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Vulnerability and Risk Mapping to Strengthen the Link Be- Tween Waste Water Treatment and Groundwater Protection in the Hot Spot Area Wadi Shueib

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Vulnerability and Risk Mapping to Strengthen the Link Be- Tween Waste Water Treatment and Groundwater Protection in the Hot Spot Area Wadi Shueib Integrated Water Resources Management in the Lower Jordan Rift Valley Sustainable Management of Available Water Resources with Innovative Technologies BMBF IWRM R&D Programme Funding No.: 02WM1355C SMART – IWRM WP3: Waste Water management toward Groundwater Protection (Cluster East) Task 3.2.4: Vulnerability and risk mapping to strengthen the link be- tween waste water treatment and groundwater protection in the hot spot area Wadi Shueib Editors Anna Ender1) Authors Niels Hoppe1), Julian Xanke1), Jochen Klinger1), Nico Goldschieder1) Contributors and Institution 1)KIT-HYD = Karlsruhe Institute of Technology – Institute of Hydrogeology Karlsruhe 15.02.2018 Acknowledgements In the name of the SMART research team the authors would like to acknowledge the Ger- man Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) for the sponsoring of the extensive studies in the SMART-Move Project. Funding no: 02WM1355C. The German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources (BGR), the Jordan Ministry for Water and Irrigation (MWI) and the German Center for Environmental Research (UFZ) are acknowledged for providing data and literature. http://www.iwrm-smart2.org/ http://www.iwrm-smart-move.de/ Page | i CONTENT Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ i Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General context ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Geographical setting ............................................................................................................. 1 Wastewater infrastructure ................................................................................................................ 2 Water demand and supply ............................................................................................................... 3 Case One: Rehabilitation concept of sewer system .............................................................................. 4 Case Two: Irrigation with treated wastewater ........................................................................................ 4 Methods......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Existing vulnerability mapping methods ........................................................................................... 5 General vulnerability approach for the Wadi Shueib ........................................................................ 6 Case One – Rehabilitation concept of sewer system ............................................................................ 6 Case Two - Irrigation with treated wastewater ...................................................................................... 7 Input variables .................................................................................................................................. 8 Overlying layers (O factor) - topsoil, geological layers, fault zones ....................................................... 8 Infiltration conditions (C factor) – risk of bypassing ............................................................................. 14 Spring catchment ranking .................................................................................................................... 15 SC vulnerability map - Case One ................................................................................................... 17 SC vulnerability map - Case Two ................................................................................................... 19 Conclusions and recommendations ............................................................................................................ 22 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 22 General recommendations ............................................................................................................. 23 References .................................................................................................................................................. 24 Page | ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Geographic overview of the test site............................................................................................... 2 Figure 2 Schematic overview of the potential contamination risks of leaky sewer pipes and irrigation with TWW ........................................................................................................................ 4 Figure 3 a) Outline of the groundwater distribution zones of the major springs and the surface drainage catchment of in the Wadi Shueib b) Hazzir spring, c) Baqqpuria spring and d) Shoreia spring. .......................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 4 Simplified processing scheme for Case One. The O-factor is directly translated into the groundwater vulnerability. The SC vulnerability map is obtained by combing the vulnerability map with the catchment map..................................................................................... 7 Figure 5 Simplified scheme for Case Two showing the parameters which influence the SC vulnerability. The SC vulnerability is defined as groundwater vulnerability with special consideration of spring catchments. .............................................................................................. 7 Figure 6 Protective function of top soil layers in the study area. .................................................................. 9 Figure 7 Wadi as Sir Formation with Epikarst and thin topsoil layer in the northeastern part of Salt. .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 8 Geological setup of the merged surface and groundwater catchment of Wadi Suheib. .............. 11 Figure 9 O-Map: protective function of the geological layers in the groundwater contribution zone of the four major springs in the Wadi Shueib. ..................................................................... 12 Figure 10 distribution of fault zones and fault density in the study area. .................................................... 13 Figure 11 C-Map: Risk of bypassing the protective layers in the study area. ............................................. 14 Figure 12 Spring catchment ranging as it is applied for Case Two. In Case One there is only distinguished between inside (Area 1) and outside (Area 2) of the delineated spring catchment. ................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 13 The SC vulnerability map (SC = spring catchment) for Case One is obtained by combining the O-map, the Spring catchments map and the main wadi course. The SC vulnerability is defined as groundwater vulnerability with special consideration of spring catchments. ....................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 14 SC vulnerability and rehabilitation concept for sewer network in the Wadi Shueib. ................... 18 Figure 15 Proposed methodology for mapping the SC vulnerability in the Wadi Shueib area (case two). The SC vulnerability serves as a planning tool for irrigation with treated wastewater and is defined as the groundwater vulnerability with special consideration of infiltration conditions, fault zones and spring catchments. ...................................................... 20 Figure 16 SC vulnerability map of the upper Wadi Shueib catchment area as a planning tool for irrigation with treated wastewater. The SC vulnerability is defined as groundwater vulnerability with special consideration of spring catchments. .................................................... 21 Figure 17 Typical agricultural land use in the study area in close vicinity to the Hazzir spring .................. 23 Page | iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Sewer connections in the municipalities Fuheis, Mahis and Salt (Trappe 2007). ........................... 3 Table 2 Characteristics of the Wadi Shueib springs (modified after Margane et al. (2010)). ....................... 3 Table 3 Summary of the main considered parameters of some methods assessing the vulnerability of groundwater in karst areas. Here, the EPIK method was developed by Doerfliger et al. (1998). The PI method (Goldscheider et al. 2000), VULK (Jeannin et al. 2001), LEA (Dunne 2003) and COP (Vias et al. 2002) methods are discussed in the final report of COST Action 620 (Zwahlen 2004). ............................................................................ 5 Table 4 Classification of the topsoil layers .................................................................................................... 8 Table 5 Overlying layers for Case One and Case Two: Classification and description of parameters. Characterisation of the Topsoil Cover (modified after the pedological mapping instruction (AG Boden, KA5, Table 74)) ............................................................................ 9 Table 6 Characterization of the aquifers and aquitards
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