DOCSLIB.ORG

Les Chefs Peuls Du Yatenga À L'épreuve Du Changement (Burkina Faso)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Les Chefs Peuls Du Yatenga À L'épreuve Du Changement (Burkina Faso) Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Thèse de doctorat Spécialité : anthropologie sociale et ethnologie Présentée le 20 mars 2006 par Maud SAINT-LARY-MAÏGA Les chefs peuls du Yatenga à l'épreuve du changement (Burkina Faso) Jury Giorgio Blundo, MCF, EHESS Mirjam de Bruijn, Professeure, ASC Leiden Michel Izard, Directeur de recherche émérite, Collège-de-France Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, Directeur de recherche, IRD/CNRS (directeur de thèse) René Otayek, Directeur de recherche, CEAN Les chefs peuls du Yatenga à l’épreuve du changement (Burkina Faso) Maud Saint-Lary-Maïga A Bourëma, REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail s'achève à l'issue d'un peu plus de quatre années au cours desquelles un grand nombre de personnes ont apporté leur soutien moral ou matériel. Que toute ma gratitude aille d'abord aux Burkinabè qui ont fait preuve d'un haut sens de l'hospitalité et de collaboration. Je pense d'abord aux chefs de Thiou et de Todiam, les personnages principaux de cette thèse. Ma dette envers eux est immense. Ces chefs, tout comme ceux de Banh, de Diouma et de Bosomnore ont été d'une grande disponibilité. Toujours généreux, ils m'ont réservé un accueil chaleureux. Je remercie tous les autres qui m'ont reçue chez eux : Saïdou Sawadogo de Bosomnore et sa famille, Abdoulaye Tall de Dingri et les habitants du quartier de Itaore à Rom Bagare. Je suis très reconnaissante envers les gens de Kindo Saadogo à Youba qui m'ont non seulement accueillie mais en plus, m'ont attribué une maison afin que je sois comme chez moi. Parmi eux, il y a bien sûr Salif Kindo, ses femmes et le vieux Saïdou dont l'humour et la bonté sont irremplaçables. Je remercie les femmes de la concession, jeunes et moins jeunes, pour avoir mis tant de joie dans mes séjours et particulièrement les premiers. Je ne saurai oublier Mariam Ouédraogo à qui je dois bien plus que tout. L'intelligence des mots et du dialogue appartient à ceux qui ont joué le rôle d'interprète et m'ont aidée à décoder les subtilités de leur univers. Ma pensée se dirige d'abord vers Bourëma Maïga, mais aussi Sita Diallo, Oumarou Barry et Hassane Tall. La thèse est au jeune chercheur ce que sont les premiers édifices d'un maçon sans expérience. Entre découvertes, erreurs, oublis et émerveillements, le travail se construit et les conseils des maîtres expérimentés sont précieux. Je remercie d'abord Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan qui a dirigé cette thèse et m'a permis de prendre conscience de tout ce qu'apporte l'anthropologie du changement social et du développement. Ma rencontre avec l'anthropologie s'est faite entre plusieurs "écoles", de l'université Paris VIII-Saint-Denis à l'E.H.E.S.S. en passant par Paris X-Nanterre. Je remercie particulièrement Faouzia Belhachemi de Paris VIII pour m'avoir tant incitée à poursuivre dans la recherche. Messieurs Boutrais et Hamès sont de ceux qui ont lu mes premiers écrits, m'ont conseillée et encouragée. D'autres chercheurs ont su à certaines étapes de ce travail m'apporter un peu de leur savoir : Marc-Eric Gruénais, Pierre Joseph Laurent, Jacky Bouju, Sten Hagberg, Jean-Pierre Chauveau et Giorgio Blundo. 5 Enfin, je dois beaucoup à Michel Izard qui n'a jamais douté que ce travail puisse aboutir et qui s'est toujours rendu disponible. L'isolement est le pire ennemi du chercheur et c'est à la bibliothèque du Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale puis au centre marseillais de la Vieille Charité que je l'ai combattu. A Paris comme à Marseille, j'ai rencontré des bibliothécaires d'un extraordinaire dévouement et d'une grande gentillesse. Mes amitiés s'adressent à Marie- Christine Vickridge, Sandrine Lecointre et Marion Abélès ainsi qu'à Alba Balestri, Amel Bismuth et "Boulle". J'ai pu mesurer à quel point les regards extérieurs sont importants dans le processus d'écriture. Je remercie Anne Attané qui a relu d'un œil averti toutes ces pages et m'a fait part, sans ambages, de ses critiques. Elisabeth Brun-Hurtado et ma mère ont été elles aussi, des lectrices attentionnées me donnant de judicieux conseils. Je souhaite témoigner ma reconnaissance à Cyril Lemieux et tout le groupe de l'atelier d'écriture avec qui les séances les plus stimulantes de critique de textes ne se comptent plus. Mes amis de la vieille charité m'ont beaucoup apporté par leur présence et leurs connaissances. Leur passion des sciences sociales, leur amour de la vie, des bonnes choses et des bons moments ont rendu chaque jour de rédaction plus agréable. Je pense non seulement à Florence Bouillon et Charles Grémont mais aussi à Cyril Farnarier, Alèssia Baldoni et Loïc Lepape. Cette recherche n’aurait pu démarrer sans le concours de Madame Tardieu- Dumont qui m'a attribué la bourse Louis Dumont. L'année suivante, j'ai obtenu la bourse "aire-culturelle" de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, et enfin en tant que "lauréate du programme Lavoisier", j'ai pu poursuivre mes dernières recherches sur le terrain. Parce qu'ils ont été présents à leur manière, merci à Céline Lesourd, Françoise Pessidoux, Cyrille Rousset et Sylvain Saillet. Qu'il me soit permis ici de dire à mes parents combien ils ont été généreux, financièrement mais aussi moralement. Ils n'ont à aucun moment douté que toute passion mérite d'être vécue. Pour finir, mes mots ne seront jamais assez forts pour exprimer à mon mari, Bourëma Maïga, ma plus profonde gratitude. Interprète devenu mari, ce travail aurait difficilement abouti sans lui. Du Burkina à la France, du premier entretien à la dernière ligne de ces pages, il m'a soutenue dans chacune de ces étapes. Il m'a fait part de ses analyses, m'a aidée à apprendre le moore et à comprendre sa société. Sa bonne humeur et sa sensibilité ont donné à chaque instant de cette expérience, le goût du bonheur. 6 SOMMAIRE Introduction : reconsidérer un objet................................................................. 17 Première partie : Marginalité et dynamiques politiques dans le Yatenga. ...... 31 Chapitre 1. Peuls et Moose : interactions sociales et logiques de différenciation. ..................................................................................................33 I. Remarque sur les études peules .................................................................33 II. Les Peuls dans le royaume du Yatenga ....................................................38 III. L'occupation de l'espace : entre contraintes et intérêts mutuels................55 Chapitre 2. Le processus d'islamisation........................................................68 I. Remarques sur les recherches portant sur l'islam .......................................68 II. Présence discrète de l'islam dans le Yatenga précolonial ..........................71 III. Les mouvements de conversions à l'islam...............................................80 IV. Islam et politique après les Indépendances..............................................91 Chapitre 3. La chefferie, du général au particulier...................................... 100 I. La chefferie comme système politique précolonial ..................................101 II. Le tournant colonial...............................................................................105 III. L'évolution postcoloniale......................................................................121 Deuxième partie : La chefferie diallube de Thiou. Réactivation des traditions et projets de développement........................................................... 136 Chapitre 4. D'un ancêtre à une chefferie..................................................... 148 I. Le flux migratoire : ancêtre, origines et itinéraire ....................................149 II. Les Diallube et l’Etat moaga : de l’allégeance à la défiance...................154 III. La pénétration coloniale, un moment décisif.........................................161 Chapitre 5. Hiérarchie sociale, honneur et don au service du pouvoir...... 170 I. Formation d'une société hiérarchisée.......................................................170 II. Le don et l'honneur dans l'espace public.................................................181 Chapitre 6. Du courtage à l'ombre de la chefferie....................................... 190 I. La chefferie entre développement et politique. ........................................190 II. Sédentarisation, courtage et stratégies de développement autour du fait minoritaire.............................................................................................................204 7 Troisième partie : La chefferie tooroobe de Todiam. Quand l'islam est au cœur du pouvoir...............................................................................................226 Chapitre 7. Passé et usages du passé...........................................................230 I. La formation d'une identité collective..................................................... 230 II. Les changements issus de l'époque coloniale......................................... 238 Chapitre 8. Un pouvoir fondé sur des compétences religieuses..................254 I. Droit musulman et jurisprudence locale.................................................. 254 II. Les connaissances ésotériques et exotériques. ....................................... 273 Chapitre 9. Le cumul des pouvoirs traditionnels et religieux......................284 I. Soigner sa réputation. ............................................................................. 284 II. Assise économique du pouvoir.............................................................. 292 III. La chefferie religieuse : force et ambivalence......................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Republic of Mali 3 in the Case of The
    ICC-01/12-01/18-T-032-Red-ENG WT 30-09-2020 1/105 SZ T Trial Hearing (Open Session) ICC-01/12-01/18 WITNESS: MLI-OTP-P-0152 1 International Criminal Court 2 Trial Chamber X 3 Situation: Republic of Mali 4 In the case of The Prosecutor v. Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag 5 Mahmoud - ICC-01/12-01/18 6 Presiding Judge Antoine Kesia-Mbe Mindua, Judge Tomoko Akane and Judge 7 Kimberly Prost 8 Trial Hearing - Courtroom 1 9 Wednesday, 30 September 2020 10 (The hearing starts in open session at 9.32 a.m.) 11 THE COURT USHER: [9:32:09] All rise. 12 The International Criminal Court is now in session. 13 Please be seated. 14 PRESIDING JUDGE MINDUA: [9:32:37](Interpretation) Court is in session. 15 Good morning to everybody. 16 Court officer, please call the case. 17 THE COURT OFFICER: [9:32:47] Thank you, Mr President, your Honours. 18 The situation in Mali, in the case of The Prosecutor versus Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz 19 Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud, case reference ICC-01/12-01/18. 20 And we are in open session. 21 PRESIDING JUDGE MINDUA: [9:33:05](Interpretation) Thank you very much, 22 court officer. 23 As usual, we shall proceed with the introductions, starting with the Office of the 24 Prosecutor. I see that there is a new face. 25 MR SANDOVAL: [9:33:21] Good morning, Mr President, good morning, 30.09.2020 Page 1 ICC-01/12-01/18-T-032-Red-ENG WT 30-09-2020 2/105 SZ T Trial Hearing (Open Session) ICC-01/12-01/18 WITNESS: MLI-OTP-P-0152 1 your Honours.
    [Show full text]
  • Travelling Hierarchies: Roads in and out of Slave Status in a Central Malian Fulbe Network Pelckmans, L
    Travelling hierarchies: roads in and out of slave status in a Central Malian Fulbe network Pelckmans, L. Citation Pelckmans, L. (2011). Travelling hierarchies: roads in and out of slave status in a Central Malian Fulbe network. Leiden: African Studies Centre. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17911 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17911 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Travelling hierarchies African Studies Centre African Studies Collection, Vol. 34 Travelling hierarchies Roads in and out of slave status in a Central Malian Fulɓe network Lotte Pelckmans African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] http://www.ascleiden.nl Cover design: Heike Slingerland Cover photo: Humoristic painting about the difficulties on the road, handpainted by Bamako- based artist L. Kante Photographs: Lotte Pelckmans Maps drawn by Nel de Vink Printed by Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede ISSN: 1876-018X ISBN: 978-90-5448-105-8 © Lotte Pelckmans, 2011 Contents List of maps, photos, images, tables and figures viii Acknowledgments: Some words of thanks and belonging x Notes on transliteration and orthography xv INTRODUCTION 1 Setting the scene 1 Questions and eyebrows raised 3 Emic notions guiding the research problematic 7 The Road: Trajectories in and out of the cultural field of hierarchy 14 Methodological considerations 16 The Rope, the Head and the Road in anthropological debates 18 Zooming in: An overview of the chapters 30 1. PRESENT(-ED) PASTS 33 A disturbing past 33 The formation of hierarchies in the Haayre region 35 Contested histories 49 Conclusions: Presenting the past over time 63 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio and His Economic Ideas
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio and his economic ideas Islahi, Abdul Azim Islamic Economics Institute, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 2008 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40916/ MPRA Paper No. 40916, posted 29 Aug 2012 04:28 UTC Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio and His Economic Ideas Abdul Azim Islahi1 In an attempt to investigate Muslim economic thinking in the 12th century Hijrah, corresponding 18th century C E, the present paper explores economic ideas of one of the greatest Muslim personalities of the period, Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio (1167- 1233/1754-1817), who is commonly known as revivalist and renovator of religious beliefs and practices and founder of the Sokoto Khilafat. At the outset, to provide background knowledge of the personality of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio, the paper sheds light on time and environment in which he lived, his life and work, and his impact. Time and Environment Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio1 (1167-1233/1754-1817) belonged to the Fulani tribe2. The Fulani people are found all over West Africa from the Futa Jalon region to the Cameroons (Balogun, 1981, p. 15). Some of Fulani had settled and had become actually integrated with the Hausas. The ancestors of Uthman Dan Fodio moved into Hausaland3 in the fifteenth century under the leadership of Musa Jokollo and settled in the Hausa State of Gobir (Sulaiman, 1986, p. ix). According to Sulaiman, in early eighteenth century, ‘Hausaland was at a critical stage in its history, needing a profound challenge to stir its conscience’ (ibid, p. xviii),. Unbelief, iniquity and open defiance of Allah’s laws became the order of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • ISLAMIC ECONOMIC THINKING in the 12Th AH/18Th CE CENTURY with Special Reference to Shah Wali-Allah Al-Dihlawi
    ISLAMIC ECONOMIC THINKING IN THE 12th AH/18th CE CENTURY With Special Reference to Shah Wali-Allah al-Dihlawi Abdul Azim Islahi Islamic Economics Research Center King Abdulaziz University Scientific Publising Center King Abdulaziz University http://spc.kau.edu.sa © King Abdulaziz University 2011A.D. (1432 A.H.) All rights reserved. 1st Edition: 2011 A.D. (1432 A.H.) King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data Islahi, Abdul Azim Islamic economic thinking in the 12th A.H./18th CE century. / Abdul Azim Islahi. - Jeddah, 2011 .. p; .. cm ISBN: 978-9960-06-576-2 1- Islamic Economics 2- Islamic economy I - Title 330.121 dc 1432/6219 L.D. no. 1432/6219 ISBN: 978-9960-06-576-2 King Abdulaziz University Press FOREWORD The Islamic Economics Research Center has great pleasure in presenting th Islamic Economic Thinking in the 12th AH (corresponding 18 CE) Century with Special Reference to Shah Wali-Allah al-Dihlawi). The author, Professor Abdul Azim Islahi, is a well-known specialist in the history of Islamic economic thought. In this respect, we have already published his following works: Contributions of Muslim Scholars to th Economic Thought and Analysis up to the 15 Century; Muslim th Economic Thinking and Institutions in the 16 Century, and A Study on th Muslim Economic Thinking in the 17 Century. The present work and the previous series have filled, to an extent, the gap currently existing in the study of the history of Islamic economic thought. In this study, Dr. Islahi has explored the economic ideas of Shehu Uthman dan Fodio of West Africa, a region generally neglected by researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinventing Epic in French West African Literature
    Whose Hero? Reinventing Epic in French West African Literature by Jonathon Repinecz A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Karl Brito Professor Soraya Tlatli Professor Charles Briggs Fall 2013 Whose Hero? Reinventing Epic in French West African Literature Copyright 2013 by Jonathon Repinecz 1 Abstract Whose Hero? Reinventing Epic in French West African Literature by Jonathon Repinecz Doctor of Philosophy in French University of California, Berkeley Professor Karl Britto, Chair This dissertation explores the relationship between oral and written literature through the lens of epic. Springing from an engagement with scholarship that has defined and defended the notion of an African epic, it seeks to reevaluate the relevance of this category in the case of West African literature in French. While some critics have argued that the concept of epic is too Eurocentric to be relevant to African narrative traditions, most believe that to renounce the idea of an “African epic” is to stifle comparative literature, and possibly even to reproduce the trope of a Dark Continent too primitive to produce anything great. At the same time, scholars of francophone literature regularly rely on the notion of an “epic” dimension in some contemporary texts. However, such studies too frequently conform to Mikhail Bakhtin’s vision of this dimension as a grandiose but flat world of ancient heroes, utterly removed from the evolving concerns of the present—which belong to the realm of the novel. This study both draws on and challenges scholarship within these conversations in order to propose a more innovative reading of West African oral traditional narratives that we call epic, as well as their place in francophone writing.
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Begging, Aid and Children's Rights in Senegal
    Forced Begging, Aid and Children’s Rights in Senegal: Stories of Suffering and Politics of Compassion in the Promotion of Rights for the Taalibe Qur’anic School Children of Senegal and Mali Sara Elizabeth Lahti Thiam Department of Anthropology McGill University, Montreal December 2014 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © 2014 Sara Thiam To Mom and Dad Abstract Due to recently expanded definitions of human and child trafficking among transnational actors, thousands of Qur’anic students throughout Senegal, West Africa, called taalibes, who beg to support their schools, have been identified as victims of trafficking. Senegal’s generous supply-driven alms-giving draws schools of boys from throughout the region to beg. To gain financial and institutional support to promote the taalibes’ human rights, activists disseminate compassion- generating communications to transnational audiences about their exploitation at the hands of their masters. Locally in Senegal, taalibe begging is not seen as trafficking. Rather, within a discourse about Qur’anic schools as vulnerable schools, people understand their mass urban migration and begging to be an unfortunate result of severe rural poverty. Malian families that send their children to Senegal defend taalibe hardship within a pedagogy of suffering– to instill respect and discipline. Where the transnational trafficking discourse calls Qur’anic masters who make their pupils beg criminal exploiters, the local vulnerable schools discourse views them as legitimate educators. To them, they are victims of past colonial repression and a currently neglected educational system. In this thesis, I document how each of these discourses have taken form and what happens when they converge on the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Fundamentalism Framing Politics in Mali: from the Middle Ages to the Age of Pandemic
    Islamic Fundamentalism Framing Politics in Mali: From the Middle Ages to the Age of Pandemic Olga Torres Díaz Abstract This chapter aims to traverse the centuries-long path of the mutualistic relationship between political power and Islam represented by two fundamentalist tendencies clearly discernible in Mali until today, deeming that as fundamentalist is the call to return to an Arabised Islamic orthodoxy that cyclically reappears in the country as the reputed syncretism of the popular Islam that is considered characteristic of the area. Under this assumption, revisiting certain milestones in this historical coa- lescence could foster the comprehension of current movements – personified by imams and preachers such as Muḥammad Dicko and Sheikh Madani Haïdara – now that the emergence of the Wahhabi trend has begun to compete again with the prevalent traditional Malian Islam in modulating the orientation of the government. Keywords: Islamic Fundamentalism, Category Formation, Religion and Politics, Mali 1. Introduction “[…] On the opposite bank of the Nile is another great kingdom, stretching a dis- tance of more than eight days’ marching, the king of which has the title of Daw.1 The inhabitants of this region use arrows when fighting. Beyond this country lies another called Malal, the king of which is known as al-musulmani. He is thus 1 AncientRomangeographerssuchasPlinythoughtthattheriverNigerwasthewesternpart of the Nile, as did Arab geographers later. The true course of the Niger was not established until the XIXth century by Westerners. 150 OlgaTorresDíaz called because his country became afflicted with drought one year following an- other; the inhabitants prayed for rain, sacrificing cattle till they had exterminated almost all of them, but the drought and the misery only increased.
    [Show full text]
  • IF VICTIMS BECOME PERPETRATORS Factors Contributing to Vulnerability and Resilience to Violent Extremism in the Central Sahel About International Alert
    This project is funded by the European Union IF VICTIMS BECOME PERPETRATORS Factors contributing to vulnerability and resilience to violent extremism in the central Sahel About International Alert International Alert works with people directly affected by conflict to build lasting peace. Together, we believe peace is within our power. We focus on solving the root causes of conflict, bringing together people from across divides. From the grassroots to policy level, we come together to build everyday peace. Peace is just as much about communities living together, side by side, and resolving their differences without resorting to violence, as it is about people signing a treaty or laying down their arms. That is why we believe that we all have a role to play in building a more peaceful future. www.international-alert.org This report has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union within the framework of a United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) project. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union or the United Nations, including UNICRI. © International Alert 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution. Translation: Heather Stacey Layout: www.NickPurserDesign.com Cover photo: © Robert Harding/Alamy IF VICTIMS BECOME PERPETRATORS Factors contributing to vulnerability and resilience to violent extremism in the central Sahel JUNE 2018 Violent extremism is affecting the lives of “ millions in the Sahel, but the essentially military responses to date have failed to reduce violence and have instead undermined community resilience.
    [Show full text]
  • Histories of Travel, 1930-2010 by Olivia Chidori Yoshioka-Maxwell A
    The Voyager in Question: Histories of Travel, 1930-2010 By Olivia Chidori Yoshioka-Maxwell A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Suzanne Guerlac, Co-chair Professor Karl Britto, Co-chair Professor Tyler Stovall Spring 2014 The Voyager in Question: Histories of Travel, 1930-2010 Copyright 2014 By Olivia Chidori Yoshioka-Maxwell Abstract The Voyager in Question: Histories of Travel, 1930-2010 by Olivia Chidori Yoshioka-Maxwell Doctor of Philosophy in French University of California, Berkeley Professor Suzanne Guerlac and Professor Karl Britto, Co-Chairs This dissertation is situated within a field of cultural studies that seeks to develop a broader understanding of the political stakes of twentieth- and twenty-first century debates over who can travel. This line of inquiry responds to the persistent tendency in travel writing over the course of the century to exclude certain subjects in movement from the role of the traveler. The question, “What is travel?” is often treated in both literary texts and criticism as a philosophical or abstract question, stripped of its historical and political implications. I ask, what is the relationship between this effort to restrict the identity of the traveler and France’s imperialist history? How and why are non-European subjects denied the status of traveler, and how does the debate over the traveler / tourist binary, which has received more critical attention, relate to the reification of colonial and postcolonial subjects in the role of the “sedentary native”? Taking these questions as a point of departure, this dissertation explores how the theoretical opposition between the dynamic traveler and the passive travelee is constructed, undermined, and directly challenged in texts belonging to a wide variety of genres, from the historical novel to the Oulipian literary exercise to autofiction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bandiagara Emirate: Warfare, Slavery and Colonization in the Middle Niger, 1863 - 1903
    THE BANDIAGARA EMIRATE: WARFARE, SLAVERY AND COLONIZATION IN THE MIDDLE NIGER, 1863 - 1903 By Joseph M. Bradshaw A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of History–Doctor of Philosophy 2021 ABSTRACT THE BANDIAGARA EMIRATE: WARFARE, SLAVERY AND COLONIZATION IN THE MIDDLE NIGER, 1863 - 1903 By Joseph M. Bradshaw Between 1863 and 1903, the Middle Niger, a region under the arch of the Niger River in present day Mali and Burkina Faso, was colonized by two armies. The first army was a Futanke- led army commanded by the Sufi reformer al-Hajj Umar Tal and later led by his nephew, Tijani Tal. The Futanke-led army invaded the region after their war against the Bamana Kingdom of Segu, drew the Umarian Empire into a conflict with the Caliphate of Hamdullahi. The Futanke and the Masinanke of Hamdullahi shared a common faith, language and culture, and both had fought wars under the umbrella of ‘jihad’ against non-Muslims and Muslims whose practice they considered unorthodox. But despite the rhetoric of Futanke and Masinanke leaders, the instability of wars from 1861-90 necessitated the building of alliances that diminished the instrumental value of racial and religious exclusion. In 1893 a new French-led military regime established itself in the Middle Niger. The French, in turn, used warfare and enslavement as tools of empire, creating a military territory called the “French Sudan.” The French regime initially worked through Futanke proxies but soon demonstrated a clear preference for local chiefs and racial politics. As the French army conquered territory non-Futanke were placed directly under the administration of nearby posts.
    [Show full text]
  • Marco Di Liddo Jihadismo E Identità Etnica Fulani. Analisi Del Rapporto Tra
    CENTRO ALTI STUDI CENTRO MILITARE PER LA DIFESA DI STUDI STRATEGICI Marco Di Liddo Jihadismo e identità etnica fulani. Analisi del rapporto tra mobilitazione jihadista nel Sahel e le istanze indipendentistiche fulani in ottica transazionale (Codice AO-CC-03) Il Centro Militare di Studi Strategici (Ce.Mi.S.S.), costituito nel 1987 e situato presso Palazzo Salviati a Roma, è diretto da un Generale di Divisione (Direttore), o Ufficiale di grado equivalente, ed è strutturato su due Dipartimenti (Monitoraggio Strategico - Ricerche) ed un Ufficio Relazioni Esterne. Le attività sono regolate dal Decreto del Ministro della Difesa del 21 dicembre 2012. Il Ce.Mi.S.S. svolge attività di studio e ricerca a carattere strategico-politico-militare, per le esigenze del Ministero della Difesa, contribuendo allo sviluppo della cultura e della conoscenza, a favore della collettività nazionale. Le attività condotte dal Ce.Mi.S.S. sono dirette allo studio di fenomeni di natura politica, economica, sociale, culturale, militare e dell'effetto dell'introduzione di nuove tecnologie, ovvero dei fenomeni che determinano apprezzabili cambiamenti dello scenario di sicurezza. Il livello di analisi è prioritariamente quello strategico. Per lo svolgimento delle attività di studio e ricerca, il Ce.Mi.S.S. impegna: a) di personale militare e civile del Ministero della Difesa, in possesso di idonea esperienza e qualifica professionale, all'uopo assegnato al Centro, anche mediante distacchi temporanei, sulla base di quanto disposto annualmente dal Capo di Stato Maggiore dalla Difesa, d'intesa con il Segretario Generale della difesa/Direttore Nazionale degli Armamenti per l'impiego del personale civile; b) collaboratori non appartenenti all'amministrazione pubblica, (selezionati in conformità alle vigenti disposizioni fra gli esperti di comprovata specializzazione).
    [Show full text]
  • Islam and West African Anthropology Mahir Şaul
    While Islamic studies flourish in West Africa in anthropology Islam is still perceived mostly as extrinsic to indigenous cultures. We need to resituate West Africa in our imagination by placing its historical links to Islam and the Mediterranean at the center of our view of it. Islam and West African Anthropology Mahir Şaul West African anthropology carries the burden of a chasm between what is considered traditional or authentically African and Islamic. This reveals itself in ignoring Islam, misrecognizing the cultural legacy of Islam in today’s lives beyond self-professed Muslims, and exaggerating the contrast between the “pre” and the “post” in recent cases of conver- sion. A more balanced, historically informed understanding of contemporary Africa requires greater awareness of the central role of Mediterranean links and the canvas of meaning deposited by Islam. Sections on mobility and literacy provide a rapid survey of these themes, which are emblematic of what social anthropologists ought to bring to the forefront of their vision of West Africa, though typically they do not. A section on politics explores the framework for the impact of Islam, and a final section, on mimesis, discusses some cultural pro- cesses still at work. We need to reimagine West Africa, both to reach a new cosmopolitanism to transcend the we–they contrast, and to allow anthropology to make more significant contributions to the study of contemporary Africa. In West African anthropology, a glass wall separates the small room reserved for Islam from the great hall exhibiting the ethnographic splendors of sub- Saharan cultures. Showcased in the small room are classical pioneers in Senegal (Copans 1980; Cruise O’Brien 1971), a younger generation of scholars on Mali (Soares 2005), and milestones of northern Nigeria, going back to the venerable name of S.
    [Show full text]