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Mothers' Religious Influence in Haiti

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Mothers' Religious Influence in Haiti Running head: MOTHERS’ RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN HAITI Mothers’ Religious Influence on Children Experiencing Trauma: Haiti Community Clinic Focus Groups by Ashland C. Thompson M.A., North Carolina Central University 2012 M.S., Antioch University New England 2016 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Psychology in the Department of Clinical Psychology at Antioch University New England, 2018 Keene, New Hampshire MOTHERS’ RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN HAITI ii Department of Clinical Psychology DISSERTATION COMMITTEE PAGE The undersigned have examined the dissertation entitled: MOTHERS’ RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN EXPERIENCING TRAUMA: HAITI COMMUNITY CLINIC FOCUS GROUPS presented on October 11, 2018 by Ashland C. Thompson Candidate for the degree of Doctor of Psychology and hereby certify that it is accepted*. Dissertation Committee Chairperson: Gargi Roysircar, EdD Dissertation Committee members: Donelda Cook, PhD Juris Draguns, PhD Accepted by the Department of Clinical Psychology Chairperson Lorraine Mangione, PhD on 10/11/18 * Signatures are on file with the Registrar’s Office at Antioch University New England MOTHERS’ RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN HAITI iii Dedication My dissertation research is dedicated to Haiti: the first major setting of African enslavement in the Americas, the first African revolution in the Americas for the right of self-governance, and a centuries-old symbol of the continued struggle of Africans who have undergone colonization and neo-colonization. You are an inspiration to me, a Black/African American/Black American male. A special dedication is offered to Partners in Development, Inc., Ipswich, MA, www.pidonline.org. Without your devotion and kindness for 25 years to the primary medical care and education of mothers, children, and families in Blanchard, Damien, Canaan, and surrounding areas of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, many poor Haitian communities would not have access to healthcare, and this research also would not be possible. MOTHERS’ RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN HAITI iv Acknowledgements First and foremost, I have to praise God, who has fortified me, providing me the strength, courage, and patience necessary to complete the dissertation process. I give thanks to Loren, my wife, Charles and Essie who are my parents, and my brother Rashad who funded so many of my conference trips. I must also give thanks to my family, Brenda, Lorenzo, Dwight, LaSondra, Darren, Stephanie, and Keisha, who have continuously provided encouragement and kept me in their prayers. A special thanks must go out to the chair of my dissertation committee and my advisor, Gargi Roysircar, who has given me attentive and thoughtful mothering since the first day I entered Antioch University New England. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee members, Dr. Donelda Cook and Dr. Juris Draguns, for their expertise in religion and international psychology, guidance with methodology, and kindness to a graduate student whom they had never met before. Finally, I would like to thank my friends Itali, Chika, Sikaziwe, Michael, Gordon, Aaron, Gatimu, Xtin, and Kamou who supported, befriended, and taught me while I lived and worked in Kenya and Zambia. I greatly appreciated our fellowship. MOTHERS’ RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN HAITI v Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Haiti Community Clinic Focus Groups .......................................................................................... 3 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................... 5 A Review of the Literature ............................................................................................................. 5 An Overview of History and Societal Contexts .......................................................................... 5 An Ecological Model .................................................................................................................. 7 Assessment of Children’s Resilience with the House-Tree-Person (HTP) Test ....................... 12 General Dimensions of Religion ............................................................................................... 13 Outcomes of Religious Coping ................................................................................................. 17 Transmission of Religion through Parents ................................................................................ 19 Religious Coping During Disasters .............................................................................................. 21 Religion in Haiti ............................................................................................................................ 23 Vodou in Haiti ........................................................................................................................... 23 Catholicism in Haiti .................................................................................................................. 25 Protestantism in Haiti ................................................................................................................ 25 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................................. 29 Research Questions ....................................................................................................................... 29 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Definitions of Terms ..................................................................................................................... 31 Continuous Trauma ................................................................................................................... 31 Resilience .................................................................................................................................. 31 Religion ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Vulnerability .............................................................................................................................. 32 Methods......................................................................................................................................... 32 Overview of an Archival Study ................................................................................................. 32 Integrative Mixed Methods Approach (IMM) .......................................................................... 33 The Use of Focus Groups .......................................................................................................... 34 Measures .................................................................................................................................... 35 Procedures ................................................................................................................................. 39 Research Hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 40 MOTHERS’ RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN HAITI vi Data Analyses ............................................................................................................................ 41 Qualitative Analysis Validity Checks ....................................................................................... 42 Results and Religious Themes ...................................................................................................... 43 Theme 1: Talk with God to Help You (Frequency=29) ........................................................... 44 Theme 2: God Will Not Leave You (Frequency = 20) ............................................................. 46 Theme 3: It’s an Assembly: We Share our Problems at Church (Frequency= 19). .................. 48 Theme 4: Train up a Child (Frequency=15) .............................................................................. 50 Theme 5: Hope for Tomorrow (Frequency 10) ......................................................................... 52 Non-religious Themes ............................................................................................................... 54 Secular Theme 1: Parenting Factors (Frequency = 66) ............................................................. 54 Secular Theme 2: Community Factors (Frequency=43) ........................................................... 57 Negative Theme I: Shame and Embarrassment (Frequency = 11). ........................................... 59 Summary of Qualitative Findings ............................................................................................. 60 Quantitative Findings .................................................................................................................... 61 Post Hoc Analyses ..................................................................................................................... 64 Summary of Quantitative Findings ........................................................................................... 66 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................
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