WHAT DID WE LEARN? the Shelter Response and Housing Recovery in the First Two Years After the 2010 Haiti Earthquake

The Shelter Response and Housing Recovery in the First Two Years After the 2010 Haiti Earthquake WHAT DID WE LEARN? The Shelter Response and Housing Recovery in the First Two Years after the 2010 Haiti Earthquake The Shelter Response and Housing Recovery in the First Two Years After the 2010 Haiti Earthquake WHAT DID WE LEARN? © 2016 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202- 522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. Photo credit, front cover: United Nations Development Programme, Logan Abassi, permission under Creative Commons. Photo credit, back cover: UN Office for Project Services, Claude Nadon. Report design: ULTRAdesigns, Inc. Table of Contents Foreword �� vii Preface ��viii Acknowledgments �� ix Acronyms �� xi Executive Summary ��xiii I. Introduction A. Purpose of the Report �� 1 B. Development of the Report �� 2 C. First 24-Month Timeline �� 2 II. Overview of the Haiti Earthquake Shelter and Housing Response A. The Context of the Earthquake Event �� 5 B. Recovery and Reconstruction Policies and Goals �� 15 III. Analysis of the Shelter and Housing Effort A. The Shelter Response �� 27 B. The Housing Response ��45 C. Risk Reduction in Post-Disaster Reconstruction ��65 D. Land and Urban Development Issues ��79 E. Recovery and Reconstruction Finance ��97 Appendix 1� Excerpts from the Haiti PNDA ��115 Appendix 2� Larger Housing-Related Projects including Permanent Housing Commitments ��117 IV. Conclusions A. Summary of Findings ��121 B. Recommendations from the First Two Years of Response and Recovery in Haiti �� 129 C. Final Questions �� 135 ANNEXES ANNEX I: Haiti Housing Recovery Case Studies Case Study 1: Katye Neighborhood Upgrading and Recovery Program in Port-au-Prince �� 141 Case Study 2: Experience with Rental Assistance Programming �� 147 Case Study 3: The Canaan Settlement in Croix-des-Bouquets ��151 Case Study 4: The Rehabilitation of 16 Neighborhoods and Voluntary Return of Residents from six Camps Project �� 155 Case Study 5: The Logement-Quartiers (Housing-Neighborhoods) Working Group ��160 Case Study 6: Haut Damier New Settlement Project in Cabaret �� 162 Case Study 7: Urban Neighborhood Upgrading Projects PRODEPUR and PREKAD ��164 Case Study 8: Santo Development Project in Léogâne ��168 Case Study 9: Simon Pelé Project in Port-au-Prince ��171 Annex II: Haiti Shelter and Housing Timeline ��175 Bibliography �� 181 List of Tables Table 1: Average Annual Disbursement of ODA by Top 10 Bilateral and Multilatera Donors, 2009-2013 and 2007-2008 ��13 Table 2� Haiti Earthquake PDNA: Summary of Recovery and Reconstruction Requirements Years 1–3, in US$ ��18 Table 3� Summary of Original and Revised Requirements, Emergency Flash Appeal 2010, and Consolidated Humanitarian Appeal 2011 (US$ million) �� 30 Table 4� Building Conditions by Category and Building Type ��47 Table 5� Building Condition by Unit Type ��47 Table 6� Reports of T-shelter, Housing Repairs, Retrofits, and New Construction, and Rent Subsidies ��60 Table 7� Types and Impacts of Natural Disasters in Haiti since the Eighteenth Century ��67 Table 8� Criteria for Mitigation Based on Zoning.............................................................................74 Table 9� Damage and Losses for Housing and Community Infrastructure (in US$ million) �� 99 Table 10� IHRC Estimates of Funding Needs for Housing and Neighborhood Reconstruction ��101 iv List of Figures Figure 1� Map of Haiti and Its Environs��6 Figure 2� Topographic Map of Haiti ��10 Figure 3: Composition of Official Development Assistance to Haiti, All Donors, 2005-2012, in millions of USD �� 12 Figure 4: Humanitarian, Peacekeeping and Development Aid 2000-2008, in millions of constant 2007 USD ��13 Figure 5 Distribution of Gross ODA Disbursements by Major Sector, 5-year average, 2009-2013 ��14 Figure 6� Was your organization working in Haiti before the earthquake? ��15 Figure 7� What did your organization use as its national-level policy framework to design its recovery or reconstruction interventions? �� 17 Figure 8� Haiti Response Emergency, T-shelter, and Recovery Solutions Provided, January 2010–August 2011 in thousands of units ��29 Figure 9� Did the organization you worked for provide support to host families? �� 36 Figure 10� Example of T-Shelter Elevation ��38 Figure 11� How would you rate the effectiveness of the coordination mechanisms in which you participated? ��42

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