THE INTERNATIONAL PHONET IC ALPHABET (revised to 2018)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveola r Postalveola r Retrofle x Palatal Vela r Uvula r Pharyngeal Glottal p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ kɡ q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Tri ll ʙ r ʀ T ap or Flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ ɸ β f v θ ð sz ʃ ʒʂʐ çʝ xɣχ ʁ ħ ʕhɦ L ateral ɬɮ fricative ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Lat eral l ɭ ʎʟ approximant

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Close iy ɨ ʉ ɯu ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ Examples: ɪʏ ʊ ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial Close-mid eø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ǃ (Post)alveolar ʃ̵ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar ə ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar Open-mid ɛœ ɜ ɞ ʌɔ ǁ Alveolar la teral ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

æ ɐ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ

ʍ Vo iceless labial-velar fricative ɕ ʑ A lveolo-palatal Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded . w Vo iced labial-velar approximant ɺ Voic ed alveolar lateral flap ɥ Vo iced labial-palatal approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x SUPRASEGMENTALS ʜ Vo iceless epiglottal fricative ˈ Pri mary stress and double articulations ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən ˌ ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ts͜ kp͡ Secondary stress joined by a tie if necessary. ʡ E piglottal plosive ː Long eː

̥ ˑ Half-long eˑ DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ ̆ Extra-short ĕ ̥ Voiceless n ̥ d ̥ ̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ̪ Dental t̪ d̪ | Minor (foot) group ̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ Apical t̺ d̺ ‖ Major (intonation) group ʰ Aspirated ʰ ʰ Linguolabial Laminal t d ̼ t̼ d̼ ̻ t ̻ d ̻ . Syllable break ɹi .ækt

̹ More rounded ɔ̹ ʷ Labialized tʷ dʷ ̃ Nasalized ẽ ‿ Linking (absence of a break)

̜ Less rounded ɔ̜ ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ ⁿ dⁿ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS

̟ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ dˠ ˡ Lateral release dˡ LEVEL CONTOUR Extra or or Rising ̠ Retracted e̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d ̚ e̋ ˥ high ě ˩˥ é ˦ High ê ˥˥ Falling ̈ Centralized ë Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ ˜ High ē ˧ Mid e᷄ ˧˥ rising ̽ Mid-centralized e̽ ̝ Raised e̝ ( ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative) Low Low è ˨ e᷅ ˩˥ rising

̩ Syllabic n̩ ̞ Lowered e̞ ( β ̞ = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- ȅ ˩ low e᷈ ˧˦˥ falling Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root ̯ e̯ ̘ e̘ ꜜ Downstep ↗ Global rise

˞ Rhoticity ɚ a˞ ̙ Retracted Tongue Root e̙ ꜛ Upstep ↘ Global fall