ethyl)-prop-2-ynyl-amine (260 mg, 1.36 mmol) was dis resulting mixture was heated at reflux for about 2 hours and solved in anhydrous ether (10 mL) and then 1 N-hydrogen then was cooled to 0-5° C. Water (2 mL) and 2N sodium chloride in anhydrous ether (2.0 mL) was added. After incu hydroxide (2 mL) were added sequentially. The resulting bating the solution at ambient temperature for about 30 min mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 hours utes, the resulting white precipitate was collected by filtra and then filtered. The filtrate was washed with ethyl acetate, tion, washed with anhydrous ether, and dried in vacuo to yield the ethyl acetate layers were combined, dried, and concen the corresponding title compound as a white solid (0.265 g; trated in vacuo to give a crude residue which was purified by yield=86%). "H-NMR (CD3OD): & 1.24 (d. J=6.3 Hz, 3H), flash column chromatography (dichloromethane/methane/ 2.81 (m. 1H), 3.24 (m. 1H), 3.43 (d. J–2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (m, aqueous ammonia (10:1:0.1)) to give the title compound as a 1H), 4.23 (bris, 2H), 7.10-743 (m, 5H). MS: m/z =1911 colorless oil (0.65 g; yield=86%). 'H-NMR (CDC1): 81.05 (M"+1). (d. J=6.9Hz,3H), 1.40 (brs, 1H), 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.78 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.32 (m, 5H). MS: m/z 153.3 (M-1). EXAMPLE 2 (R)-di-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-(1,1'- Step 4 d)-2-ynyl-amine hydrochloride (ds-Selegiline hydro
chloride) 0109
0107 (R)-di-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-2- ynyl-amine: Anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.254 g, 1.84 mmol) and propargyl bromide (80% in toluene, 0.2 mL, 1.84 mmol) were added at room temperature to a solution of (R)- N-d-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine in anhydrous acetoni US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
0110 d-Propargyl alcohol: At about -40°C., a solution of methylpropiolate (7.33 g, 87.26 mmol) in anhydrous ether (10 mL) was added dropwise, over a period of about 30 minutes, to a suspension of lithium aluminum deuteride (1.98 g, 47.1 mmol) in anhydrous ether (100 mL). The mixture was then allowed to warm to ambient temperature over a period of about 2 hours. The mixture was stirred at ambient tempera ture for about 22 hours and then was cooled to about 0°C. Water (5 mL) and a 2N sodium hydroxide solution (2 mL) were added sequentially. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 hours, and then filtered to remove solids. The resulting filtrate was washed with ether, dried, concentrated under normal pressure, and then purified by distillation at 100-120° C. at 1 atm to afford the title com pound as a colorless oil (3.20 g; yield=63%). 'H-NMR (CDC1): 82.50 (s, 1H), 3.68 (brs, 1H).
Step 2 0113 (R)-di-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-(1, 1'-d)-2-ynyl-amine hydrochloride: The procedure of D D Example 1, Step 5 was followed, but substituting (R)-di D D methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-(1,1'-d)-2-ynyl -- E amine with (R)-methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-2- HO Br ynyl-amine. The title product was isolated as a white solid (yield-85%). 'H-NMR (CDOD): & 1.24 (d. J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0111 d-Propargyl bromide: At about -30°C., a solution 2.81 (m, 1H), 3.24 (m. 1H), 3.41 (s, 1H), 3.88 (m. 1H), of d-propargyl alcohol (2.76 g. 49.3 mmol) in anhydrous 7.10-743 (m, 5H). MS: m/z =193.3 (M+1). ether (5 mL) and pyridine (0.11 mL, 1.33 mmol) was added EXAMPLE 3 dropwise, over a period of 20 minutes, to phosphorous tribro mide dissolved in anhydrous ether (5 mL). The mixture was (R)-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-(1,1'- allowed to warm to about 0°C., over a period of about 1 hour, d)-2-ynyl-amine hydrochloride (d-selegiline hydro and then stirred at about 0°C. for about 4 hours. The mixture chloride) was then stirred at ambient temperature for about 1 hour. 0114 After cooling the mixture at about 0°C., water (5 mL) was added. The mixture was then stirred at about 0°C. for about 30 minutes. Following standard aqueous workup, the result ing residue was distilled at 74-80° C. at 1 atm to afford the title
compound as a colorless oil (2.80 g, yield=47%). "H-NMR (CDC1): 8 2.51 (s, 1H).
0112 (R)-di-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-(1, 1'-d)-2-ynyl-amine: The procedure of Example 1, Step 4 was 0115 (R)-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-(1,1'- followed, but Substituting d-propargyl bromide with propar d)-2-ynyl-amine: The procedure of Example 1, Step 4, was gyl bromide. The title product was isolated as a colorless oil followed, but Substituting d-propargyl bromide for propar (yield=66%). "H-NMR (CDC1): 8 0.97 (d. J=6.9 Hz, 3H), gyl bromide and (R)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine for 2.24 (s, 1H), 2.38 (dd, J=12.3,9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (m, 1H), 3.05 (R)-N-d-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine. The title product (m. 1H), 7.10-7.32 (m, 5H). was isolated as a colorless oil (yield=46%). H-NMR US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 13
(CDC1): 8 0.97 (d. J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 2.24 (s, 1H), 2.38 (dd. J=12.3, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (s.3H), 2.96 (m, 1H), 3.05 (m, 1H), -continued 7.10-7.32 (m, 5H).
0116 (R)-di-Methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-(1, 1'-d)-2-ynyl-amine hydrochloride: The procedure of Example 1, Step 5, was followed, but substituting (R)-me thyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-(1,1'-d)-2-ynyl-amine for (R)-d-methyl-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)-prop-2-ynyl amine. The title product was isolated as white solid (yield=80%). 'H-NMR (CDOD): & 1.24 (d. J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 2.81 (m, 1H), 2.88 (s.3H), 3.26 (m, 1H), 3.41 (s, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 7.10-743 (m, 5H). MS: m/z =190.1 (M-1). 0117 The following compounds can generally be made using the methods described above. It is expected that these compounds when made will have activity similar to those described in the examples above. US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 14
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D, D D 2.
N YCD, D
D, D D 2^ NS D
D, 2 NS N YCD, E D 3.
D, D
N N 1 N NCD, D 2 i
D, D - NS US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 20
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D D 2
0118 Changes in the metabolic properties of the com pounds disclosed herein as compared to their non-isotopi cally enriched analogs can be shown using the following assays. Compounds listed above which have not yet been made and/or tested are predicted to have changed metabolic properties as shown by one or more of these assays as well. Biological Activity Assays 0119. In vitro Human Liver Microsomal Stability (HLM) Assay I0120 Liver microsomal stability assays were conducted with 0.25 mg per mL liver microsome protein with an NADPH-generating system (2.2 mM NADPH, 25.6 mM glu cose 6-phosphate, 6 units per mL glucose 6-phosphate dehy drogenase and 3.3 mM magnesium chloride) in 2% sodium bicarbonate. Test compounds were prepared as solutions in 20% acetonitrile-water and added to the assay mixture (final assay concentration 5 microgram per mL) and incubated at 37° C. Final concentration of acetonitrile in the assay should be <1%. Aliquots (50 uL) were taken out at times 0, 15,30,45. and 60 minutes, and diluted with ice cold acetonitrile (200 uL) to stop the reactions. Samples were centrifuged at 12,000 RPM for 10 minutes to precipitate proteins. Supernatants were transferred to microcentrifuge tubes and stored for LC/MS/MS analysis of the degradation half-life of the test US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 22 compounds. (R-(-)-Deprenyl.HCl was purchased from Bio mol, cat if EI-240, lot it p7468). It has thus been found that -continued certain isotopically enriched compounds disclosed herein that have been tested in this assay showed an increased deg Cytochrome P4so Standard radation half-life as compared to the non-isotopically CYP3A4 Testosterone enriched drug. In certain embodiments, the increase in deg CYP4A 'C-Lauric acid radation half-life is at least 5%; at least 10%; at least 15%; or at least 20%. In vitro Individual Recombinant CYP Isoform Stability Assays Monoamine Oxidase A Inhibition and Oxidative Turnover 0121 Individual recombinant CYP isoform stability I0123. The procedure is carried out using the methods assays were conducted with SupersomesTM CYP2C19. described by Weyler et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry CY2C19 isoform was individually taken up in a NADPH 1985, 260, 13199-13207, which is hereby incorporated by generating system (2.2 mM NADPH, 25.6 mM glucose reference in its entirety. Monoamine oxidase A activity is 6-phosphate, 6 units per mL glucose 6-phosphate dehydro measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring the increase genase and 3.3 mM magnesium chloride) in 2% sodium in absorbance at 314 nm on oxidation of kynuramine with bicarbonate. Final CYP2C19 isoform assay concentration was 50 pmol per mL. Test compounds were prepared as formation of 4-hydroxyquinoline. The measurements are car solutions in 20% acetonitrile-water and added to the assay ried out, at 30°C., in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. mixture (final assay concentration 5 microgram per mL) and containing 0.2% Triton X-100 (monoamine oxidase assay incubated at 37° C. Final concentration of acetonitrile in the buffer), plus 1 mM kynuramine, and the desired amount of assay should be <1%. Aliquots (50 uL) were taken out at enzyme in 1 mL total Volume. times 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 minutes, and diluted with ice cold acetonitrile (200LL) to stop the reactions. Samples were Monooamine Oxidase B Inhibition and Oxidative Turnover centrifuged at 12,000 RPM for 10 minutes to precipitate proteins. Supernatants were transferred to microcentrifuge 0.124. The procedure is carried out as described in Uebel tubes and stored for LC/MS/MS analysis of the degradation hack et al., Pharmacopsychiatry 1998, 31 (5), 187-192, half-life of the test compounds. Certain isotopically enriched which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. compounds disclosed herein that have been tested in this assay showed an increased degradation half-life for In Vitro Monoamine Oxidase Assay CYP2C19 as compared to the non-isotopically enriched drug. 0.125. The procedure is carried out as described in U.S. In certain embodiments, the increase in degradation half-life Pat. No. 5.453,446, which is hereby incorporated by refer for CYP2C19 is at least 5%; or at least 10%. ence in its entirety. In Vitro Metabolism. Using Human Cytochrome Pso Enzymes In Vivo Monoamine Oxidase Assay 0122 The cytochrome Paso enzymes are expressed from 0.126 The procedure is carried out as described in U.S. the corresponding human cDNA using a baculovirus expres Pat. No. 5.453,446, which is hereby incorporated by refer sion system (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.). A 0.25 mil ence in its entirety. liliter reaction mixture containing 0.8 milligrams per millili ter protein, 1.3 millimolar NADP", 3.3 millimolar glucose Monoamine Oxidase Reversibility Assay 6-phosphate, 0.4U/mL glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3.3 millimolar magnesium chloride and 0.2 millimolar of a I0127. The procedure is carried out as described in U.S. compound as disclosed herein, the corresponding non-isoto Pat. No. 5.453,446, which is hereby incorporated by refer pically enriched compound or standard or control in 100 ence in its entirety. millimolar potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) is incubated at 37° C. for 20 minutes. After incubation, the reaction is stopped by Determination of Selegine in Plasma by GC-MS the addition of an appropriate solvent (e.g., acetonitrile, 20% trichloroacetic acid, 94% acetonitrile/6% glacial acetic acid, I0128. The procedure is carried out as described in Patrick 70% perchloric acid, 94% acetonitrile/6% glacial acetic acid) et al., Journal of Chromatography 1992, 583 (2), 254-8. and centrifuged (10,000 g) for 3 minutes. The supernatant is which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Quantitative Analysis of Desmethylselegiline in Hair and Plasma from Parkinson Patients on Long-Term Selegiline Medication I0129. The procedure is carried out as described in Kro Cytochrome P4so Standard instrand et al., Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2003, 27 (3), CYP1A2 Phenacetin 135-141, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its CYP2A6 Coumarin entirety. CYP2B6 'C-(S)-mephenytoin CYP2C8 Paclitaxel CYP2C9 Diclofenac Simultaneous Determination of Selegiline-N-oxide and CYP2C19 'C-(S)-mephenytoin Other Selegiline Metabolites in Urine by HPLC-MS CYP2D6 (+/-)-Bufuralol CYP2E1 ChlorZoxazone 0.130. The procedure is carried out as described in Katagi, et al., Journal of Chromatography, B: Biomedical Sciences US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 23 and Applications 2001, 759 (1), 125-133, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. -continued
MPTP-induced Dopaminergic Toxicity Assay 0131 The procedure is carried out as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5.453,446, which is hereby incorporated by refer ence in its entirety. 0.132. From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions.
What is claimed is: 1. A compound of structural Formula I
(I)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R-R, are independently selected from the group consist ing of hydrogen and deuterium; at least one of R-R, is deuterium; and if Ra-R are deuterium, at least one of R-R- and R7-R, is deuterium. 2. The compound as recited in claim 1 wherein at least one of R-R, independently has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 10%. 3. The compound as recited in claim 1 wherein at least one of R-R, independently has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 50%. 4. The compound as recited in claim 1 wherein at least one of R-R, independently has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 90%. 5. The compound as recited in claim 1 wherein at least one of R-R, independently has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 98%. 6. The compound as recited in claim 1 wherein said com pound has a structural formula selected from the group con sisting of US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 24
-continued -continued
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NS- US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 27
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-continued -continued
D,
2.
N- N n CD US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 30
-continued -continued D,
Yep,-
D,
N- N US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 31
-continued -continued
D s- s
7. The compound as recited in claim 6 wherein each posi tion represented as D has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 10%. 8. The compound as recited in claim 6 wherein each posi tion represented as D has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 50%. 9. The compound as recited in claim 6 wherein each posi tion represented as D has deuterium enrichment of no less than about 90%. 10. The compound as recited in claim 6 wherein each position represented as Dhas deuterium enrichment of no less than about 98%. 11. The compound as recited in claim 6 wherein said com pound has a structural formula selected from the group con sisting of US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 32
12. The compound as recited in claim 11 wherein said compound has the structural formula:
13. The compound as recited in claim 11 wherein said compound has the structural formula:
14. The compound as recited in claim 11 wherein said compound has the structural formula:
15. The compound as recited in claim 11 wherein said compound has the structural formula:
16. The compound as recited in claim 11 wherein said compound has the structural formula:
US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010
17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a com c. decreased average plasma levels of at least one metabo pound as recited in claim 1 together with a pharmaceutically lite of said compound per dosage unit thereofas com acceptable carrier. pared to the non-isotopically enriched compound; 18. A method of treatment of a monoamine oxidase type d. increased average plasma levels of at least one metabo B-mediated disorder comprising the administration of a lite of said compound per dosage unit thereofas com therapeutically effective amount of a compound to a patient in pared to the non-isotopically enriched compound; and need thereof, having structural Formula I: e. an improved clinical effect during the treatment in said Subject per dosage unit thereofas compared to the non isotopically enriched compound. (I) 28. The method as recited in claim 18, further resulting in at least two effects selected from the group consisting of a. decreased inter-individual variation in plasma levels of said compound or a metabolite thereofas compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound; b. increased average plasma levels of said compound per dosage unit thereofas compared to the non-isotopically enriched compound; c. decreased average plasma levels of at least one metabo lite of said compound per dosage unit thereofas com pared to the non-isotopically enriched compound; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: d. increased average plasma levels of at least one metabo R-R, are independently selected from the group consist lite of said compound per dosage unit thereofas com ing of hydrogen and deuterium; and pared to the non-isotopically enriched compound; and at least one of R-R, is deuterium. e. an improved clinical effect during the treatment in said 19. The method as recited in claim 18 wherein said Subject per dosage unit thereofas compared to the non monoamine oxidase type B-mediated disorder is selected isotopically enriched compound. from the group consisting of Parkinson's disease, major depression, Cushing's disease, ADHD, nicotine dependence, 29. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the method marijuana dependence, and Alzheimer's disease. effects a decreased metabolism of the compound per dosage 20. The method as recited in claim 18 further comprising unit thereof by at least one polymorphically-expressed cyto the administration of an additional therapeutic agent. chrome Paso isoform in the Subject, as compared to the cor 21. The method as recited in claim 20 wherein said addi responding non-isotopically enriched compound. tional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting 30. The method as recited in claim 29, wherein the cyto of dopamine agonists, L-dopa derivatives, catechol-O-methyl chrome Paso isoform is selected from the group consisting of transferase inhibitors, and MAO inhibitors. CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. 22. The method as recited in claim 21 wherein said dopam 31. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein said com ine agonist is selected from the group consisting of A-412, pound is characterized by decreased inhibition of at least one 997, apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydrexi cytochrome Paso or monoamine oxidase isoform in said Sub dine, dihydroergocryptine mesylate, fenoldopam, lisuride, ject per dosage unit thereofas compared to the non-isotopi pergolide, piribedil, pramipexole, propylnorapomorphine, cally enriched compound. quinpirole, ropinirole, rotigotine, SKF 38393, and SKF 32. The method as recited in claim 31, wherein said cyto 82958. chrome Paso or monoamine oxidase isoform is selected from 23. The method as recited in claim 21 wherein said L-dopa the group consisting of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, derivative is selected from the group consisting of droxidopa, CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, levodopa, melevodopa, and etilevodopa. CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2G1. 24. The method as recited in claim 21 wherein said cat CYP2J2, CYP2R1, CYP2S1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, echol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor is selected from the CYP3A5P1, CYP3A5P2, CYP3A7, CYP4A11, CYP4B1, group consisting of tolcapone and entacapone. CYP4F2, CYP4F3, CYP4F8, CYP4F11, CYP4F12, 25. The method as recited in claim 21 wherein said MAO CYP4X1, CYP4Z1, CYP5A1, CYP7A1, CYP7B1, inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of iproclozide, CYP8A1, CYP8B1, CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, iproniazid, isocarboxazid, nialamide, pargyline, phenelzine, CYP17, CYP19, CYP21, CYP24, CYP26A1, CYP26B1, rasagiline, selegiline, toloxatone, tranylcypromine, brofar CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP39, CYP46, CYP51, MAO, and omine, beta-carbolines, harmaline, moclobemide, lineZolid, MAO. and dienolide kavapyrone desmethoxyyangonin. 33. The method as recited in claim 18, wherein the method 26. The method as recited in claim 25 wherein said MAO reduces a deleterious change in a diagnostic hepatobiliary inhibitor is rasagiline. function endpoint, as compared to the corresponding non 27. The method as recited in claim 18, further resulting in isotopically enriched compound. at least one effect selected from the group consisting of: 34. The method as recited in claim 33, wherein the diag a. decreased inter-individual variation in plasma levels of nostic hepatobiliary function endpoint is selected from the said compound or a metabolite thereofas compared to group consisting of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum the non-isotopically enriched compound; glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (“SGPT), aspartate ami b. increased average plasma levels of said compound per notransferase (AST,” “SGOT), ALT/AST ratios, serum dosage unit thereofas compared to the non-isotopically aldolase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ammonia levels, enriched compound; bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (“GGTP US 2010/0286.124 A1 Nov. 11, 2010 34
“Y-GTP “GGT), leucine aminopeptidase (“LAP), liver 36. A compound for use in the manufacture of a medica biopsy, liver ultrasonography, liver nuclear Scan, 5'-nucleoti- ment for the prevention or treatment of a disorder ameliorated dase, and blood protein. by inhibiting monoamine oxidase type B activity, having 35. A compound for use as a medicament having structural structural Formula I: Formula I:
(I) (I)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R-R, , are independently selected from the group consist ing of hydrogen and deuterium; and R-R, are independently selected from the group consist- at least one of R-R, is deuterium. ing of hydrogen and deuterium; and at least one of R-R, is deuterium. ck