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University of London Oman and the West
University of London Oman and the West: State Formation in Oman since 1920 A thesis submitted to the London School of Economics and Political Science in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Francis Carey Owtram 1999 UMI Number: U126805 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U126805 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 bLOSiL ZZLL d ABSTRACT This thesis analyses the external and internal influences on the process of state formation in Oman since 1920 and places this process in comparative perspective with the other states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. It considers the extent to which the concepts of informal empire and collaboration are useful in analysing the relationship between Oman, Britain and the United States. The theoretical framework is the historical materialist paradigm of International Relations. State formation in Oman since 1920 is examined in a historical narrative structured by three themes: (1) the international context of Western involvement, (2) the development of Western strategic interests in Oman and (3) their economic, social and political impact on Oman. -
Country Coding Units
INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) . -
A Study of Ibadi Oman
UCLA Journal of Religion Volume 2 2018 Developing Tolerance and Conservatism: A Study of Ibadi Oman Connor D. Elliott The George Washington University ABSTRACT This thesis analyzes the development of Omani-Ibadi society from pre- Islam to the present day. Oman represents an anomaly in the religious world because its Ibadi theology is conservative in nature while also preaching unwavering tolerance. To properly understand how Oman developed such a unique culture and religion, it is necessary to historically analyze the country by recounting the societal developments that occurred throughout the millennia. By doing so, one begins to understand that Oman did not achieve this peaceful religious theology over the past couple of decades. Oman has an exceptional society that was built out of longtime traditions like a trade-based economy that required foreign interaction, long periods of political sovereignty or autonomy, and a unique theology. The Omani-Ibadi people and their leaders have continuously embraced the ancient roots of their regional and religious traditions to create a contemporary state that espouses a unique society that leads people to live conservative personal lives while exuding outward tolerance. Keywords: Oman, Ibadi, Tolerance, Theology, History, Sociology UCLA Journal of Religion Vol. 2, 2018 Developing Tolerance and Conservatism: A Study of Ibadi Oman By Connor D. Elliott1 The George Washington University INTRODUCTION he Sultanate of Oman is a country which consistently draws acclaim T for its tolerance and openness towards peoples of varying faiths. The sect of Islam most Omanis follow, Ibadiyya, is almost entirely unique to Oman with over 2 million of the 2.5 million Ibadis worldwide found in the sultanate.2 This has led many to see the Omani government as the de facto state-representative of Ibadiyya in contemporary times. -
Oman's Foreign Policy : Foundations and Practice
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-7-2005 Oman's foreign policy : foundations and practice Majid Al-Khalili Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Al-Khalili, Majid, "Oman's foreign policy : foundations and practice" (2005). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1045. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1045 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida OMAN'S FOREIGN POLICY: FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICE A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Majid Al-Khalili 2005 To: Interim Dean Mark Szuchman College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Majid Al-Khalili, and entitled Oman's Foreign Policy: Foundations and Practice, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. Dr. Nicholas Onuf Dr. Charles MacDonald Dr. Richard Olson Dr. 1Mohiaddin Mesbahi, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 7, 2005 The dissertation of Majid Al-Khalili is approved. Interim Dean Mark Szuchman C lege of Arts and Scenps Dean ouglas Wartzok University Graduate School Florida International University, 2005 ii @ Copyright 2005 by Majid Al-Khalili All rights reserved. -
The Revival of the Ibadi Imamate in Oman and the Threat to Muscat, 1913-20 J
The Revival of the Ibadi Imamate in Oman and the Threat to Muscat, 1913-20 J. E. Peterson By the beginning of 1913 Oman was reaching the nadir of its fortunes, marking the middle of a century of frustration and decline. Although the Sultan, Faisal b. Turki Al Bñ Sa`idi, was the nominal ruler of all the country, he only exercised full control over the capital area of Muscat and Matrah, and the coastal strip to the northwest known as al-Batinah. Otherwise, the interior of Oman went its own nearly-independent way, hindered only by the presence of a few walls (representatives of the Sultan) in the principal towns, such as Nizwa or Sama'il. The period of rebellion from 1913 to 192o is important in the history of Oman for a number of reasons. The restoration of the Ibadi Imamate, periodically revived since the beginning of the nineteenth century, was an accomplishment of this period that lasted for forty-two years. But the method of its establishment pre- sented a grave threat to the government of the Sultanate, weakened by fifty years of decline, and continually attacked by the religious zealots of the interior for its close relationship with the British. The revolt of 1923-2o was essentially tribal in nature, with the institution of the Imamate superimposed on it in order to lend legitimacy and unity to the uprising. There were two factors which made it a deadly menace to Muscat and gave it as good a chance of wresting control of the entire country away from the Sultan as had the move- ment of 1868-71.' The first was the revival of the Imamate, without which little tribal cooperation could have been expected and the revolt could have only repeated the attack of 1895 at most.' The second factor was the development of this uprising into a unified stand of co-operation between both the Ghafiri and Hinawi factions, something that even the 1868-71 movement had not been able to achieve.' Thus the combination of forces set in motion in the spring of 1913 posed the most dangerous threat to the regime in Muscat since Muscat had become the capital of the country. -
Oman, Iran, and the United States: an Analysis of Omani Foreign Policy and Its Role As an Intermediary
Oman, Iran, and the United States: An Analysis of Omani Foreign Policy and Its Role as an Intermediary The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:37736781 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA ! ! Oman, Iran, and the United States: An Analysis of Omani Foreign Policy and Its Role as an Intermediary Mohra Al Zubair A Thesis in the Field of Middle Eastern Studies for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2017 ! ! ! ! 2017 Mohra Al Zubair ! ! ! Abstract In a world where power is equivalent to water for the thirsty, foreign policy plays a key role in every country’s strength. Today, the Middle East is a battleground for several struggles for power, with civil unrest, sectarian divisions, and proxy wars found throughout the region. In this volatile area, foreign policy has the potential to protect a country from regional political vulnerability. But for such policy to work best, internal affairs must be prepared in order to serve well. One country that has succeeded notably in maintaining a balanced foreign policy, even amid complex regional situations, is the Sultanate of Oman. This thesis analyzes Oman’s foreign policy under the reign of Sultan Qaboos. It examines Oman’s positions on regional events that led to creating Oman’s favorable reputation for dealing with and mediating between sides, most notably between Iran and the United States. -
GENERAL MEETING Wednesday, 19 April1961, ASSEMBLY at 11.10 A.M
United Nations SPECIAL POLITICAL COMMITTEE, 255th GENERAL MEETING Wednesday, 19 April1961, ASSEMBLY at 11.10 a.m. FIFTEENTH SESSION Official Records New York CONTENTS tion. As far back as the ninth century A.D. it had Page established a powerful naval force to protect its coasts Agenda item 89: from piracy. In the eighteenth century its fleet had Question of Oman. 133 been strong enough to drive the Portuguese invaders from Oman and the surrounding area. By the mid Chairman: Mr. Carlet R. AUGUSTE (Haiti). eighteenth century Oman had become the most power ful Arabian State, controlling part of the Zanzibar coast in East Africa as well as parts of Persia and Balu In the absence of the Chairman, Mr. Gamboa (Philip chistan. pines), Vice-Chairman, took the Chair. 3. Its strength, its strategic position on the route from AGENDA ITEM 89 Europe to the Orient and its flourishing trade, had Question of Oman (A/4521) made it a target for British imperialism, which by that time had acquired a free hand in the area, as a result of 1. Mr. SHUKAIRY (Saudi Arabia) said that in its victory over France in the Seven Years' War. The requesting the inclusion of the question of Oman in British had then launched the first of a series of military the Assembly's agenda (A/4521) the delegations of campaigns, the principal objective being to bring Oman the Arab States had presented it as a case of armed within their sphere of influence, if not to incorporate aggression by the United Kingdom against the State it into the British Empire. -
Oman – the Islamic Democratic Tradition
Oman – The Islamic Democratic Tradition Oman is the inheritor of a unique political tradition, the imama (imamate), and has a special place in the Arab Islamic world. From the eighth century and for more than a thousand years, the story of Oman was essentially a story of an original, minority, movement, the Ibadi. This long period was marked by the search for a just imama through the Ibadi model of the Islamic State. The imama system was based on two principles: the free election of the imam leader and the rigorous application of shura (consultation). Thus, the imama system, through its rich experience, has provided us with the only example of an Arab-Islamic democracy. Hussein Ghubash’s well-researched book takes the reader on a historical voyage through geography, politics and culture of the region, from the sixteenth century to the present day. Oman has long-standing ties with East Africa as well as Europe; the first contact between Oman and European imperialist powers took place at the dawn of the 1500s with the arrival of the Portuguese, eventually followed by the Dutch, French and British. Persuasive, thorough and drawing on Western as well as Islamic political theory, this book analyses the different historical and geopolitical roles of this strategic country. Thanks to its millennial tradition, Oman enjoys a solid national culture and stable socio-political situation. Dr Ghubash is the author of several books and the U.A.E. ambassador to UNESCO. He holds a PhD in political science from Nanterre University, Paris X. Durham Modern -
Country Coding Units V7.Pdf
INSTITUTE Country Coding Units Version 7 - May 2017 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute, University of Notre Dame, Kellogg Institute. All rights reserved. Principal Investigators Research Assistant • Michael Coppedge – U. of Notre Dame • Vlad Ciobanu – U. of Gothenburg • John Gerring – Boston University • Laura Saxer – U. of Gothenburg • Staffan I. Lindberg –U. of Gothenburg • Svend-Erik Skaaning – Aarhus University • Jan Teorell – Lund University Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, Vlad Ciobanu, and Laura Saxer. 2017. “V-Dem Country Coding Units v7.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. 1 This document lists (a) every country in the envisioned V-Dem database, (b) the identities of each polity that comprises a country’s history through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries (e.g., Russia-USSR); (c) the years for which we have collected data or plan to collect data; and (d) the borders of each country (wherever this might be unclear). Many dates are approximate due to the inconclusive nature of a country’s history. Note that changes in sovereignty often occur by stages, and marking these stages with specific dates can be challenging. Note that gaps in coding periods should be interpreted as including the start and end year of the gap. For example, Germany is coded 1900-1945, and 1949-2016, which means that the years 1946, -47, and -48 are excluded from the dataset. General sources for compiling this document include Wikipedia and Statesman.org. Additional sources, along with notes pertaining to specific countries, empires, and federations are contained in a separate document: “Countries, Empires, Elections (misc notes)” “Country” A V-Dem country is a political unit enjoying at least some degree of functional and/or formal sovereignty. -
Jebel Akhdar War 1954-59
Grenadier Guards Non-World War conflicts Jebel Akhdar War 1954-59 The Jebel Akhdar War was a series of conflicts during the mid to late 50s between the resident population of the interior of Oman which were supported by Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, and aided by Great Britain, against rebels seeking independence and control of the interior lands and the oil reserves within it. Oman was not previously the unified country as we know it today, from the period 1820 until 1970 it was known as the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. The coastal region was more secular and under the control of the Sultan of Muscat. The inland areas were more religious in nature called the Imamate of Oman, controlled by an elected imam. Both of these area’s together with bordering Trucial states were British protectorates, and in principle formed what we now regard as today’s United Arab Emirates. There had been fighting back and forth for many years, between Muscat and Oman. The Imamate was the stronger force with its support from Saudi Arabia, and Muscat the weaker as they lacked the slave and trade revenues that they once had due to European expansion and pressures. British military presence in the area was integral and ongoing, and the Sultan’s army was officered by British soldiers as was the neighbouring Trucial States. The Royal Air Force had bases in the region which were strategic, and within striking distance from Aden, Yemen. Fighting and clashes had continued throughout the area until 1920 when British diplomats helped in forming an agreement between the Sultanate of Muscat, and Imamate of Oman. -
Political Stability in Contemporary Monarchies: the Case of Oman
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU All College Thesis Program, 2016-present Honors Program 7-8-2019 Political Stability in Contemporary Monarchies: The Case of Oman Jordan Gemilere College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_thesis Recommended Citation Gemilere, Jordan, "Political Stability in Contemporary Monarchies: The Case of Oman" (2019). All College Thesis Program, 2016-present. 69. https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_thesis/69 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All College Thesis Program, 2016-present by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Political Stability in Contemporary Monarchies: The Case of Oman An All College Thesis College of St. Benedict and St. John’s University By Jordan Gemilere May 2019 Approved By: Dr. Christi Siver Thesis Advisor Associate Professor of Political Science Dr. Pedro dos Santos Associate Professor of Political Science Collin Hannigan Assistant Professor of Political Science Dr. Jim Read Chair, Department of Political Science Molly Ewing Director, All College Thesis Program Jim Parsons Director, All College Thesis Program 1 Acknowledgements There are many individuals who I would like to thank for their support in the process of writing this article. I am especially grateful for the support of Professor Christi Siver, Professor Pedro dos Santos, and Professor Collin Hannigan. I have the utmost respect for the energy that each of them invests in their students. -
Think Place: Geographies of National Identity in Oman
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 6-2013 Think Place: Geographies of National Identity in Oman Gretchen Nutz College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Nutz, Gretchen, "Think Place: Geographies of National Identity in Oman" (2013). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 588. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/588 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THINK PLACE: GEOGRAPHIES OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN OMAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Asian and Middle Eastern Studies from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, by Gretchen Nutz Accepted for _______________________________ (Honors, High Honors, Highest Honors) _______________________________ Director ________________________________ ________________________________ Williamsburg, Virginia May 2013 Acknowledgements & Preface In the summer of 2012, I arrived in Muscat, Oman with funding from several university grants to study national narratives and how they are communicated to tourists in preparation for writing a senior honors thesis. I began by studying my surroundings and conversing with my Arabic instructors and my host family, one of many Omani families that had returned from living in East Africa within the last few decades. Through some connections from my home university, I also began meeting with government officials involved in tourism and heritage along with various people who had commercial or scholarly interest in heritage tourism in Oman.