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Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Home Country of Origin Information Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) are research reports on country conditions. They are requested by IRB decision makers. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIR. Earlier RIR may be found on the European Country of Origin Information Network website. Please note that some RIR have attachments which are not electronically accessible here. To obtain a copy of an attachment, please e-mail us. Related Links • Advanced search help 14 July 2020 HTI200290.E Haiti: The political situation, including presidential, legislative and municipal elections; active political parties (2015-July 2020) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 1. Political Situation 1.1 Composition of Institutions According to sources, Haiti's parliament is a bicameral body which consists of • an upper house comprising a 30-member Senate (Sénat), or three senators representing each department, who are elected for six-year terms in staggered elections, with one-third of the seats being contested every two years; and • a lower house, comprised of the 119-member Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés) (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 13-14; Political Handbook of the World 2019, 27-28), elected for four-year terms (Political Handbook of the World 2019, 28). According to the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), an international non-profit organization that promotes democracy and provides information related to elections around the world (IFES n.d.a), the Provisional Electoral Council (Conseil électoral provisoire, CEP) is Haiti's electoral management body (IFES n.d.b). The Bertelsmann Stiftung Transformation Index (BTI) 2020, which "assesses the transformation toward democracy and a market economy as well as the quality of governance in 137 countries," notes that, as of 2019, President Jovenel Moïse "has not formally established a Permanent Electoral Council" (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 2, 13). 1.2 Recent Elections According to sources, national elections [legislative, municipal, and presidential (US 11 Mar. 2020, 15)] took place in 2016 (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 5; Political Handbook of the World 2019, 12; US 11 Mar. 2020, 1, 15), on 20 November (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 5; Political Handbook of the World 2019, 12). According to the BTI 2020, the previous president, Michel Martelly, was "unable to organize parliamentary and presidential elections for an orderly transfer of power …[and] was forced to relinquish power to a provisional government on February 7, 2016" (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 5). The same source indicates that Jocelerme Privert became interim president, but the government was unable to hold presidential and parliamentary elections within the mandated three months (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 5). The Political Handbook of the World 2018-2019 describes the events surrounding the legislative elections as follows: The first round of parliamentary elections began on August 9, 2015. However, fraud and technical issues led balloting to be annulled in 22 constituencies. Runoff voting was held on October 25, while reruns of the 22 cancelled constituencies were to be held in April 2016. That balloting was postponed to October 9, 2016, and then postponed again because of Hurricane Matthew …. The first round of the postponed balloting was conducted on November 20, with runoff voting scheduled for January 29, 2017. Results from all of the balloting through November 2016 put the newly formed, pro- Martelly Haitian Party Tèt Kale (Parti Haïtien Tèt Kale—PHTK) in first with 31 deputies and 5 senators, followed by Truth (Verite), 17 and 3; and the OPL, 9, and 1. (Political Handbook of the World 2019, 12, italics in original) Sources indicate that Jovenel Moïse was elected as president ["for a five-year term" (US 11 Mar. 2020, 1)], and that he took office in February 2017 [7 February 2017 (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 5)] (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 5; US 11 Mar. 2020, 1). According to the BTI 2020, Jovenel Moïse won with 55 percent of the vote, but that a turnout rate of 21 percent "seriously affected the legitimacy of the new president" (Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020, 5). The Political Handbook of the World 2018-2019 describes the events surrounding the presidential elections as follows: [O]n October 25, 2015, the first round of presidential balloting was held. Jovenal MOÏSE (PHTK) was first with 32.8 percent of the vote, followed by Jude Célestin, now with the Alternative League for Haitian Progress and Empowerment (Ligue Alternative pour le Progrès et L'Emancipation Haitienne—LAPEH), with 25.3 percent of the vote, among 56 candidates. Since no candidate secured more than 50 percent of the vote, a runoff was scheduled for December 27. The results were denounced by various political parties, and widespread violent demonstrations occurred. On December 22, the runoff was postponed. On January 1, 2016, Martelly announced that the runoff would be scheduled for January 17. Continuing protests and escalating violence led to repeated additional postponements. Meanwhile, Martelly's term ended on February 7, and he left office. Jocelerme PRIVERT, the president of the Senate, was elected by Parliament on February 14 to serve as acting president until new elections were held. Eventually, October 9 was set as the date for the second round of presidential balloting to coincide with legislative elections. However, Hurricane Matthew caused the polling to be once again delayed. In voting on November 20, Moïse secured 55.7 percent of the vote, followed by Célestin, with 19.5 percent, and 25 other candidates according to preliminary results. Losing candidates protested the balloting, and some demonstrations continued. The election commission certified the results on November 27, and the courts rejected a series of suits filed by opposition candidates. Moïse was inaugurated on February 7, 2017. He named Jack Guy LAFONTANT, a physician and political neophyte who belonged to the small Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti (Mouvement Démocratique de Liberation d'Haïti—MODELH), as prime minister on February 23. A new government was sworn in on March 12. (Political Handbook of the World 2019, 12-13, italics and uppercase in original) 1.3 Electoral Results According to the IFES, on 9 August 2015, Haitian legislative elections were to elect two-thirds of the 30-member Senate and all 119 members of the Chamber of Deputies (IFES 6 Aug. 2015, 1). The same source indicated that on 25 October 2015, Haiti would hold presidential, second-round legislative and municipal elections, as well as, in 24 constituencies, reruns of the first-round legislative elections held on 9 August 2015 (IFES 23 Oct. 2015, 1). The same source also stated that on 20 November, elections would be held for the President, 16 representatives to the Senate and 52 representatives to the Chamber of Deputies (IFES 20 Nov. 2016). On 29 January 2017, the IFES indicated that elections would be held for 8 senators in a second-round election, 1 deputy to the lower chamber, 3,032 members for the 570 Administrations of Communal Sections (Assemblées de sections communales, ASEC), 1,170 members of the 570 Boards of Directors of Communal Sections (Conseils d'administration de sections communales, CASEC), and 785 city delegates (delegués de ville, DV) to the 140 communes (IFES 27 Jan. 2017, 1). An article on HaïtiLibre, a Haitian news website, provides a list, released by the CEP on 13 May 2015, of persons eligible to participate in legislative elections, including 186 for the Senate and 1,329 for the Chamber of Deputies (HaïtiLibre 15 May 2015). In August 2016, the same source published another list of additional approved candidates to participate in the elections for the Senate (HaïtiLibre 10 Aug. 2016). HaïtiLibre, in its electoral coverage, further provided the following results: • The first round of legislative elections on 9 August 2015 resulted in the election of two senators and eight deputies (HaïtiLibre 28 Sept. 2015); • The second round of legislative elections on 25 October 2015 resulted in the election of twelve senators (HaïtiLibre 19 Dec. 2015a) and eighty-four deputies (HaïtiLibre 19 Dec. 2015b); • On 20 November 2016, elections were held for the first round of one- third of senate seats, of which two senators were elected on the first ballot, and for complementary legislative elections, of which six senators and twenty-four deputies were elected (HaïtiLibre 5 Dec. 2016); and • On 29 January 2017, the second-round elections for one-third of senate seats resulted in the election of five senators (HaïtiLibre 9 Feb. 2017). According to the CEP, the results of the presidential elections of 20 November 2016, for candidates that received more than 1 percent of the vote, were as follows: • Jovenel Moïse (PHTK): 55.6 percent of the vote; • Jude Célestin (LAPEH): 19.57 percent; • Jean-Charles Moïse (Pitit Dessalines): 11.04 percent; and • Maryse Narcisse (Fanmi Lavalas): 9.01 percent (Haiti 3 Jan. 2017). An article by Radio France internationale (RFI) indicates that after the polling on 25 October 2015, the PHTK won 36 of 140 communes, with new mayors coming from 30 different parties (RFI 18 Nov. 2015). HaïtiLibre indicates that the CEP proclaimed the final results of the elections of local authorities for the ASEC, the CASEC, and the city delegates in April 2017 (HaïtiLibre 21 Apr. 2017). 1.4 2018-2020 According to the Political Handbook of the World 2018-2019, Prime Minister LaFontant resigned on 14 July 2018 after massive protests leading to civil unrest began across Haiti due to the announcement of a reduction in fuel subsidies (Political Handbook of the World 2019, 13). The same source indicates that he was replaced by Jean-Henry Céant on August 5, with the new cabinet confirmed by the legislature on September 15-16 (Political Handbook of the World 2019, 13). Antigovernment protests continued throughout 2019 (Freedom House 4 Mar.
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