THE INTERNATIONAL PHONET IC ALPHABET (revised to 2018)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retrofex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive pb t d ʈɖ c ɟ kqɡ ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Trill ʙ r ʀ Tap or Flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ Fricative ɸβ fv θð sz ʃ ʒʂʐçʝ x ɣ χʁ ħ ʕɦh Lateral fricative ɬɮ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ Examples: ɪ ʏ ʊ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar ə Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌɔ Alveolar lateral ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

æ ɐ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant ɺ Voiced alveolar lateral fap ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x SUPRASEGMENTALS ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress Africates and double articulations ͡ ˈ ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ts kp ˌ Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. ͜ ʡ Epiglottal plosive ː Long eː

ˑ Half-long eˑ DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ ̊ ̆ Extra-short ̆e Voiceless nd Breathy voiced b a ̪ Dental ̪ dt ̪ | Minor (foot) group ̥ Voiced ̥̥ ̤ Creaky voiced ̤ ̤ Apical st b a ̺ ̺t d̺ ‖ Major (intonation) group ̬ʰ ̬ʰ ̬ʰ ̰ ̰ ̰ Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal t d ̼ ̼̼td̻ ̻t d̻ . Syllable break ɹi.ækt ʷ ʷ ʷ ̃ ̃ ̹ More rounded ɔ̹ Labialized t d Nasalized e ͜ Linking (absence of a break) ʲ ʲ ʲ ⁿ ⁿ Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release ̜ ɔ̜ t d d TONES AND WORD ACCENTS ˠ ˠ ˠ ˡ ˡ ̟ Advanced u̟ Velarized t d Lateral release d LEVEL CONTOUR ˤ ˤ ˤ Extra Retracted e Pharyngealized t d ̚ No audible release d̚ ̋e or ˥ high ̌e or Rising ̄ ̠ High Falling ̈ Centralized ë Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ ́e ˦ ̂e ̴ High ē ˧ Mid ᷄e rising ̽ Mid-centralized e̽ Raised e ( ɹ = voiced alveolar fricative) ̝ ̝ ̝ Low Low ̀e ˨ ᷅e rising ̩ Syllabic n̩ Lowered e ( β = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- ̞ ̞ ̞ ̏e ˩ low e᷈ falling Non-syllabic e Advanced Tongue Root e Downstep Global rise ̯ ̯ ̘ ̘ ꜜ ↗ ˞ Rhoticity ɚ a ˞ Retracted Tongue Root e Upstep ↘ Global fall ̙ ̙ ꜛ