O Regime Fascista

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O Regime Fascista Constituição e Transcendência: os casos dos regimes comunitários do entre-guerras PEDRO REBELO BOTELHO ALFARO VELEZ TESE DE DOUTORAMENTO Lisboa Junho, 2013 UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE DIREITO Constituição e Transcendência: os casos dos regimes comunitários do entre-guerras PEDRO REBELO BOTELHO ALFARO VELEZ Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Direito, na especialidade de Ciências Políticas, realizada sob a orientação científica dos Professores Doutores Maria Lúcia Amaral e Armando Marques Guedes. Lisboa Junho, 2013 Summary Keywords – constitutional law; constitutional theory; law and the sacred; forms of state; authoritarian regimes; totalitarianism; fascism; liberalism. This study is “directed” by a meta-purpose and meta-orientation: to open – in a time of epistemic crises – new ways of conceptualizing what one could call the nature of the constitutional (by analogy with Carl Schmitt’s term of art, the now famous «the Political»). It will explore the idea that the determinations of the constitutional are in their innermost nature res sacrae, choices of a Summum Bonum for human beings. A path towards a reconfiguration and reapplication at this level of the traditional theory about political forms or forms of state is here tentatively envisaged. The study has as its “empirical focus” the so called authoritarian or totalitarian or fascist or clerical-fascist regimes of the inter-war years. Its direct or proximate purpose is to show that seeing those realities as constitutional realities in the light of the specific analytical lens advanced here will usefully enrich and maximize our ability to understand those phenomena. The analytical navigation undertaken in the main part of this study “draws” a typology pointing both to a shared common theme and to a variety of qualitative diverse clusters of constitutional phenomena. The «family resemblance» is the elevation of the political community – or perhaps more exactly the National State considered in and by itself – to the status of Supreme Good. The mentioned variations are mainly related, not only with concrete contours in the interpretation of the community’s basis, but also with the degree of «axiological esteem» (Max Scheler) “devoted” to the political community, that degree being “function” of the relative openness or closeness to a meta-political Christian-religious Norm and/or a liberal axiological “residue”. In an ampler view, it will be suggested that one can in a certain sense recognize in these regimes the manifestation of one of the modern grammars of the constitutional, alongside a liberal(- “individuocentric”) grammar (modernity’s Ur-grammar) and a socialist(-collectivist) grammar; a communitarian grammar fully and purely instantiated in the Italian-fascist experiment (the Third Reich being more of a sui generis case). The simultaneous inscription of some of the surveyed regimes in a specific constitutional family of Catholically qualified orders shall also be underlined. Sumário Palavras-chave – direito constitucional, teoria constitucional, o direito e o sagrado, formas de Estado, regimes autoritários, totalitarismo, fascismo; liberalismo. Este estudo é guiado por um meta propósito e por uma meta-orientação: abrir – num momento de crise epistémica – novas formas de conceptualizar o que se poderia denominar a natureza do constitucional (por analogia com o divulgado termo schmittiano «o político»). Nele se explorará a ideia de que as determinações do constitucional se definem, na sua natureza mais íntima, como res sacrae, como escolhas de um Summum Bonum para os seres humanos. Tentativamente, procurar-se-á dar os primeiros passos de um caminho de reconfiguração e reaplicação da teoria tradicional sobre as «formas políticas» ou as «formas de Estado». O presente estudo terá como ponto focal “empírico” os chamados regimes autoritários ou totalitários ou fascistas ou clerical-fascistas do entre-guerras. A sua finalidade directa ou próxima será mostrar que olhar tais realidades como realidades constitucionais à luz da específica lente analítica aqui sugerida permitirá enriquecer e maximizar a nossa capacidade de compreender esses fenómenos. Na navegação analítica empreendida na parte principal deste estudo “esboçar-se-á” uma tipologia que simultaneamente assinala um tema comum e identifica/diferencia uma variedade de agrupamentos político-constitucionais qualitativamente diversos. A “semelhança de família” em causa ver-se-á que consiste na elevação da comunidade política – ou, talvez mais exactamente, do Estado Nacional considerado em si e por si – ao status de Bem Supremo. As variações qualitativas “cartografadas” acham-se, vê-lo- emos, principalmente relacionadas, não apenas com os contornos concretos da interpretação das bases da comunidade, mas também com o grau de «estima axiológica» (Max Scheler) “devotado” à comunidade política, grau esse que se não deixará de revelar “função” da relativa abertura ou do relativo fechamento a uma norma meta- política religiosa-cristã e/ou a um “resíduo” axiológico liberal. Ampliando imagens, sugerir-se-á que se pode num certo sentido reconhecer em tais regimes a manifestação de uma das modernas gramáticas do constitucional. No mapa da modernidade político- constitucional (das formas de Estado…), inscrever-se-ia uma outra gramática do constitucional a par com uma gramática liberal(-“individuocêntrica”) – porventura, a gramática das gramáticas modernas – e de uma gramática socialista(-colectivista); uma gramática (nacional-estatal-)comunitária porventura integral e puramente instanciada na experiência fascista italiana (o Terceiro Reich apresentando-se mais como um caso sui generis). Não obstante, a inclusão simultânea de alguns dos regimes numa família de ordens político-constitucionais católicas será ainda notada. Dedico este trabalho aos meus Pais Agradecimentos Com a apresentação deste trabalho, conhece um fim a empresa de preparação e redacção de uma dissertação de doutoramento a que, no âmbito do 5.º programa de Mestrado e Doutoramento da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, dediquei os meus últimos anos. No final deste meu percurso, considero-me superlativamente grato aos meus Pais, seguramente, mas também ao Povo a que pertenço – para além de todo um património cultural de que pude participar, devo ainda ao Povo Português a possibilidade de ter podido beneficiar de um riquíssimo tempo de vida contemplativa. Neste contexto, são devidos agradecimentos à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, da qual fui bolseiro desde Dezembro de 2004 até Dezembro de 2008. Agradeço muitíssimo aos orientadores deste trabalho, os Professores Doutores Maria Lúcia Amaral e Armando Marques Guedes, Mestres que acompanharam a minha trajectória intelectual dos últimos anos. À Senhora Professora Lúcia Amaral, agradeço, em especial, as interessantes conversas sobre constitucionalismo e liberalismo e sobre constitucionalismo e secularização de que beneficiei nestes anos. Quanto ao Senhor Professor Marques Guedes, para além de memoráveis disputationes “cosmológicas”, “antropológicas” e “político-jurídicas”, agradeço os impulsos decisivos para que começasse e acabasse a caminhada de doutorando. Devo agradecer, sentidamente, a António de Sampayo e Mello e a Jorge Azevedo Correia, o antigo, contínuo e enriquecedor diálogo sobre o círculo de temas e problemas de “ordem das coisas humanas” em torno dos quais gira o texto que se segue, bem como a leitura crítica de uma versão preliminar deste trabalho. Ao Marcos Keel Coelho Pereira, agradeço a ajuda na leitura das fontes em língua alemã. Manifesto ainda a minha gratidão a outros amigos que contruibuíram, de diversas formas, para que um aparente “cabo das tormentas” fosse vislumbrado como um real “cabo da boa esperança”. Penso, designadamente, no Francisco Dias Costa, no Francisco Corboz, no Gonçalo Veiga de Macedo e no Manuel Gil Fernandes, e também no Manuel Castro e Almeida. Ao Gonçalo Almeida Ribeiro, ao Ravi Afonso Pereira e ao Luís Guilherme Marques-Pedro, estou também grato pelo que, do seu saber, comigo partilharam. Desejo, igualmente, deixar expresso o meu profundo reconhecimento ao grand seigneur sem cujo desinteressado mecenato dificilmente teria terminado este trabalho. Por fim, quero ainda agradecer a Joana Antunes a sua presença inspiradora nestes últimos anos. « (…) as categorias de “política” e “religião” acabam por implicar-se mutuamente mais profundamente do que pensávamos». Talal Asad, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. «Há para todos nós, sem dúvida, alguma coisa em que colocamos uma estima axiológica especial, por nos parecer mais valiosa que tudo o mais, e a que, consciente ou inconscientemente, subordinamos, nos nossos juízos e valorações práticas, todas as restantes coisas. É assim que, por exemplo, para as elites da época capitalista esse valor mais alto estava no máximo rendimento dos bens económicos, expresso no valor do dinheiro – o Mamonismo. Como, para os nacionalistas, é esse máximo valor a nação; para os homens de ciência, do tipo do Fausto, o infinito saber; e para o D. João, finalmente, a permanente conquista da mulher. Em princípio, todos os bens terrenos podem ser erigidos, nesse plano ou esfera do absoluto, em bens e valores máximos, ao serviço dos quais se colocam todos os nossos anseios de infinito. Mas aqui estaremos sempre diante de outros tantos casos de idolatria, em que o bem finito é arrancado do sistema dos restantes bens terrenos, de que faz parte, e passa
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