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Political Culture and Risk Analysis: 36 an Outline of Somalia, Tunisia, and Libya M Call for Submissions MCU Journal Marine Corps University Press (MCUP) publishes full-length mono- graphs and a scholarly journal focusing on contemporary issues. The editors are looking for articles to publish in the MCU Journal on top- ics of concern to the Marine Corps and the Department of Defense through the lens of various disciplines, including international rela- tions, political science, and security studies. For the 2017 publishing year, we are looking for new, engaged book reviewers as well as proposals or submissions for a possible special issue on global health concerns and policy. MCU Journal is a peer-reviewed journal, and submissions should be 4,000–10,000 words, footnoted, and formatted according to Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition). Junior faculty and advanced graduate students are encouraged to submit. MCUP is also looking for book reviewers from international studies, political science, and contempo- rary history fields. To receive a copy of the journal or to discuss an article idea or book review, please contact acquisitions editor Alexandra Kindell at [email protected]. Cover: Fighters of the Ras Kimboni Brigade, a Somali government-allied militia, wait in a thicket on a machine- gun-mounted battle wagon to join troops from the Kenyan contingent of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) during an advance on the Somali port city of Kismayo. Courtesy of AMISOM. Published by Marine Corps University Press 111 South Street | Quantico, VA 22134 MARINE CORPS UNIVERSITY Established in 2008, Marine Corps University Press BGen Thomas A. Gorry, USMC (MCUP) recognizes the importance of an open dia- President logue between scholars, policy makers, analysts, and military leaders and of crossing civilian-military bound- Col Scott E. Erdelatz, USMC aries to advance knowledge and solve problems. To Chief of Staff that end, MCUP launched the Marine Corps University Dr. James H. Anderson Journal (MCU Journal) in 2010 to provide a forum for Vice President, Academic Affairs interdisciplinary discussion of national security and international relations issues and how they impact the Keil Gentry, USMC (Ret) Department of Defense, the Department of the Navy, Vice President, Business Affairs and the U.S. Marine Corps directly and indirectly. The Dr. Charles P. Neimeyer MCU Journal is published biannually, with occasional Director, Marine Corps History Division special issues that highlight key topics of interest. and Gray Research Center Mr. Paul J. Weber ARTICLE SUBMISSIONS Deputy Director, Marine Corps History The editors of MCU Journal are looking for academic arti- Division and Gray Research Center cles in the areas of international relations, geopolitical issues, national security and policy, cybersecurity, and EDITORIAL STAFF natural resources and the environment. To submit an Ms. Angela J. Anderson article or to learn more about our submission guide- Senior Editor lines, please visit www.usmcu.edu/mcupress. Dr. Alexandra Kindell Acquisitions Editor BOOK REVIEWS MCUP is also looking for reviewers from the interna- Ms. Stephani L. Miller tional studies, political science, and contemporary his- Manuscript Editor tory fields. Send an email with a brief description of your interests to [email protected]. EDITORIAL BOARD Col Gary D. Brown, USAF (Ret) SUBSCRIPTIONS Professor of Cybersecurity, MCU Subscriptions to MCU Journal are free. To join our sub- Dr. Rebecca Johnson scription list or to obtain back issues of the journal, Dean, Marine Corps War College, MCU send your mailing address to [email protected]. Dr. James H. Joyner Jr. Associate Professor of Strategic Studies INDEXING Command and Staff College, MCU The journal is indexed by EBSCO, ProQuest, OCLC ArticleFirst, JournalSeek, IBZ Online, British Library Dr. Benjamin P. Nickels System, Lancaster Index to Defense and National Se- Academic Chair for Transnational Threats curity Literature, and AU Library Index to Military Pe- and Counterterrorism Africa Center for Strategic Studies, NDU riodicals. Dr. Christopher S. Stowe DISCLAIMER Head, War Studies Department The views expressed in the articles and reviews in this Command and Staff College, MCU journal are solely those of the authors. They do not Dr. Paolo G. Tripodi necessarily reflect the opinions of the organizations Ethics Branch Head for which they work, Marine Corps University, the U.S. Lejeune Leadership Institute, MCU Marine Corps, the Department of the Navy, or the U.S. government. Dr. Christopher D. Yung Donald Bren Chair of Non-Western Strategic Thought, MCU MCU Journal (Print) ISSN 2164-4209 (Online) ISSN 2164-4217 Contents Vol. 7, No. 2 From the Editors 5 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PERSPECTIVES Pressure Dilemma in International Politics 7 Robert Nalbandov Political Culture and Risk Analysis: 36 An Outline of Somalia, Tunisia, and Libya M. J. Fox TERRORISM AND WARFARE: Past, Present, and Future Command and Irregular Indigenous Combat Forces 58 in the Middle East and Africa: A Historical Perspective on a Current Reality Jacob Stoil Asking the Right Questions: 77 A Framework for Assessing Counterterrorism Actions Jonathan Schroden, William Rosenau, and Emily Warner Mali and Islamic Extremism: 103 Applying Lessons Learned from Afghanistan Rebecca Yagerman BOOK REVIEWS Outsourcing War: The Just War Tradition in the Age 131 of Military Privatization by Amy E. Eckert Reviewed by LtCol Andrew M. Del Gaudio 3 MCU Journal Syria’s Democratic Years: Citizens, Experts, 133 and Media in the 1950s by Kevin W. Martin Reviewed by Sami Moubayed Industrial Policy and Economic Transformation in Africa 136 Edited by Akbar Noman and Joseph E. Stiglitz Reviewed by T. J. Greaney Geopolitics and the Quest for Dominance 139 by Jeremy Black Reviewed by John Agnew From Gulag to Guantanamo: Political, Social and Economic 142 Evolutions of Mass Incarceration by Wesley Kendall Reviewed by José de Arimatéia da Cruz 4 Contents From the Editors During the planning for this and upcoming issues, the staff of the MCU Jour- nal, under the direction of the new editorial board, continues fine tuning our publication strategies to acquire content that speaks to the larger issues of pol- icy important to the Marine Corps, generally and specifically. This has led us to seek authors who can provide more than just single threads of continuity, but rather to help us craft entire issues that focus on defined topics for deeper-level conversations. To that end, the closing issue of 2016 presents what, on the surface, may appear to be five articles speaking broadly to the concerns of one region, in this case the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Upon further reading, however, the reader will discover that this issue features two distinct sections that illustrate both political science and historical perspectives relevant to the U.S. military Services and the larger Department of Defense community. The first section—International Relations Perspectives—is led off by Dr. Robert Nalbandov’s article, in which he highlights examples of positive and negative pressure dilemmas and their impact on political stability and regional conflict resolution by closely examining historical and contemporary events in the MENA (Chad and Libya) while using other historical examples to further his argument. The section concludes with M. J. Fox’s analysis of political cul- ture and risk analysis, looking specifically at contemporary cases of conflict within the small populations of Somalia, Tunisia, and Libya. If war is a contin- uation of politics, understanding conflict at this level is important for military and civilian leaders alike. The journal’s second section—Terrorism and Warfare: Past, Present, and Future—keeps us firmly planted in the MENA, though now the content is framed within the context of how terror and insurgency have changed over time. Dr. Jacob Stoil begins with an historical perspective on a current reality. Speaking to the present more directly, our partners from CNA—Dr. Jonathan Schroden, Dr. William Rosenau, and Emily Warner—link prevailing theories of terrorism to their actions to create a solid framework for policy makers to use in the decision-making process. These concepts are further developed by 5 MCU Journal Rebecca Yagerman in the final article as she considers the future of warfare and how American forces might apply lessons learned from almost 10 years of conflict in Afghanistan to inform U.S. actions when dealing with Islamic extremism in Mali. Overall, all three authors contribute lessons to be learned from the events of World War II and more recent conflicts. The editorial staff is preparing an expanded discussion of lessons learned, or not, for our fall 2017 issue. Please contact us directly to submit a manuscript or to receive a copy of the published journal. The final section—Book Reviews—draws from such new releases as Out- sourcing War by Amy Eckert, Syria’s Democratic Years by Kevin W. Martin, and Industrial Policy and Economic Transformation in Africa edited by Akbar Noman and Joseph E. Stiglitz. These reviews were cultivated quite intentionally to focus further on the contemporary international relations and warfare topics high- lighted by each section of the journal. As always, the editorial staff is interested in your feedback and can be reached through both Facebook and Twitter. Come by and visit us in our new facility on the third deck of the Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons Marine Corps History Center or pick up the newest MCUP releases, including the jour- nal, in our new bookstore on the first deck.
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