THE INTERNATIONAL PHONET IC ALPHABET (revised to 2018) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveola r Postalveola r Retrofle x Palatal Vela r Uvula r Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ kɡ q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Tri ll ʙ r ʀ T ap or Flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð sz ʃ ʒʂʐ çʝ xɣχ ʁ ħ ʕhɦ L ateral ɬɮ fricative Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Lat eral approximant l ɭ ʎʟ Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Close iy ɨ ʉ ɯu ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ Examples: ɪʏ ʊ ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial Close-mid eø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ǃ (Post)alveolar ʃ̵ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar ə ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar Open-mid ɛœ ɜ ɞ ʌɔ ǁ Alveolar la teral ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative ɐ æ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant ɺ Voiced alveolar lateral flap ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃand x SUPRASEGMENTALS ʜ Vo iceless epiglottal fricative ˈ Primary stress Affricates and double articulations ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols kp͡ ˌ Secondary stress ts͜ joined by a tie bar if necessary. ʡ E piglottal plosive ː Long eː ̥ ˑ Half- long eˑ DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ ̆ Extra-short ĕ ̥ Vo iceless n ̥ d ̥ ̤ Br eathy voiced b̤ a̤ ̪ De ntal t̪ d̪ | Minor (foot) group ̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ A pical t̺ d̺ ‖ Major (intonation) group ʰ Aspirated ʰ ʰ Linguolabial Laminal t d ̼ t̼ d̼ ̻ t ̻ d ̻ . Syllable break ɹi .ækt More rounded ʷ Labialized ʷ ʷ Nasalized ̹ ɔ̹ t d ̃ ẽ ‿ Linking (absence of a break) ̜ Less rounded ɔ̜ ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ ⁿ Nas al release dⁿ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR ̟ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ dˠ ˡ Lateral release dˡ Extra or or Rising ̠ Retracted e̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d ̚ e̋ ˥ high ě ˩˥ é ˦ High ê ˥˥ Falling ̈ Ce ntralized ë Ve larized or pharyngealized ɫ ˜ High ē ˧ Mid e᷄ ˧˥ rising ̽ Mi d-centralized e̽ ̝ Raised e̝ ( ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative) Low Low è ˨ e᷅ ˩˥ rising Syl labic Low ered ( = voiced bilabial approximant) ̩ n̩ ̞ e̞ β ̞ Extra Rising- ȅ ˩ low e᷈ ˧˦˥ falling ̯ N on-syllabic e̯ ̘ Advanc ed Tongue Root e̘ ꜜ Downstep ↗ Global rise ˞ R hoticity ɚ a˞ ̙ Retr acted Tongue Root e̙ ꜛ Upstep ↘ Global fall .