Les Chefs Peuls Du Yatenga À L'épreuve Du Changement (Burkina Faso)

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Les Chefs Peuls Du Yatenga À L'épreuve Du Changement (Burkina Faso) Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Thèse de doctorat Spécialité : anthropologie sociale et ethnologie Présentée le 20 mars 2006 par Maud SAINT-LARY-MAÏGA Les chefs peuls du Yatenga à l'épreuve du changement (Burkina Faso) Jury Giorgio Blundo, MCF, EHESS Mirjam de Bruijn, Professeure, ASC Leiden Michel Izard, Directeur de recherche émérite, Collège-de-France Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, Directeur de recherche, IRD/CNRS (directeur de thèse) René Otayek, Directeur de recherche, CEAN Les chefs peuls du Yatenga à l’épreuve du changement (Burkina Faso) Maud Saint-Lary-Maïga A Bourëma, REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail s'achève à l'issue d'un peu plus de quatre années au cours desquelles un grand nombre de personnes ont apporté leur soutien moral ou matériel. Que toute ma gratitude aille d'abord aux Burkinabè qui ont fait preuve d'un haut sens de l'hospitalité et de collaboration. Je pense d'abord aux chefs de Thiou et de Todiam, les personnages principaux de cette thèse. Ma dette envers eux est immense. Ces chefs, tout comme ceux de Banh, de Diouma et de Bosomnore ont été d'une grande disponibilité. Toujours généreux, ils m'ont réservé un accueil chaleureux. Je remercie tous les autres qui m'ont reçue chez eux : Saïdou Sawadogo de Bosomnore et sa famille, Abdoulaye Tall de Dingri et les habitants du quartier de Itaore à Rom Bagare. Je suis très reconnaissante envers les gens de Kindo Saadogo à Youba qui m'ont non seulement accueillie mais en plus, m'ont attribué une maison afin que je sois comme chez moi. Parmi eux, il y a bien sûr Salif Kindo, ses femmes et le vieux Saïdou dont l'humour et la bonté sont irremplaçables. Je remercie les femmes de la concession, jeunes et moins jeunes, pour avoir mis tant de joie dans mes séjours et particulièrement les premiers. Je ne saurai oublier Mariam Ouédraogo à qui je dois bien plus que tout. L'intelligence des mots et du dialogue appartient à ceux qui ont joué le rôle d'interprète et m'ont aidée à décoder les subtilités de leur univers. Ma pensée se dirige d'abord vers Bourëma Maïga, mais aussi Sita Diallo, Oumarou Barry et Hassane Tall. La thèse est au jeune chercheur ce que sont les premiers édifices d'un maçon sans expérience. Entre découvertes, erreurs, oublis et émerveillements, le travail se construit et les conseils des maîtres expérimentés sont précieux. Je remercie d'abord Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan qui a dirigé cette thèse et m'a permis de prendre conscience de tout ce qu'apporte l'anthropologie du changement social et du développement. Ma rencontre avec l'anthropologie s'est faite entre plusieurs "écoles", de l'université Paris VIII-Saint-Denis à l'E.H.E.S.S. en passant par Paris X-Nanterre. Je remercie particulièrement Faouzia Belhachemi de Paris VIII pour m'avoir tant incitée à poursuivre dans la recherche. Messieurs Boutrais et Hamès sont de ceux qui ont lu mes premiers écrits, m'ont conseillée et encouragée. D'autres chercheurs ont su à certaines étapes de ce travail m'apporter un peu de leur savoir : Marc-Eric Gruénais, Pierre Joseph Laurent, Jacky Bouju, Sten Hagberg, Jean-Pierre Chauveau et Giorgio Blundo. 5 Enfin, je dois beaucoup à Michel Izard qui n'a jamais douté que ce travail puisse aboutir et qui s'est toujours rendu disponible. L'isolement est le pire ennemi du chercheur et c'est à la bibliothèque du Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale puis au centre marseillais de la Vieille Charité que je l'ai combattu. A Paris comme à Marseille, j'ai rencontré des bibliothécaires d'un extraordinaire dévouement et d'une grande gentillesse. Mes amitiés s'adressent à Marie- Christine Vickridge, Sandrine Lecointre et Marion Abélès ainsi qu'à Alba Balestri, Amel Bismuth et "Boulle". J'ai pu mesurer à quel point les regards extérieurs sont importants dans le processus d'écriture. Je remercie Anne Attané qui a relu d'un œil averti toutes ces pages et m'a fait part, sans ambages, de ses critiques. Elisabeth Brun-Hurtado et ma mère ont été elles aussi, des lectrices attentionnées me donnant de judicieux conseils. Je souhaite témoigner ma reconnaissance à Cyril Lemieux et tout le groupe de l'atelier d'écriture avec qui les séances les plus stimulantes de critique de textes ne se comptent plus. Mes amis de la vieille charité m'ont beaucoup apporté par leur présence et leurs connaissances. Leur passion des sciences sociales, leur amour de la vie, des bonnes choses et des bons moments ont rendu chaque jour de rédaction plus agréable. Je pense non seulement à Florence Bouillon et Charles Grémont mais aussi à Cyril Farnarier, Alèssia Baldoni et Loïc Lepape. Cette recherche n’aurait pu démarrer sans le concours de Madame Tardieu- Dumont qui m'a attribué la bourse Louis Dumont. L'année suivante, j'ai obtenu la bourse "aire-culturelle" de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, et enfin en tant que "lauréate du programme Lavoisier", j'ai pu poursuivre mes dernières recherches sur le terrain. Parce qu'ils ont été présents à leur manière, merci à Céline Lesourd, Françoise Pessidoux, Cyrille Rousset et Sylvain Saillet. Qu'il me soit permis ici de dire à mes parents combien ils ont été généreux, financièrement mais aussi moralement. Ils n'ont à aucun moment douté que toute passion mérite d'être vécue. Pour finir, mes mots ne seront jamais assez forts pour exprimer à mon mari, Bourëma Maïga, ma plus profonde gratitude. Interprète devenu mari, ce travail aurait difficilement abouti sans lui. Du Burkina à la France, du premier entretien à la dernière ligne de ces pages, il m'a soutenue dans chacune de ces étapes. Il m'a fait part de ses analyses, m'a aidée à apprendre le moore et à comprendre sa société. Sa bonne humeur et sa sensibilité ont donné à chaque instant de cette expérience, le goût du bonheur. 6 SOMMAIRE Introduction : reconsidérer un objet................................................................. 17 Première partie : Marginalité et dynamiques politiques dans le Yatenga. ...... 31 Chapitre 1. Peuls et Moose : interactions sociales et logiques de différenciation. ..................................................................................................33 I. Remarque sur les études peules .................................................................33 II. Les Peuls dans le royaume du Yatenga ....................................................38 III. L'occupation de l'espace : entre contraintes et intérêts mutuels................55 Chapitre 2. Le processus d'islamisation........................................................68 I. Remarques sur les recherches portant sur l'islam .......................................68 II. Présence discrète de l'islam dans le Yatenga précolonial ..........................71 III. Les mouvements de conversions à l'islam...............................................80 IV. Islam et politique après les Indépendances..............................................91 Chapitre 3. La chefferie, du général au particulier...................................... 100 I. La chefferie comme système politique précolonial ..................................101 II. Le tournant colonial...............................................................................105 III. L'évolution postcoloniale......................................................................121 Deuxième partie : La chefferie diallube de Thiou. Réactivation des traditions et projets de développement........................................................... 136 Chapitre 4. D'un ancêtre à une chefferie..................................................... 148 I. Le flux migratoire : ancêtre, origines et itinéraire ....................................149 II. Les Diallube et l’Etat moaga : de l’allégeance à la défiance...................154 III. La pénétration coloniale, un moment décisif.........................................161 Chapitre 5. Hiérarchie sociale, honneur et don au service du pouvoir...... 170 I. Formation d'une société hiérarchisée.......................................................170 II. Le don et l'honneur dans l'espace public.................................................181 Chapitre 6. Du courtage à l'ombre de la chefferie....................................... 190 I. La chefferie entre développement et politique. ........................................190 II. Sédentarisation, courtage et stratégies de développement autour du fait minoritaire.............................................................................................................204 7 Troisième partie : La chefferie tooroobe de Todiam. Quand l'islam est au cœur du pouvoir...............................................................................................226 Chapitre 7. Passé et usages du passé...........................................................230 I. La formation d'une identité collective..................................................... 230 II. Les changements issus de l'époque coloniale......................................... 238 Chapitre 8. Un pouvoir fondé sur des compétences religieuses..................254 I. Droit musulman et jurisprudence locale.................................................. 254 II. Les connaissances ésotériques et exotériques. ....................................... 273 Chapitre 9. Le cumul des pouvoirs traditionnels et religieux......................284 I. Soigner sa réputation. ............................................................................. 284 II. Assise économique du pouvoir.............................................................. 292 III. La chefferie religieuse : force et ambivalence......................................
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