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ARTIST ROOMS ANDY RESOURCE PACK

A ABOUT THIS RESOURCE

Andy Warhol was one of the most influential American artists to emerge in the post-war period. The ARTIST ROOMS collection consists of an impressive 232 works which span the artist’s entire oeuvre. These include 50 early from his period as a graphic artist, such important paintings as Skulls (1976) and the four-part Camouflage (1986), a group of stitched photographs and a series of intriguing Polaroid self-portraits. The collection is complemented by 126 Warhol posters from all periods of the artist’s career, including his film-making.

The largest single collection of Warhol’s work is on display at The Museum in . Other significant Warhol collections are held at the Metropolitan Museum of , New York; the Museum of , New York; the Museum of Fine , Boston; the , Washington, DC; the National Gallery of Australia; and Yale University , New Haven.

This resource is designed to aid teachers and educators using the ARTIST ROOMS Andy Warhol collection with groups of young people engaged in related learning activities and projects. The resource focuses on specific works and themes and suggests areas of discussion, activities and links to other works on the online ARTIST ROOMS collection pages.

For schools, the work of Andy Warhol presents a good opportunity to explore cross-curricula learning. The themes in Warhol’s work can be linked to such curricula areas as English, the expressive arts, health and wellbeing, social studies, citizenship and science.

A glossary at the end of the resource provides further information on key words, terms and people associated with Warhol and his related themes.

Cover image: Andy Warhol Self-Portrait 1978 B CONTENTS

What is ARTIST ROOMS? 03

Andy Warhol 04

1. BEGINNINGS 06

2. 09

3. IDENTITY AND IMAGE 11

4. MONEY 13

5. DEATH 15

6. TIME 17

7. BELIEF 19

Find out more 21

Glossary 23 WHAT IS ARTIST ROOMS?

ARTIST ROOMS is a collection of international contemporary art which has been created through one of the largest and most imaginative gifts of art ever made to museums in Britain. The gift was made by Anthony d’Offay, with the assistance of the National Heritage Memorial Fund, the Art Fund and the Scottish and British Governments, in 2008.

ARTIST ROOMS is jointly owned and managed by Tate and National Galleries of Scotland on behalf of the nation, and comprises over 1,100 artworks. The collection takes the form of major bodies of work by such artists as Diane Arbus, , Vija Celmins and . The guiding concept of ARTIST ROOMS is to show the work of individual artists in dedicated, monographic displays.

Anthony d’Offay’s vision for ARTIST ROOMS is that great works of art should be available to audiences everywhere in the country, and especially to young people. This idea developed from Anthony’s own discovery of art first as a child in Leicester and later as a student at Edinburgh University – experiences which shaped his life.

The collection is available to regional galleries and museums (ARTIST ROOMS’ ‘Associates’) throughout the UK, providing an unprecedented resource with a particular focus on inspiring young audiences.

03 ANDY WARHOL

Andy Warhol was born Andrew In the late Warhol started to Warhola on 6 August 1928 to devote more energy to painting. He Carpatho-Rusyn immigrants Andrej made his first Pop paintings, based on and in Pittsburgh, comics and advertisements, in 1961. The . Andy was the youngest of following year marked the beginning of three sons and raised a devout Byzantine Warhol’s celebrity. His first major solo Catholic; the family attended exhibition Campbell’s Soup Cans at the regularly and observed the traditions of , New York in 1962 caused their Eastern European heritage. Warhol a sensation in the art world. Shortly attended the nearby Holmes School and thereafter he began a large sequence of took free art classes at the Carnegie movie star portraits, including such figures Institute of Technology. In addition to as Monroe and . , movies enraptured Warhol also started his series of ‘death Andy and he frequented the local and disaster’ paintings at that time. cinema. When he was about nine years Between 1963 and 1968 Warhol old he received his first camera and worked with his ‘superstar’ performers became an avid photographer. and various other people to create Andrej Warhola recognised his hundreds of films. These films were son’s talent and saved money to both scripted and improvised, ranging pay for his college education before from conceptual experiments and he died in 1942. Warhol attended simple narratives to short portraits and the Carnegie Institute from 1945 to sexploitation features. They include 1949. He earned a Bachelor of Fine Empire (1964), The (1966), Arts degree in Pictorial Design with and the (1964– 6). the goal of becoming a commercial Warhol first exhibited his Brillo Boxes illustrator. During these years he worked at the , New York in the display department at Horne’s in his 1964 exhibition Warhol. For department store. this occasion, he premiered his new Soon after graduating, Warhol moved studio, painted silver and known as to to pursue a career as the ‘Factory’. It quickly became ‘the’ a commercial artist. His work debuted in place to be in New York: parties held Glamour magazine in September 1949. there were mentioned in gossip columns Warhol subsequently became one of the throughout the country. Warhol held most successful illustrators of the 1950s, court at Max’s Kansas City, a nightclub winning numerous awards. He had that was a popular hang-out among a unique, whimsical style of drawing artists and . By the mid- that belied its frequent sources: traced he was a frequent presence in photographs and other found imagery. magazines and the media.

04 Warhol expanded into the realm of with a traveling multimedia show called the Exploding Plastic Inevitable, which featured , a rock band. In 1966 he exhibited and Silver Clouds at the Gallery, New York. Warhol survived serious gunshot wounds in 1968 after the marginal Factory figure and radical feminist attempted to kill him at . One year later he launched the magazine Interview devoted to film, fashion and popular culture. He published his famous book

The Philosophy of Andy Warhol in Andy Warhol (1983) 1975. Much of the material for the book © Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation. Used by permission. was taken from taped conversations between Warhol and the Interview Warhol returned to painting with magazine editor and a brush for these artworks, briefly the Warhol superstar . abandoning the silkscreen method he Throughout the Warhol socialised had used exclusively since 1962. with celebrities and produced hundreds Warhol was a prolific artist, producing of portraits commissioned by wealthy numerous works throughout the 1970s socialites, musicians and film stars. and 1980s. His paintings, prints, Celebrity portraits developed into a photographs and drawings from significant aspect of his career and this period include Mao, Ladies and a main source of income. He was a Gentlemen, Skulls, Hammer and Sickles, regular partygoer at , the , Guns, Knives, , Dollar famous New York disco. Signs, Zeitgeist and Camouflage. In 1984 Warhol collaborated with the Warhol’s final two exhibitions were his young artists Jean-Michel Basquiat, series of paintings, shown and . in , and his stitched photographs, exhibited in New York. Both shows opened in January 1987, one month before his death.

05 BEGINNINGS

Andy Warhol left his home in Pittsburgh , NBC programmes, for New York in 1949 with the intention Vogue and Harper’s Bazaar. of becoming a commercial illustrator. Warhol won awards for his drawings He made drawings during the 1940s including the Art Director’s Club Gold and 1950s that were light-hearted and Medal. He also became an active often fantastical. Many of them used a book illustrator, producing privately ‘blotted-line’ technique, a rudimentary published books of drawings such as form of in which he A is an Alphabet and Love is a Pink would begin with a master drawing, Cake. He was in his element, enjoying made either by hand or traced from a huge commercial success. Warhol’s found image. From this he could make involvement with the world of fashion innumerable offset impressions by going during this prolific time reveals his over the lines in ink or watercolour and fascination with New York’s glamorous then pressing the wet drawing onto glitterati, a subject that would come to a clean sheet of paper to obtain a the forefront of his later work. reversed ‘printed’ image. The technique produced a spontaneous, expressive Head with Flowers (1958) is typical of end result. Warhol liked the way that the Warhol’s illustrative work. He would final drawing was at one remove from often hold ‘colouring parties’ either in his the original, and this method would be apartment or at his favourite New York the first of many to explore the creative café, Serendipity 3, when his friends and possibilities of repetition. acquaintances would be invited to add coloured inks to drawings like this one. On an earlier trip to New York in 1948 This collaborative, detached attitude Warhol had made the acquaintance towards his own artwork predates the of Tina Fredericks, the art editor of methods used in his legendary 1960s Glamour fashion magazine. In 1949 studio, the Factory, where he employed she bought one of Warhol’s drawings a number of different studio assistants and commissioned a suite of to make his work for him. Warhol illustrations. One commission led to realised that he was able to increase the another and within a relatively short commercial productivity of his artwork time Warhol was in high demand as an more rapidly by involving others in its illustrator for numerous prestigious clients creation. including the Conde Nast organisation,

06 Discussion of the same image quickly. Trace or draw an image free-hand on paper. At first glance Warhol’s early work Draw over the lines with a wet material seems quite different from the like ink or watercolour and blot them screenprints and paintings that have with a sheet of paper. See how many made him so famous today. What different times you can reproduce similarities can we see in technique the same image from your original and subject matter between these template in this way, using different early drawings and his most successful colours and materials. masterworks from the 1960s? Warhol also began to involve others in the Artist Link making of his work during this time. What questions does this raise about Like Warhol, the American artist originality? created many drawings on paper exploring expressive, Activity linear mark-making, but in a more abstract style. Find out more about Warhol’s blotted-line technique Cy Twombly: www.nationalgalleries. allowed him to create multiple versions org/artistrooms

Andy Warhol Happy Butterfly Day (1955)

07 CELEBRITY

From an early age Warhol was Niagara. His Marilyn infatuated with fame, fashion, celebrity Monroe (1962) is perhaps one of his and Hollywood. As a young boy living most iconic works and was exhibited in in Pittsburgh he found solace and his New York debut exhibition in 1962. escape in popular teen magazines and Two canvases are brought together, each tabloids and collected autographs from featuring 25 Marilyns printed in a grid film stars. Raised as a devout Catholic, pattern. These rows of repetitive heads Warhol transferred his family’s worship of suggest postage stamps, billboard posters religious icons to iconic photographs of or, perhaps more fittingly, film strips. Hollywood movie stars. One side of the diptych is vibrant and In the early 1960s, while living and bursting with energy, representing the working in New York, Warhol embarked star’s flamboyant public personality. on a series of portraits of such stars The other is monochrome and sombre, as Elizabeth Taylor, and the uneven application of ink causing Jackie Kennedy. He used photographic her face slowly to disappear. The two silkscreen printing to create his celebrity contrasting sides of this work encapsulate portraits, enabling him to reproduce the contrast between Marilyn’s artificial pre-existing images already in the public public persona on the left and the harsh eye, such as publicity shots or tabloid reality of her troubled private life on the photographs. The technique also allowed right. However, Warhol did not originally him to reproduce multiple versions and intend these two sides to be shown variants of prints with ease. together as a pair. According to the collector who bought the work directly When the film star died from Warhol, he presented them as two in 1962 Warhol almost immediately separate works: ‘[when] I said I thought embarked on a series of portraits of the they should be presented as a diptych, actress. His paintings and prints were Andy replied “gee whiz yes”.1 based on a photograph taken by Gene Kornman in 1953 to advertise the film

[1] See: http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/warhol-marilyn-diptych-t03093/text-catalogue-entry, accessed on 7 January 2015.

08 Andy Warhol Marilyn detail (1967) Tate, purchased 1971

09 Discussion caricatures, simplifying facial elements into their most distinctive and basic Warhol’s use of images from popular elements. Pick a strong image of a culture has made him one of the famous person and consider the ways most important contributors to the that you could use bold colours and movement. Much of his flat shapes to emphasize the most work has a flat, graphic quality important aspects of their face. similar to that found in the worlds of media and . How has Artist links Warhol managed to make his work go beyond advertisements and be Like Warhol, the American artist Jeff understood as fine art? Koons was inspired to create art from popular everyday items and images. Activity Find out more about : www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms Warhol’s celebrity portraits were powerful as they became almost like

Andy Warhol Marilyn Monroe (1962)

10 IMAGE AND IDENTITY

Warhol is now an American cultural Along with such artists as Van Gogh and icon, and images of his face are as Picasso, Warhol is considered one of the famous as the art he created. The art most prolific self-portraitists in the history dealer of the Leo Castelli of modern art. He often exaggerated, Gallery first suggested that Warhol transformed or disguised himself in should make his self-portrait. Karp said, his self-portraits so that they became ‘people want to see you. Your looks caricatures of his real face. Self-Portrait are responsible for a certain part of with Fright Wig (1986) is one of several your fame, they feed the imagination.’2 such portraits. Warhol’s ghostly, white Warhol understood the superficial nature head is isolated from his body by his of celebrity in American society, where dark clothing, making it appear almost images of public figures were created by to float against the dark background marketing companies to make money, like a skull. He wears a distinctive silver but in reality said little about the person wig which he used many times in his behind the mask. He would later succeed repertoire of disguises. The wig in creating a powerful public image for is wild and unkempt whilst his blankly himself – the Andy Warhol ‘brand’ – with staring eyes look straight ahead. This his trademark straight blonde hair and series of self-portraits was the last that dark glasses. Warhol completed before his death in 19 8 7. Warhol became a master at cultivating his own celebrity profile as his fame Warhol also frequently used art to grew, constantly documenting his daily explore his homosexual identity. He life through photography and film, much displayed a voyeuristic interest in the of which predates today’s social media male body throughout his career, from phenomenon. His most famous quote, his early line drawings of young men in included in the programme for a 1968 his Drawings for a Boy Book exhibition at exhibition of his work at the Moderna the Bodley Gallery, New York in 1956 to Museet in Stockholm, pre-empts today’s his portrait film of the poet , voyeuristic society: ‘In the future, Sleep (1963). Tongue in Ear (1980) is everyone will be world-famous for more graphic in content than his early 15 minutes’.3 drawings; by the 1980s was becoming more accepted in parts of America and Warhol’s artwork reflected this cultural shift.

[2] Ivan Karp, quoted in Carter Ratcliff, Andy Warhol, New York, 1983, p.52. [3] Warhol quoted in Joanne Mattern, Andy Warhol, Minnesota, 2005., p.7.

11 Discussion you could emphasise the most distinctive aspects of your own identity – through Consider the meaning of Warhol’s hairstyle, clothing, glasses or make-up most famous quote, ‘everyone will – to make a distinctive, iconic image. be world-famous for 15 minutes’, and how it applies in today’s society. Artist Link How did this turn out to be true? Like Warhol, the American artist Activity Charles Ray has used his own image to explore his identity Think about the ways that you through sculpture and performance. could create a series of self-portrait Find out more about Charles Ray: photographs. Explore the ways in which www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms

Andy Warhol Self-Portrait (1986) Tate, presented by Janet Wolfson de Botton 1996

[4] Andy Warhol, exhibition catalogue, Moderna Museet, Stockholm, 1968.

12 Andy Warhol Self-Portrait with Fright Wig (1986)

13 MONEY

Money was one of Warhol’s favourite In December 1961 Warhol allegedly paid subjects and he openly acknowledged the interior decorator and gallery owner his love for it. In his book The Philosophy Muriel Latow $50 for an iconic idea – to of Andy Warhol (From A to B and Back paint Campbell’s soup cans. According Again) (1975) he said, ‘I like money on to their mutual friend Ted Carey, Latow the wall. Say you were going to buy a had said, ‘you’ve got to find something $200,000 painting. I think you should that’s recognisable to almost everybody. take that money, tie it up, and hang it Something like a can of Campbell’s soup.’6 on the wall. Then when someone visited Warhol would go on to produce artworks you the first thing they would see is the depicting Campbell’s imagery throughout money on the wall.’5 Warhol was born his career, exploring their simple graphic into a poor family in industrial Pittsburgh designs as symbols of ordinary American and through hard work and determination life. His use of repetition and grid earned his way upwards into the high formations transformed these everyday society he had always idolised as a child. items into deadpan, minimalist artworks. He began his career as a commercial In 1985 Warhol was commissioned illustrator and realised early on the by Campbell’s Soup to create a series lucrative potential in making art. of paintings of their dry-mix soups. In 1962 he made the work 192 Dollar Campbell’s Soup Box (1985) presents Bills, featuring rows of printed dollar a chicken noodle package, combining bills silkscreened across the surface of photographic print with hand-drawn a canvas. In 1981 he returned to this elements. When Warhol produced the imagery and completed a set of drawings original Campbell’s paintings in the 1960s and paintings including Dollar Sign they were considered shocking statements (1981), one of the largest of this series. about the monotony of advertising. Twenty The image began as a marker pen-and- years later many critics felt this imagery ink drawing that was screen printed had lost its edge, and that Warhol onto a white canvas. In these works we had sold out. But Warhol maintained see money presented blatantly as-art-as- throughout his career that he ‘was always money, with no concealment behind any a commercial artist’.7 other subject matter.

[5] Andy Warhol, The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (From A to B and Back Again), New York, 1975, pp.133–4. [6] ibid., pp.133-4. [7] Quoted in ‘Interview between Paul Taylor and Andy Warhol’, , April 1987, Reproduced at http://www.warholstars.org/warhol/warhol1/warhol1n/last.html, accessed 3 May 2014.

14 Andy Warhol Dollar Sign (1981)

15 Discussion graphic, such as a commercial product’s packaging, by drawing, Unlike many artists before him, Warhol painting or printing it. How could you celebrated and promoted his ability change its original content to make it to make money from his art. He was into a work of art? also happy to buy or take ideas from other people. Why might other artists Artist Links not want to admit this about their work? Does it make his work any less The American artist Ed Ruscha has genuine? used familiar found graphics, logos and text in his work to explore the Activity ways in which ordinary American life can be transformed into art. Explore the ways in which you could Find out more about Ed Ruscha: reproduce an instantly recognisable www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms

Andy Warhol Campbell’s Soup Box (1985)

16 DEATH

Death was a major theme in Warhol’s of memento mori (‘remember you must work from the early 1960s right up until die’), and also in the ways that such his untimely death in 1987. Although his modern artists as Picasso had updated father died when he was 14, Warhol the motif. The bright, candy colours credited his interest in the subject to his jar with the strong tonal contrasts and friend , a curator at the deep, black eye sockets of the skull, a Metropolitan in reminder that death is a part of even the New York. In 1962, Geldzahler had said most colourful of lives. The shadow cast to Warhol, ‘That’s enough affirmation of by the skull resembles a baby’s profile, life … Maybe everything isn’t always so encapsulating birth and death in one fabulous in America. It’s time for some image. Whether this was intentional or death.’8 not is unknown as Warhol did not take the original photograph used for the Warhol went on to explore the subject print, but it seems unlikely that such a in a wide variety of guises. High profile stark contrast would have escaped his events like the sharp eye. and the assassination of John F. Kennedy were as interesting to him as such freak Warhol’s fears about his own mortality happenings as car crashes, suicides, riots were heightened in 1968 when he was and legal executions. Warhol’s images shot and critically injured by the radical of human or animal skulls present death American feminist Valerie Solanas. The as a universal subject. At the same time weapon depicted in Gun (1981) is similar he explored his own mortality through to the .22 snub-nosed pistol that she photographs, prints and paintings in used. Warhol here brings attention to an which he coupled his own image with an object which has become an American emblem of death. cultural icon. It is represented in a cold, impersonal manner, much as were In Skulls (1976) Warhol has repeated the consumer objects in his earlier artwork, same image six times. The photograph suggesting the emptiness of modern he used was bought in a Paris flea life as represented by its artefacts. He market in about 1975. He was interested also created a series of similar artworks in the historical use of skulls as a symbol featuring knives.

[8] Henry Geldzahler quoted in Eric Shanes, Warhol: The Life and Masterworks, , 1991., p.45

17 Andy Warhol Skulls (1976)

18 Discussion new way either to change or to add to its original meaning, such as by Warhol often used objects as symbols taking a dramatically lit photograph in his work to tell us something more of it, or drawing or painting it with about modern life. What does his Gun bright acid colours. tell us about American society? Is this image still relevant today? He also Artist links explored the hidden meanings within certain objects. How has he done this The British artist Damien Hirst has with his Skulls? frequently explored the fragile line between life and death through the Activity use of such non-traditional sculptural objects as dead animals and skeletons. Find an ordinary object which might Find out more about Damien Hirst: symbolise death in today’s culture. Think www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms about how you could recreate it in a

Andy Warhol Electric Chairs detail (1971) Tate, purchased 1982

19 TIME

One of Warhol’s obsessions was In 1970 Warhol famously withdrew time, and he spent much of his career all his films from circulation, limiting exploring ways of capturing its passing. critics and scholars to writing about In his photographs, prints and paintings them from memory, reviews and other he could freeze a moment in time and verbal accounts. Fourteen years later repeat it over and over again, while he donated all his original films to in his films he could both document New York’s Museum of Modern Art for and slow time down. In 1974 Warhol cataloguing with the Whitney Museum’s also preserved time in his series of Andy Warhol Film Project. He made autobiographical Time Capsules – 612 the poster The Films of Andy Warhol boxes filled with memorabilia collected (1988) for the exhibition that opened from his daily life, such as magazines, at the Museum of Modern Art in 1988 books, taxi receipts, photographs and showcasing his extensive film work. business files. As well as making films Warhol was an He was fascinated with mechanical avid photographer. In 1976, after being reproduction and told Time magazine given a camera as a gift, he began in 1963, ‘Paintings are too hard. The to document seemingly insignificant things I want to show are mechanical. aspects of his life. These range from Machines have less problems. I’d like to photographs of himself or his friends be a machine. Wouldn’t you?’9 to everyday abstractions like footprints in sand and on the streets. In Warhol produced nearly 650 films 1986 he developed a series of images between 1963 and 1968, including that became known as his stitched his Screen Tests or portrait films of photographs, created by sewing several celebrities and friends, silent movies, identical images together as in Self- and full-length feature films which he Portrait (1976–86). The threads used to hoped would break into Hollywood.10 join the photographs are left hanging, His films were experimental in nature lending them a makeshift quality. Like his and were driven by his desire to capture early screen prints they are arranged in the ordinary experience of living. He a repetitive grid formation. Warhol sits said, ‘What I liked was chunks of time here in a dramatically-lit setting, wearing all together, every real moment’. His his recognisable silver ‘fright’ wig. films are now recognised as radical explorations that went beyond the frontiers of conventional cinema.

[9] Eric Shanes, Warhol: The Life and Masterworks, London, 1991.p.42. [10] Andy Warhol and Pat Hackett, : The Warhol Sixties, New York, 1990, p.59.

20 Discussion own life as a work of art, to preserve an important moment in time. This could Warhol spent much of his time mean dressing up for a photograph or documenting his own life through self- making a short film of someone close portrait photographs and films of his to you. friends presented as artwork. By doing this he created a public persona. In Artist links what ways do we create the same kind of public personas in our own lives? The American photographer Francesca Does this always give us an insight into Woodman also sought to capture the real person behind the ‘mask’? the fleeting and fragile passing of time by photographing her own Activity body moving through space. Find out more about Francesca Woodman: Think of the ways in which you could www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms digitally document an aspect of your

Andy Warhol Self-Portrait (1976 - 86) 21 BELIEF

Warhol was raised as a Byzantine exhibition opened in 1987 in Milan Catholic, attending a church in just across the Piazza from Santa Pittsburgh with his family regularly as a Maria delle Grazie which houses boy. As an adult he continued to attend Leonardo’s original masterwork. This a Catholic church almost every Sunday was to be Warhol’s last important public of his life, although he kept this aspect appearance as a media superstar, with of his life very private, rarely speaking over 3,000 people in attendance and a about it in public. He did however resultant media mobbing. discuss the topic coyly in an interview In around 1985–6 Warhol was also with Lee Radziwill on 2 February working on a series called Ads and 1975, published in the March issue of Illustrations, which were based on Interview magazine. He simply said, ‘I black-and-white newspaper clippings. think it’s really pretty to go to church. He traced original advertisements by The church I go to is a pretty church. hand before transforming them into They have so many masses.’11 One of screen prints, a process that allowed Warhol’s closest friends John Richardson for a looser, graphic quality closer to wrote in a eulogy to Warhol after his that of a woodcut. Many of these works death, ‘The knowledge of [his] secret explored evangelical declarations piety inevitably changes our perception such as Repent and Sin No More! of an artist who fooled the world into (1985–6) and Heaven and Hell Are believing that his only obsessions were Just One Breath Away (1985–6). The money, fame [and] glamour’.12 statements in these artworks suggest that It was only in the last 10 years of redemption is available for those who Warhol’s life that religion became seek it, much like church posters calling an important subject in his work. The for new members. They were never last series created before he died shown during Warhol’s lifetime, further was a group of paintings, prints and exemplifying the private nature of his drawings based on ’s religious beliefs. Last Supper (1495–8). The resulting

[11] Originally printed in Interview magazine, March 1975, vol.5, no.3, as part of an interview by Lee Radziwell of Andy Warhol with Fred Hughes, as cited in ‘Andy Warhol Chronology: Andy Warhol Goes to Church’, http://www.warholstars.org/chron/warholchurch.html, accessed January 2015. [12] Taken from a speech, ‘Eulogy for Andy Warhol’, delivered by Johon Richardson during Warhol’s memorial service in 1987 as quoted in Dillenberger 1998.

22 Discussion Find a statement that means something personal to you and think of how you Warhol kept his interest in religion very could use a certain type of text to turn private and it only became more widely it into a work of art through a bold recognised after he died. Does this graphic or hand-drawn font style. change our understanding of him as an artist? In what way? Why might he Artist links have felt the need to keep this part of his life so hidden? The British artists Gilbert & George have exploited religious imagery in kitsch and Activity ironic ways, including images of crosses, churches and people praying in their Text has been used by many artists to dramatic, large-format art works. convey powerful messages, including Find out more about Gilbert & George: religious ones like Andy Warhol’s. www.nationalgalleries.org/artistrooms

Andy Warhol Repent and Sin No More! (1985– 6)

23 FIND OUT MORE

Websites Further Reading , The Life and Death http://www.warhol.org/ of Andy Warhol, London, 1989. ARTIST ROOMS: Daniel Bourdon, Warhol, http://www.nationalgalleries.org/ New York, 1989. collection/artist-rooms/ , Andy Warhol, http://www.tate.org.uk/artist-rooms London, 1970. http://www.artistrooms.org/ Jane Daggett Dillenberger, The Religious Art of Andy Warhol, New York, 1998. ARTIST ROOMS on Tour: http://www.artfund.org/what-to-see/ Donna M. Di Salvo (ed.), Success Is artistrooms a Job in New York: The Early Art and Business of Andy Warhol, exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York , Pittsburgh and http://www.metmuseum.org/collections Grey Art Gallery, New York, 1989. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Jennifer Doyle and others, Pop Out: http://www.mfa.org/collections Queer Andy, Durham and London, 1996. Museum of Modern Art, New York http://www.moma.org/explore/ Frayda Feldman and Jörg Schellmann collection/index (eds), Andy Warhol Prints. A Catalogue Raisonné 1962–1987, New York, 2003. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/ Mark Francis and Margery King (eds), Collection.html The Warhol Look: Glamour, Style, Fashion, exh. cat., Whitney Museum National Gallery of Australia of American Art, New York, 1997. http://nga.gov.au/Collections/ George Frei and Neil Printz (eds), Digital Resources The Andy Warhol Catalogue Art Lives: Andy Warhol, Kim Evans (dir.) Raisonné, Volume 1, Paintings and 1987/2008, Illuminations. Sculptures 1961–1963, New York Superstar: The Life and Times of Andy and London, 2002. Warhol, Chuck Workman (dir.) 1990, George Frei and Neil Printz (eds), Exempt. The Andy Warhol Catalogue Andy Warhol’s Factory People, Raisonné, Volume 2, Paintings and Catherine O’Sullivan Shorr (dir.) 2008, Sculptures 1964–1969, New York Planet Group Entertainment. and London, 2004.

24 Pat Hackett (ed.), The Andy Warhol Carter Ratcliff, Andy Warhol, Diaries, New York, 1989. New York, 1983. Keith Hartley, Andy Warhol: A Eric Shanes, Warhol: The Life and Celebration of Life and Death, exh. Masterworks, London, 1991. cat., National Galleries of Scotland, Patrick S. Smith, Warhol: Conversations Edinburgh, 2007. about the Artist, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Gary Garrels (ed.), The Work of Andy 1988. Warhol, Seattle, 1989. and Lynne Tillman, The Kenneth Goldsmith (ed.), I’ll be Your Velvet Years: Warhol’s Factory 19 6 5 – 6 7, Mirror: The Selected Andy Warhol London, 1995. Interviews, 1962–1987, New York, Andy Warhol, America, 2004. New York, 1985. Colin MacCabe, Mark Francis and Peter Andy Warhol, Andy Warhol’s Exposures, Wollen (eds), Who Is Andy Warhol?, New York, 1979. London and Pittsburgh, 1997. Andy Warhol, The Philosophy of Andy Kynaston McShine, Andy Warhol: A Warhol (From A to B and Back Again), Retrospective, exh. cat., Museum of New York, 1975. Modern Art, New York, 1989. Andy Warhol and Pat Hackett, Andy Joanne Mattern, Andy Warhol, Warhol’s Party Book, New York, 1988. Minnesota, 2005. Andy Warhol and Pat Hackett, Popism: Eva Meyer-Hermann (ed.), Andy Warhol: The Warhol Sixties, New York, 1990. A Guide to 706 Items in 2 Hours 56 Minutes: Other Voices Other Rooms, exh. cat., Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam and Moderna Museet, Stockholm, 2007.

All works: © The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc./ARS, NY and DACS, London 2015 ARTIST ROOMS National Galleries of Scotland and Tate. Unless otherwise stated: Acquired jointly through The d’Offay Donation with assistance from the National Heritage Memorial Fund and the Art Fund 2008.

Produced by Christopher Ganley and Rosie Lesso Designed by ur studio Special thanks to Anthony d’Offay, Marie-Louise Laband, Ben Eastham and Clare Jane Morris

25 GLOSSARY

JEAN-MICHEL BASQUIAT Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, An American artist (1960–88) Serbia and Croatia officially recognise associated with Neo-Expressionism who contemporary Carpatho-Rusyns as an collaborated with Warhol in the mid- ethnic minority. 1980s. The exhibition Warhol/Basquiat: Paintings at the Gallery, BOB COLACELLO New York in 1985 showcased 16 of An American writer (born 1947) who their collaborative paintings. was the editor of Interview magazine during 1970–82. Colacello was BRIGID BERLIN directly involved in all aspects of life An American artist and former Warhol and business at the Factory, Warhol’s superstar (born 1939) Berlin was a key infamous studio. Warhol suggested member of Warhol’s entourage and that Colacello change his name to Bob starred in a number of his films including Cola, in order to sound more ‘pop’. Chelsea Girls (1966) and Lonesome Cowboy (1967). She also worked for DIPTYCH Warhol’s Interview magazine. Traditionally in art a diptych is a work comprising two painted or carved BYZANTINE CATHOLIC CHURCH panels that are attached at a central The Byzantine Catholic Church is one hinge. The diptych was a common of the Eastern Catholic Churches that format in Flemish painting and depicted developed as the Catholic faith spread subjects ranging from secular portraiture to the various cultures of the world. to religious personages and stories. Its rites were established in the city of More recently diptychs in art have not Byzantium (current-day Istanbul) as it necessarily been physically attached. was renamed Constantinople by the An example of Warhol’s diptychs in the Roman Emperor Constantine in the ARTIST ROOMS collection is Are you fourth century A.D. Different? (1985–6). The collection also includes the four-part painting (known FRANCESCO CLEMENTE as quadriptych) Camouflage (1986). An Italian artist (born 1952) often associated with Neo-Expressionism. He THE EXPLODING PLASTIC worked on collaborative projects with INEVITABLE Jean-Michel Basquiat and Andy Warhol A touring series of multimedia events during the mid-1980s in New York. organised by Andy Warhol between 1966 and 1967, featuring musical CARPATHO-RUSYN performances by the Velvet Underground A primarily diasporic ethnic group and , screenings of Warhol’s films, who speak an Eastern Slavic language and dancing and other performances known as Rusyn. Today, , by regulars of Warhol’s Factory.

26 THE FACTORY MAX’S KANSAS CITY Warhol’s New York City studio, which A nightclub and restaurant at 213 Park had three different locations between Avenue South, New York that became 1962 and 1984. The original Factory a gathering spot for musicians, poets, was on the fifth floor at 231 East 47th artists and politicians during the 1960s Street in midtown . The and 1970s. It opened in 1965 and Factory was a celebrated party venue closed in 1981. In 1968 Warhol moved and hang-out for artists, musicians the Factory to a venue across the street and . It was also from the club and it became his home- a functioning studio where Warhol’s away-from-home. assistants would make silkscreens and lithographs under his direction. MARILYN MONROE An American actress and model (1926– TINA S. FREDERICKS 62) who became a major sex symbol, The American art director of starring in a number of successful films Glamour magazine (born 1928) who during the 1950s and early 1960s. commissioned Warhol to illustrate a In the four months following Monroe’s group of articles focusing on success death Warhol made more than 20 with such titles as ‘Success is a Flying silkscreen paintings of her, all based on Start’, ‘Success is a Career at Home’, the same publicity photograph from the ‘Success is a Family Affair’ and ‘Success 1953 film Niagara. is a Working Marriage’. HENRY GELDZAHLER The Spanish artist (1881–1973) who is An American curator (1935–94) best regarded as one of the greatest and known for his work at the Metropolitan most influential artists of the twentieth Museum of Art. He had a number of century. Picasso was, like Warhol, a close relationships with contemporary prolific artist and produced work as a artists including Warhol and figured as painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, the sole character in a feature-length stage designer, poet and playwright. film by Warhol in which he did nothing more than smoke a cigar. POP ART An that emerged in the KEITH HARING mid-1950s in Britain and in the late An American artist (1958–90) best 1950s in the USA. Pop Art presented known for his graffiti-inspired drawings. a challenge to the traditions of fine art Together Haring and Warhol painted by including found imagery from such several canvases that featured headlines popular culture sources as advertising about their friend, the singer , and the news. In 1962 Warhol’s work in the mid-1980s. was included in the exhibition New Painting of Common Objects, the first Pop in America.

27 ELIZABETH TAYLOR A printing process that involves using a A British-American actress (1932–2011) meshed stencil to apply ink onto a wide who was a child star during the 1930s range of objects and materials, such as and 1940s and later became one of t-shirts, posters, stickers, vinyl and wood. the great screen stars of Hollywood’s Warhol produced numerous works using . Warhol first painted her this technique and the rapidity of his portrait in 1963 when she was at the output is partially attributed to the speed height of her career. At that time she of the process. was also severely ill with pneumonia.

SERENDIPITY 3 TIME CAPSULES A restaurant located at 225 East 60th Warhol began filling, sealing and Street, between Second and Third sending containers into storage in Avenues in New York. Founded in 1974. These boxes – known as his Time 1954, the restaurant was Warhol’s Capsules – were his way of managing favourite and he drew and sold many of the bewildering quantity of material his early drawings there. that routinely passed through his life. The Capsules contain photographs, VALERIE SOLANAS newspapers and magazines, fan letters, An American Feminist writer (1936–88) business and personal correspondence, who attempted to assassinate Warhol artwork, source images for artwork, in 1968. Solanas met Warhol in 1967, books, exhibition catalogues and the same year that she published her telephone messages. The 612 containers SCUM Manifesto and had a part in are held at The Andy Warhol Museum, his film I, a Man (1967). Solanas shot Pittsburgh. Warhol and the art critic Mario Amaya at the Factory and was arrested the day VINCENT VAN GOGH after the assault. Following the shooting, A Dutch painter (1853–90) associated the Factory scene became much more with post-Impressionism who had a far- tightly controlled. reaching influence on twentieth-century art. Van Gogh was, like Warhol, a STUDIO 54 prolific artist and his self-portraits are A popular New York nightclub from among some of his most famous works. 1977 until 1981. A sophisticated, groundbreaking multi-media visual THE VELVET UNDERGROUND extravaganza, it was known as the An American rock band, active between most famous nightclub of all time. 1964 and 1973, formed in New Warhol was among the famous York by and . regulars, which also included Michael Warhol became the band’s manager Jackson, , , in 1965 and it later became part of Cher and . his multimedia roadshow, Exploding Plastic Inevitable.

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