Universidade De Lisboa Faculdade De Letras Comoção: Os Ritmos Afectivos

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Universidade De Lisboa Faculdade De Letras Comoção: Os Ritmos Afectivos UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS COMOÇÃO: OS RITMOS AFECTIVOS DO ACONTECIMENTO TEATRAL ANA PAIS Doutoramento em Estudos Artísticos Especialidade em Estudos de Teatro 2014 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS COMOÇÃO: OS RITMOS AFECTIVOS DO ACONTECIMENTO TEATRAL ANA PAIS Tese orientada pela Prof.ª Doutora Maria João Brilhante, com co-orientação do Prof. Doutor Nuno Nabais e da Prof.ª Doutora Christine Greiner, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor em Estudos Artísticos, especialidade em Estudos de Teatro 2014 RESUMO Esta dissertação toma por objecto a relação entre cena e público no acontecimento teatral, investigando o modo como ela se estabelece e processa nas suas dimensões social e afectiva bem como formas de a nomear. Recorrendo a ferramentas do campo teórico emergente da Teoria dos Afectos, designadamente, os modelos de circulação de afectos no espaço público de Teresa Brennan e Sara Ahmed, propomo-nos pensar a dinâmica desta relação do ponto de vista da performatividade dos afectos, reavaliando o estatuto passivo do público no teatro. Defendemos que esta performatividade tem implicações na constituição estética do acontecimento teatral na medida em que não só o espectáculo gera afectos nos espectadores mas também o público, participando reciprocamente naquela relação, afecta a qualidade sensível da obra. Na primeira parte, contextualizamos esta investigação no campo dos Estudos de Teatro e dos Estudos de Performance, procedendo a um recenseamento bibliográfico que mostra como este tópico não tem sido suficientemente abordado academicamente (Capítulo 1). Contextualizamos ainda o nosso tópico de análise relativamente à evolução do espaço cénico e do trabalho de actor no teatro ocidental tal como ao estatuto do público correspondente, desde a Antiguidade Clássica até ao teatro pós-dramático (Capítulo 2). Nesta análise defendemos que o gradual fechamento do espaço cénico e consequente isolamento do auditório está directamente relacionado com a perda de validade de concepções culturais de transmissão de afectos. Na segunda parte, começamos por oferecer um glossário de conceitos operativos, teorizados a partir das palavras e expressões utilizadas por actores, bailarinos e performers, com quem conversámos, para descrever a relação cena- público. Propomos o conceito de comoção como movimento conjunto de afectos para nomear a reciprocidade dessa relação e o conceito de ressonância afectiva como modo de atenção e tensão para delinear a função de intensificação e ampliação de afectos do público (Capítulo 3). Munidos destas ferramentas teóricas, examinamos as políticas de afectos de três espectáculos contemporâneos, mais exactamente, analisamos as estratégias estéticas a que recorrem para convidar o público a participar num particular movimento de comoção com a cena – Até que um dia Deus foi destruído pelo extremo exercício da beleza (AQD), de Vera Mantero, God Squad’s Kitchen – you never had it so good, pela companhia Gob Squad, e Sleep no More, pela companhia Punchdrunk (Capítulo 4). Palavras-chave: acontecimento teatral, público, passividade, performatividade, estética, ressonância, comoção, política de afectos SINOPSIS The topic of this dissertation is the social and affective realms of audience- stage engagement. By reassessing the passive status of the spectator in western theatre through the lens of affect, namely, the public affect models of circulation by Teresa Brennan and Sara Ahmed, it examines the way through which such engagement is brought forth and shaped at each performance as well it investigates ways of addressing that relationship. This thesis argues that affect is performative not only because the performance generates affect in the audience but also because the audience, participating in a dynamic and reciprocal engagement, affects the sensitive quality of the work. First section provides a literature review in the fields of Theatre and Performance Studies, showing how the topic of audience engagement hasn’t been sufficiently addressed in academic research (Chapter 1). Furthermore, it contextualizes this engagement in what regards the evolution of stage design and the work of the actor in western theatre, from Ancient Greece to Post-dramatic theatre, which implicates a changing concept of spectator (Chapter 2). This analysis sustains that the gradual enclosure of scenic space and the consequent isolation of the auditorium is directly related to the decay of cultural conceptions of the transmission of affect. Second section offers a glossary drawn upon words and expressions used by actors, dancers and performers with whom we’ve discussed how they characterize audience engagement. We propose the concept of commotion a joint movement of affect to define the reciprocity of that relationship and the concept of affective resonance as a mode of attention and tension to delineate the function of the audience as an amplifier and intensifier of affect (Chapter 3). Provided with this conceptual tools, we examine the politics of affect of three contemporary performances, specifically, the aesthetic strategies they employ to invite the audience to participate in a particular movement of commotion – Até que um dia Deus foi destruído pelo extremo exercício da beleza (AQD), by Vera Mantero, God Squad’s Kitchen – you never had it so good, by Gob Squad, e Sleep no More, by Punchdrunk (Chapter 4). Keywords: theatrical event, spectatorship, passivity, performativity, aesthetics, resonance, commotion, politics of affect ÍNDICE | PARTE I Esta Investigação, 3 | Capítulo 1 Mapeamento do território e conceitos 1. Mapeamento do território, 17 1.1. Efeitos da cena, 17 1.2. O público: a percepção de efeitos, 23 1.3. Condições de recepção e modelos de participação, 26 1.4. O trabalho do público: funções, 33 1.5. O encontro, 40 2. A Teoria dos Afectos – paradigma emergente, 51 3. Definição de conceitos, 66 | Capítulo 2 Contextualização da relação cena-público Figurações culturais do público no Teatro Ocidental, 74 1. Noção clássica: a passividade como estado receptivo, 79 1.1. Antiguidade – sangue, espíritos e emoções, 79 1.2. Do Renascimento ao Barroco: hierarquias do espaço, 84 1.3. Os mecanismos das emoções, 88 2. Noção moderna: a passividade do espectador como inacção e confinamento, 95 2.1. Wagner e a manipulação da atenção, 98 2.2. Zola e o isolamento do actor, 101 2.3. Disciplina do público e a ideia de nação, 104 2.4. A fisiologia das emoções, 106 3. Questionando a passividade do espectador: as vanguardas, 110 3.1. Das proto-performances modernistas aos anos 60/70, 110 3.2. Não basta atirar-lhes com maçãs ou de como eliminar o público,117 4. O espectador contemporâneo: ambivalência, interação, participação, 123 4.1. Decisões, tarefas, estar presente, 128 4.2. Público participante – percepção como actividade, 131 | PARTE 2 Aproximação a um movimento de afectos, 139 | Capítulo 3 Comoção: a relação cena-público como um movimento conjunto de afectos 1. Sabem porque sentem, 147 2. “Lá”: o lugar do acontecimento poético, 150 3. Sentir o público, 155 4. Ressonância afectiva, 162 4.1. Atenção e tensão, 164 4.2 Ritmos, 171 4.3 A circulação de afectos no acontecimento teatral e suas implicações estéticas, 185 | Capítulo 4 O movimento da comoção em três espectáculos contemporâneos 1. Partituras afectivas - Até que um dia Deus é destruído pelo extremo exercício da beleza, de Vera Mantero e convidados, 190 1. 1. Abrindo crateras, 190 1.2. Práticas radicais: a Beleza, 193 1.3. Padrão poético: entrelaçar corpo-palavra-espaço, 195 1.4. Estratégia do estranhamento: escutando a coreografia, 199 1.5. Estratégia encantatória: you do something to me, 202 2. Temporalidades afectivas – Gob Squad’s Kitchen (you’ve never had it so good), de Gob Squad, 213 2.1. Materializar fronteiras para as subverter, 213 2.2. Intimidade mediada, 218 2.3 Recriações (reenactments) como práticas de encontros íntimos, 225 3. Paradoxos do teatro participativo – Sleep no More, de Punchdrunk, 232 3.1. Condições de imersão, 232 3.2. Sleep no More, o espectáculo, 237 3.3. Atmosferas sensoriais: espaços tácteis e enredos sonoros, 242 3.4. O espectador-voyeur, 247 | Concluindo, 252 | AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia a bolsa de estudos que me concedeu durante três anos, permitindo-me períodos de pesquisa no estrangeiro sem os quais esta dissertação não teria sido possível. Agradeço à minha orientadora Professora Maria João Brilhante e aos meus co- orientadores, Professor Nuno Nabais e Professora Christine Greiner, a companhia que me ofereceram ao longo deste processo. Estou grata ao André Lepecki pela imensa generosidade e entusiasmo com que me recebeu no departamento de Performance Studies da New York University como Visiting Scholar de Janeiro 2011 a Julho de 2012. Estou grata à Deborah Kapchan por me sinalizar o caminho. Estou grata aos actores, bailarinos e performers que apaixonadamente conversaram e reflectiram comigo sobre a sua prática performativa. Por diferentes e fundamentais motivos, estou grata à Sónia Pereira, à Isabel Garcez, à Lígia Teixeira, ao Carlos Valles, à Paula Caspão, à Ana Bigotte Vieira e à Levina Valentim. 1 | PARTE 1 2 | Esta investigação Nota preambular na primeira pessoa do singular O processo de escrever uma dissertação de doutoramento implica a recorrente e incontornável pergunta: qual é o teu tópico? A situação rapidamente se torna um desafio na medida em que, para mim, é imperativo comunicar o que faço, com igual clareza, a pessoas com diferentes formações e experiências de teatro.
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