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National Environment Strategy for Jordan

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National Environment Strategy for Jordan The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY FOR JORDAN A Resource Book of Information and Guidelines for Action Ministry of Municipal & Rural Affairs & the Environment Department of Environment IUCN – The World Conservation Union ❝The conservation of the environment is not a luxury but a national and human duty because of its direct connection with humanity’s livelihood, progress, and even survival. Therefore, we must accord it the priority it deserves in all state activities and make it one of the components of our national culture.❞ – His Majesty King Hussein (Letter of Designation to Prime Minister Taher Masri, June 19, 1991) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY FOR JORDAN A Resource Book of Information and Guidelines for Action (Translated from Arabic) The NES Project was co-sponsored by The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and the U. S. Agency for International Development Technical advice was provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Gland, SWITZERLAND Compiled by John D. McEachern IUCN Project Manager August 1991 This document has been translated from Arabic, and represents a compilation of work prepared by many Jordanian experts who participated in the ten resource-sector working groups of the National Environment Strategy (NES). We have endeavoured to accurately reflect this Jordanian Strategy by retaining the manner of expression, as well as the substance of the issues raised and actions recommended. Although this strategy is broadly supported by IUCN, specific statements or recommendations may not necessarily represent the policies or opinions of IUCN. NES Project Secretariat, Amman, JORDAN The presentation of material in this document and the geographical designations employed do not imply expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. IUCN– The World Conservation Union, CH-1196 Gland, SWITZERLAND Cover: view of Wadi Finan, South Jordan. The At Taleh tree (Acacia tortilis) is well- adapted to this arid environment. Photograph compliments of The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN), P.O. Box 6354, Amman, Jordan. Copyright © 1991 IUCN – The World Conservation Union Editing services provided by Al Kutba, Publishers P.O. Box 9446, Amman, Jordan. 36397 Jordan. Ministry of Municipal, Rural Affairs and the Environment. National Environment Strategy for Jordan. Gland: IUCN–The World Conservation Union, Gland, 1991, 226 pp. (plus 16 pp front matter). Jordan Department of Libraries, Documentation and National Archives deposit number (352/7/1991). 1. Conservation of Nature - Jordan I. Title ii Table of Contents Foreword by H.M. Queen Noor................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... viii Background ......................................................................................................................x Executive Brief ................................................................................................................ xiii Map of Jordan ................................................................................................................. xvi 1 • Geographical Overview.......................................................................................... 01 1 Land & vegetation ............................................................................................................. 01 2 Climate ................................................................................................................................ 02 3 Population .......................................................................................................................... 03 2 • Agriculture & Lands................................................................................................ 05 1 Overview of issues ............................................................................................................ 05 2 Assessment of sector resources ....................................................................................... 06 3 Causes of depletion and degradation............................................................................. 11 4 Recommended actions to promote sustainable agriculture........................................ 13 5 Information sources for land, forests, rangeland and agriculture ............................. 17 ANNEX 1 – IUCN recommendation on land degradation................................................ 20 ANNEX 2 – Information on the working group ................................................................ 21 ANNEX 3 – Key sources of sectoral information ............................................................... 23 3 • Surface & Groundwater ......................................................................................... 27 1 Current status of water in Jordan ................................................................................... 27 2 Issues of water availability and consumption............................................................... 28 3 Water pollution and management issues ...................................................................... 30 4 Overall assessment of water sector resources ............................................................... 33 5 Causes of depletion and degradation of water resources ........................................... 34 6 Actions to solve water sector problems ......................................................................... 35 7 Information sources for water resources ....................................................................... 38 ANNEX 1 – Tables for water................................................................................................. 40 ANNEX 2 – Information on the working group ................................................................ 44 ANNEX 3 – Key information sources .................................................................................. 46 4 • Wildlife & Habitat................................................................................................... 49 1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 49 2 Fauna of Jordan ................................................................................................................. 50 3 Flora of Jordan ................................................................................................................... 53 4 Protected areas ................................................................................................................... 54 5 Reasons for depletion of wildlife and habitat resources ............................................. 62 6 Recommended actions for wildife and habitat ............................................................ 63 7 Top priorities: new reserves & environmental education ........................................... 67 8 Conclusion.................................................................................................................. ........ 71 9 Information sources for wildlife and habitat ................................................................ 72 iii ANNEX 1 – List of tables for wildlife & habitat ................................................................. 74 ANNEX 2 – IUCN recommendations on wildlife and bio-diversity in parks ................ 77 ANNEX 3 – Information on the working group ................................................................ 78 ANNEX 4 – Information on key sources of sectoral knowledge ..................................... 79 ANNEX 5 – Animals in Jordan ............................................................................................. 81 ANNEX 6 – Plants in Jordan ................................................................................................. 83 ANNEX 7 – Definitions and criteria of areas used in wildland management ............... 85 5 • Coastal & Marine ..................................................................................................... 91 1 Summary list of issues ...................................................................................................... 91 2 Evaluation of sectoral resources...................................................................................... 93 3 Causes of coastal resource depletion—destructive practices and pressures............ 96 4 Actions for coastal and marine environmental management..................................... 98 5 Information sources for coastal and marine................................................................. 104 ANNEX 1 – Coastal & marine, tables and figures ............................................................105 ANNEX 2 – IUCN recommendation on training for coastal & marine management ..112 ANNEX 3 – Information on the working group ...............................................................112 ANNEX 4 – Key information sources................................................................................. 113 6 • Energy and Mineral Resources ............................................................................115 1 Environmental issues and fossil fuels ...........................................................................115 2 Renewable sources of energy.........................................................................................
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