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DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES OF THE UNION POLICY DEPARTMENT Haiti COUNTRY BRIEFING 2012 Abstract On 12 January 2010, an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale struck Haiti for 35 seconds. Today, two years after the earthquake, Haiti is still struggling to overcome the impact of the disaster, which claimed the lives of more than 220 000 people and displaced a fifth of the country's total population of 9.9 million. The international response has been commensurate with the scale of the disaster: a United Nations Donor's Conference held on 31 March 2010 drew pledges of USD 10 billion. But reconstruction has been painfully slow and more than 550 000 people still live in overcrowded camps scattered across Port au Prince. By December 2011, the cholera outbreak that was declared in October 2010 had killed more than 7 000 people, making it one of the world largest epidemics recorded in the region in over a century. After a contested election process, Michel Martelly was elected president of the country in March 2011. Following five months of political crisis between the newly elected president and the National Assembly, Gary Conille was finally appointed Prime Minister on 18 October 2011. It is widely hoped that his appointment will accelerate the reconstruction process. FOR EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT INTERNAL USE ONLY! This Country Briefing was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Budgetary Control (CONT) DG EXPO/B/PolDep/Note/2012_4 February 2012 EN Policy Department DG External Policies AUTHOR: Valerie Ramet (based from the 2010 version of the country briefing) Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union Policy Department WIB 06 M 053 rue Wiertz 60 B-1047 Brussels Feedback to [email protected] Editorial Assistant: Sabine HOFFMANN LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE EDITOR Manuscript completed on 6 February 2012. © European Parliament, 2012 Printed in Belgium This Country Briefing is available on the Intranet of the Policy Department of the Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union: Regions and countries or Policy Areas This Country Briefing is also available in the catalogue of the European Parliament's Library. To obtain copies, please send a request by e-mail to: [email protected] DISCLAIMER Any opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. 2 Country Briefing 2012: Haiti TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 KEY DATA 5 2 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND 8 2.1 SHORT HISTORICAL BACKGROUND..................................................................................................8 2.2 THE CONTROVERSIAL PRESIDENTIAL AND LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS.................................8 2.3 THE CURRENT POLITICAL CHALLENGES .........................................................................................9 2.4 SOME SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DATA.............................................................................................9 3 THE RECONSTRUCTION PROCESS 10 3.1 THE POST DISASTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT (PDNA).................................................................. 10 3.1.1 Impact 10 3.1.2 Damage, losses and requirements 11 3.2 INTERNATIONAL AND EU RESPONSE ........................................................................................... 11 3.3 IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES.................................................................................................... 13 4 ANNEX 1 15 3 Policy Department DG External Policies MAP OF HAITI 4 Country Briefing 2012: Haiti 1 KEY DATA Official name: Republic of Haiti Data Source Population 9 993 247 (2010) World Bank Land area 27.560sq km World Bank Main towns and Port-au-Prince: 2 100 000 EIU Haiti country Report 1st May 2010 population Cap-Haïtien: 145 000 Gonaïves: 120 000 Les Cayes: 90 000 Climate Tropical EIU Haiti country Report 1st May 2010 Weather in Port-au- Hottest month, July, 23-34°C EIU Haiti country Report 1st May 2010 Prince (altitude 37 (average daily minimum and metres) maximum); coldest month, January, 20-31°C; driest months: December and January, 33 mm average rainfall; wettest month: May, 231 mm average rainfall Languages Creole and French EIU Haiti country Report 1st May 2010 Currency 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes. An EIU Haiti country Report 1st May 2010 officially fixed rate of G5: US$1 was abandoned in favour of a free- market exchange rate in 1991. Average exchange rate in 2009: G41.2:US$1; exchange rate on April 5th 2010: G39.5:US$1 Main Religion (and Roman Catholic, 65%; other Europa World Plus other) Christian religions; and over half of the population practice Voodoo (vodou). Measures Metric system EIU Haiti country Report 1st May 2010 Time 5 hours behind GMT EIU Haiti country Report 1st May 2010 GDP (based on 1,329.11(2012 estimate) International Monetary Fund purchasing-power- World Economic Outlook Database parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Current international dollar) Human Development 158 (out of 186 countries) UNDP-Human Development Report rank 2011 Corruption rank 175 (out of 180 countries) Transparency International: 2011 Corruption Perception Index 'Ease of Doing Business' 174 (out of 183 countries) World Bank 2012 rank Press Freedom rank 52 (out of 179) Reporters without Borders: The Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2012 5 Policy Department DG External Policies FORM OF GOVERNMENT The president, elected for a five-year term, chooses the prime minister from the largest party in the National Assembly; these two then appoint the cabinet, subject to approval by the National Assembly. The Assembly comprises a 99-member Chamber of Deputies (the lower house) and a 30-member Senate (the upper house), which is elected for six-year terms in staggered elections, with one third of seats contested every two years. HEAD OF STATE Michel Martelly was elected president with 67,57% of the votes (first round of the presidential elections: 28 November 2010; second round: 20 March 2011) LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS The most recent elections for the Chamber of Deputies and for one third of Senate seat took place on 28 November 2010 and 20 March 2011. Composition of the Chamber of deputies (99 seats): INITE (46 seats), LAVNI (8 seats), Ayiti An Aksyon (8 seats), Alternativ (7), Ansanm Nou Fo (5), A number of small parties took the remaining seats: Repons Peyizan, KONBIT, Plateforme Liberation, Rasemble, Pont, etc. Composition of the Senate : A total of 10 seats were contested in the latest legislative elections. INITE won 6 of these seats and Alternativ 4. The composition of the Senate is as follows: INITE (15), Alternativ (4), Fusion des Sociaux-Démocrates Haïtiens (3) The remaining seats are taken by small parties: Ayiti an Aksyon, KONBA, PONT, "Organisation du Peuple en lutte" and La Fanmi Lavalas. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT Prime Minister Garry CONILLE (since 18 October 2011) 6 Country Briefing 2012: Haiti Composition of the Government1 Thierry MAYARD-PAUL Minister of Interior, Territorial Collectivities and National Defense Pierre Michel BRUNACHE Minister of Justice and Public Security Laurent LAMOTHE Minister of Foreign Affairs Stéphane Balmis VILLEDROUIN Minister of Tourism Jude Hervey DAY Minister of Planning and External Cooperation Hébert DOCTEUR Minister of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development Pierre Raymond DUMAS Minister of Culture and Communication André Lemercier GEORGES Minister of Economy and Finance Florence D. GUILLAUME Minister of Public Health and Population François Richel LAFAILLE Minister of Social Affairs Wilson LALEAU Minister of Commerce and Industry Marie Yanick MÉZILE Minister of the Rights of Women Réginald PAUL Minister of National Education Jean Roosevelt RENE Minister of Youth, Sport and Civic Action Jacques ROUSSEAU Minister of Transport, Communication and Energy Joseph Ronald TOUSSAINT Minister of Environment Daniel SUPPLICE Minister of Haitians living abroad Ralph Ricardo THEANO Minister in charge with Relations with Parliament 1 Website of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Haiti (http://www.primature.gouv.ht/index.htm) 7 Policy Department DG External Policies 2 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND 2 2.1 Short historical background Political turmoil, often accompanied by violence, has been the rule rather than the exception ever since the country's inception. Jean Bertrand Aristide was Haiti's first democratically elected president after the Duvaliers' regime, which lasted from 1950 to 1971 (Duvalier father) and from 1971 to the uprising in 1986 (Duvalier son). After a succession of military coups, the first democratic elections under international observation were organised in December 1990. Jean Bertrand Aristide was briefly in power before being ousted of power by a military coup in September 1991. Following a US military intervention in September 1994, Jean Bertrand Aristide was reinstated as president. New presidential elections organised in 1996 led to the victory of René Préval before the re-election of Aristide in February 2001. As the country entered a new period of chaos, President Aristide resigned and fled the country in February 2004 after being accused of corruption and drug trafficking. Following several years of instability, René Préval was elected president for a second mandate in February 2006. When the earthquake hit the country in January 2010, decades of poverty, environmental degradation, lack of public investment, violence and political instability had already made Haiti the poorest country in the Western hemisphere.
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