DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigation on Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium for 2-Propanol+1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Fluid Phase Equilibria 341 (2013) 30–34 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Fluid Phase Equilibria j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fluid Investigation on vapor–liquid equilibrium for 2-propanol + 1-butanol + 1-pentanol at 101.3 kPa ∗ Juan Wang, Zonghong Bao College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for 2-propanol + 1-butanol, 2-propanol + 1-pentanol, 1- Received 26 September 2012 butanol + 1-pentanol and 2-propanol + 1-butanol + 1-pentanol were measured at 101.3 kPa by using an Received in revised form 5 December 2012 improved Rose still. All the binary VLE data have passed the traditional area test proposed by Herington. Accepted 18 December 2012 The interaction parameters for the Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC equations were determined by regress- Available online 7 January 2013 ing the binary VLE data. The prediction for ternary system was given by using the three pairs of binary parameters correlated. And the ternary data predicted agreed well with the experiment data. Keywords: © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 2-Propanol 1-Butanol 1-Pentanol Vapor–liquid equilibrium 1. Introduction 1-pentanol and ternary mixture of 2-propanol + 1-butanol + 1- pentanol were obtained at 101.3 kPa. The experimental values were Currently the international oil price has been rising, and the correlated by the Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC equations, in which domestic oil resources are increasingly scarce. All these lead to a the binary parameters were obtained through the maximum like- trend about producing mixed alcohols by using coal. The C1–C8 lihood. The quality of the experimental binary values was verified mixed alcohols were produced at the same time by a new coal by the Herington method [5]. chemical synthesis technology in a set of device. This production has already begun to accelerate the domestic industrial process [1]. 2. Experimental Mixed alcohols can continue to conduct multi-fractionations and result in a series of single alcohol include methanol, ethanol, 2.1. Chemicals propanol, etc. But the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data play an important role in the design and optimized operations of The physical properties of chemical reagents used are given distillation processes. So far many useful VLE data among the in Table 1. Methanol and 1-pentanol were supplied by Shanghai mixed alcohols have been presented. However, for 2-propanol + 1- Lingfeng Chemical Co. Ltd. 2-Propanol and 1-butanol were supplied pentanol system, there is only one report about VLE data in 313.15 K by Shanghai Shenbo Chemical Co. Ltd. Methanol and 2-propanol [2], and no report is in isobaric condition. To 1-butanol + 1-pentanol were used without further purification. 1-Butanol and 1-pentanol system, data in low pressure are available [3], but they may not were further purified by distillation in a column. All the reagents meet the requirement of design calculations. As for 2-propanol + 1- were dried on 0.4 nm molecular sieves and degassed by ultrasound butanol system, Wang et al. [4] determined temperature and before use. The purity of chemicals used was checked by the gas liquid phase mole fraction in 101.3 kPa without giving vapor- chromatography equipped with a thermal conductivity detector phase mole fraction. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the VLE and a stainless steel column. The refractive indices and normal boil- data for 2-propanol + 1-butanol, 2-propanol + 1-pentanol, and 1- ing points were measured by the WYA Abbe refractometer and the butanol + 1-pentanol at atmospheric pressure condition. improved Rose still, respectively. In this paper, isobaric VLE results for binary mixture of 2-propanol + 1-butanol, 2-propanol + 1-pentanol and 1-butanol + 2.2. Apparatus and procedures In this study, the VLE data were obtained with a glass recircula- ∗ tion apparatus called improved Rose still described by Zhang et al. Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 025 83587190. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Bao). [7]. A mercury thermometer was used to measure the equilibrium 0378-3812/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2012.12.020 J. Wang, Z. Bao / Fluid Phase Equilibria 341 (2013) 30–34 31 Table 1 Physical properties of experimental materials. Compound Purity (mass %) Water (mass %) nD (298.15 K) Tb/K (101.3 kPa) Experiment Literature [6] Experiment Literature [6] Methanol >99.5 <0.1% 1.3288 1.3286 337.69 337.66 2-Propanol >99.7 <0.1% 1.3776 1.3775 355.50 355.55 1-Butanol >99.6 0.1% 1.3995 1.3993 390.86 390.85 1-Pentanol >99.6 0.1% 1.4097 1.4099 411.10 411.15 Note: u(w) = ±0.001, u(nD) = ±0.0001, u(Tb) = ±0.01 K. Table 2 temperature with an accuracy of temperature of 0.1 K, and con- VLE data for 2-propanol (1) + 1-butanol (2), 2-propanol (1) + 1-pentanol (2), and 1- ducted exposed neck correction to obtain the true temperature. The butanol (1) + 1-pentanol (2) system at 101.3 kPa. experiment pressure was controlled by a constant pressure system T/K x y T/K x y (a vacuum pump, a U-tube, and a buffer tank), and the precision 1 1 1 1 ± was within 133 Pa. 2-Propanol (1) + 1-butanol (2) In the experiments, all the analytical work was carried out by 390.86 0 0 370.75 0.4002 0.7221 389.12 0.0227 0.0672 369.13 0.4471 0.7615 a gas chromatograph (GC6890, supplied by Shandong Lunan Rui- 387.53 0.0474 0.1362 367.77 0.4938 0.7954 hong instruments company), which was equipped with a flame 385.95 0.0744 0.2067 366.51 0.5341 0.8218 ionization detector (FID). The composition of vapor phase and liq- 384.15 0.1062 0.2825 364.99 0.5840 0.8526 uid phase was calculated by the area normalization method, which 382.96 0.1299 0.3357 363.60 0.6307 0.8768 381.80 0.1465 0.3750 362.17 0.6836 0.9015 can accurate to 0.001. The GC column was 30 m long and 0.32 mm 379.00 0.2023 0.4759 360.67 0.7333 0.9221 in diameter silica capillary column packed with OV-1701. The car- 376.05 0.2693 0.5731 359.27 0.7957 0.9448 rier gas was high purity nitrogen, and head pressure was 400 kPa. 374.00 0.3170 0.6373 357.16 0.9052 0.9775 The injector and detector temperature of column were 473.15 K 373.65 0.3255 0.6480 355.50 1 1 and 493.15 K, respectively. 2-propanol (1) + 1-pentanol (2) Methanol + 2-propanol system as a checking system was mea- 411.10 0 0 380.36 0.3302 0.7905 sured first. The VLE data at 101.3 kPa and comparisons to literature 408.68 0.0156 0.0741 379.45 0.3494 0.8072 406.51 0.0315 0.1499 377.00 0.3956 0.8405 are shown in Fig. 1. The results matched very well with previous 404.91 0.0495 0.2355 374.75 0.4364 0.8644 literature and this result gives us a confidence of our instruments 402.10 0.0682 0.2973 372.45 0.4821 0.8861 and analysis method. 400.42 0.0854 0.3565 371.03 0.5105 0.8990 398.32 0.1016 0.4056 367.88 0.5908 0.9275 395.97 0.1250 0.4684 366.57 0.628 0.9385 3. Results and discussion 392.48 0.1615 0.5509 363.69 0.7059 0.9573 390.25 0.1895 0.6088 361.67 0.7645 0.9685 3.1. VLE model and experiment data 388.14 0.2141 0.6498 359.47 0.8324 0.9798 385.00 0.2579 0.7155 357.45 0.9032 0.9895 383.55 0.2794 0.7398 355.50 1 1 The VLE results of binary system (2-propanol + 1-butanol, 2-propanol + 1-pentanol, and 1-butanol + 1-pentanol) and ternary 1-butanol (1) + 1-pentanol (2) 411.10 0 0 400.17 0.4836 0.6405 system (2-propanol + 1-butanol + 1-pentanol) are shown in 410.00 0.0440 0.0741 398.60 0.5369 0.6895 Tables 2 and 3. The activity coefficient of pure component was 409.70 0.0537 0.0900 397.88 0.5796 0.7297 calculated by: 408.00 0.1046 0.1725 396.57 0.6488 0.7920 407.50 0.1383 0.2245 395.93 0.6913 0.8250 p V L 406.04 0.1906 0.3065 395.13 0.7336 0.8604 v sat s i 404.96 0.2408 0.3763 393.83 0.8022 0.8997 = pyiϕi xiipi ϕi exp dp (1) RT 404.31 0.2936 0.4378 393.13 0.8579 0.9290 s p 403.20 0.3394 0.4950 392.02 0.9115 0.9599 i 401.74 0.3833 0.5366 390.86 1 1 400.90 0.4308 0.5875 356 Note: u(T) = ±0.01 K, u(x) = ±0.001, u(y) = ±0.001. 354 352 Table 3 VLE data for 2-propanol (1) + 1-butanol (2) + 1-pentanol (3) ternary system at 350 101.3 kPa. 348 T/K x1 x2 y1 y2 1 2 3 /K T 346 375.71 0.3031 0.6489 0.5264 0.3045 1.0056 1.0199 1.0343 378.07 0.2648 0.6172 0.4775 0.3047 1.0099 1.0259 1.0383 344 381.30 0.2184 0.5675 0.4341 0.3125 1.0102 1.0227 1.0354 342 383.30 0.1911 0.5321 0.4084 0.3174 1.0136 1.0240 1.0390 385.91 0.1595 0.4855 0.3722 0.3189 1.0183 1.0249 1.0408 340 388.36 0.1341 0.4399 0.3396 0.3179 1.0152 1.0243 1.0419 338 391.37 0.1068 0.3818 0.3002 0.3132 1.0072 1.0253 1.0374 395.79 0.0428 0.1755 0.3980 0.4846 1.0100 1.0259 1.0393 336 397.46 0.0373 0.1599 0.3404 0.4378 1.0047 1.0236 1.0398 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 399.49 0.0281 0.1285 0.2881 0.3973 1.0097 1.0250 1.0365 x , y 1 1 401.17 0.0216 0.1036 0.2429 0.3547 1.0086 1.0263 1.0367 403.04 0.0151 0.0759 0.1974 0.3060 1.0018 1.0244 1.0343 ± ± ± Fig.
Recommended publications
  • Enhanced Butanol Production by Free and Immobilized Clostridium Sp

    Enhanced Butanol Production by Free and Immobilized Clostridium Sp

    Enhanced Butanol Production by Free and Immobilized Clostridium sp. Cells Using Butyric Acid as Co-Substrate Laili Gholizadeh This thesis comprises 30 ECTS credits and is a compulsory part in the Master of Science with a Major in Chemical Engineering – Applied Biotechnology 120 ECTS credits No. 10/2009 Title: Enhanced Butanol Production by Free and Immobilized Clostridium sp. Cells using Butyric Acid as Co-Substrate. Author: Laili Gholizadeh Baroghi (e-mail: [email protected]) Master Thesis Subject Category: Biotechnology (Bioprocess Engineering – Biofuels) University College of Borås School of Engineering SE-501 90 BORÅS Telephone: (+46) 033 435 4640 Examiner: Prof. Mohammad Taherzadeh Supervisor and Thesis Advisor: Prof. Shang–Tian Yang Supervisor Address: OSU–Ohio State University 125 Koffolt Laboratories 140 West 19th Ave. Columbus, OH 43210–1185, USA Client: Ohio State University (OSU), Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Prof. Shang–Tian Yang Columbus, Ohio; USA. Date: 08–12–2009 Keywords: Bio-butanol y Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE) y ABE- fermentation y Butyric acid y Clostridium y C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 y C. beijerinckii ATCC 55025 y C. beijerinckii BA 101 y C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 y Fibrous-bed Bioreactor (FBB) y Batch y Suspended cell culture y Immobilized cell system. DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this M.Sc. Thesis to my beloved Family for all their love and encouragement and for always been supportive of my choices. “I am among those who think that science has great beauty. A scientist in his laboratory is not only a technician: he is also a child placed before natural phenomena, which impress him like a fairy tale.” − Marie Curie ABSTRACT Butanol production by four different Clostridium sp.
  • Transcription 12.01.12

    Transcription 12.01.12

    Lecture 2B • 01/12/12 We covered three different reactions for converting alcohols into leaving groups. One was to turn an alcohol into an alkyl chloride, that was using thionyl chloride. Second reaction was using tosyl chloride; the primary difference between those two reactions is one of stereochemistry. An inversion of stereochemistry does occur if you use thionyl chloride, because it does affect the carbon-oxygen bond, but because forming a tosylate does not touch the carbon-oxygen bond, only the oxygen- hydrogen bond, there’s no change in stereochemistry there. We then saw phosphorus tribromide that reacts very similarly to the thionyl chloride; you get an alkyl bromide instead, but it also has inversion of configuration. The last reaction is not a new mechanism, it is just an Sn2 reaction, it’s called the Finkelstein reaction. Really this works, in a sense, off of Le Châtelier’s principle. In solution, in theory, sodium iodide can displace bromide, but sodium bromide can displace iodide, so you can have an Sn2 reaction that goes back and forth and back and forth and back and forth. Except, sodium iodide is somewhat soluble in acetone, while sodium chloride and sodium bromide are not. So, in fact, one of the things that we get out of this as a by-product is sodium bromide, which, again, is not soluble in acetone and therefore precipitates out and is no longer part of the reaction mixture, so there’s no reverse reaction possible. Because of this solubility trick, it allows this reaction to be pulled forward, which means you can get the alkyl iodide.
  • Aldehydes and Ketones

    Aldehydes and Ketones

    Organic Lecture Series Aldehydes And Ketones Chap 16 111 Organic Lecture Series IUPAC names • the parent alkane is the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group • for ketones, change the suffix -e to -one • number the chain to give C=O the smaller number • the IUPAC retains the common names acetone, acetophenone, and benzophenone O O O O Propanone Acetophenone Benzophenone 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone (Acetone) Commit to memory 222 Organic Lecture Series Common Names – for an aldehyde , the common name is derived from the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid O O O O HCH HCOH CH3 CH CH3 COH Formaldehyde Formic acid Acetaldehyde Acetic acid – for a ketone , name the two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl carbon and add the word ketone O O O Ethyl isopropyl ketone Diethyl ketone Dicyclohexyl ketone 333 Organic Lecture Series Drawing Mechanisms • Use double-barbed arrows to indicate the flow of pairs of e - • Draw the arrow from higher e - density to lower e - density i.e. from the nucleophile to the electrophile • Removing e - density from an atom will create a formal + charge • Adding e - density to an atom will create a formal - charge • Proton transfer is fast (kinetics) and usually reversible 444 Organic Lecture Series Reaction Themes One of the most common reaction themes of a carbonyl group is addition of a nucleophile to form a tetrahedral carbonyl addition compound (intermediate). - R O Nu - + C O Nu C R R R Tetrahedral carbonyl addition compound 555 Reaction Themes Organic Lecture Series A second common theme is
  • N-BUTYL ALCOHOL

    N-BUTYL ALCOHOL

    Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet Common Name: n-BUTYL ALCOHOL Synonyms: Propyl Carbinol; n-Butanol CAS Number: 71-36-3 Chemical Name: 1-Butanol RTK Substance Number: 1330 Date: November 1998 Revision: January 2008 DOT Number: UN 1120 Description and Use EMERGENCY RESPONDERS >>>> SEE BACK PAGE n-Butyl Alcohol is a colorless liquid with a strong, sweet Hazard Summary alcohol odor. It is used as a solvent for fats, waxes, shellacs, Hazard Rating NJDOH NFPA resins, gums, and varnish, in making hydraulic fluids, and in HEALTH - 2 medications for animals. FLAMMABILITY - 3 REACTIVITY - 0 f ODOR THRESHOLD = 1 to 15 ppm FLAMMABLE f Odor thresholds vary greatly. Do not rely on odor alone to POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE determine potentially hazardous exposures. CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=serious; Reasons for Citation 4=severe f n-Butyl Alcohol is on the Right to Know Hazardous f n-Butyl Alcohol can affect you when inhaled and by Substance List because it is cited by OSHA, ACGIH, DOT, passing through the skin. NIOSH, DEP, IRIS, NFPA and EPA. f Contact can irritate and burn the skin. f This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance f n-Butyl Alcohol can irritate and burn the eyes with possible List. eye damage. f Inhaling n-Butyl Alcohol can irritate the nose, throat and lungs. f Exposure to n-Butyl Alcohol can cause headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. SEE GLOSSARY ON PAGE 5. f n-Butyl Alcohol can damage the liver, kidneys, hearing, and sense of balance.
  • Alcoholsalcohols

    Alcoholsalcohols

    AlcoholsAlcohols Chapter 10 1 Structure of Alcohols • The functional group of an alcohol is H an -OH group bonded to an sp3 O 108.9° hybridized carbon. C H – Bond angles about the hydroxyl oxygen H H atom are approximately 109.5°. • Oxygen is sp3 hybridized. –Two sp3 hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds to a carbon and a hydrogen. – The remaining two sp3 hybrid orbitals each contain an unshared pair of electrons. 2 Nomenclature of Alcohols • IUPAC names – The parent chain is the longest chain that contains the OH group. – Number the parent chain to give the OH group the lowest possible number. – Change the suffix -etoe -ol.ol • Common names – Name the alkyl group bonded to oxygen followed by the word alcohol.alcohol 3 Nomenclature of Alcohols OH o o 1o OH 1 2 OH 1-Propanol 2-Propan ol 1-Bu tanol (Pro py l alco ho l) (Isoprop yl alcoh ol) (Bu tyl alcoh ol) OH 2o OH 1o OH 3o 2-Butanol 2-M eth yl-1-p ropan ol 2-M eth yl-2-p ropan ol (sec-Butyl alcohol) (Isobutyl alcohol) (tert -Butyl alcohol) 4 Nomenclature of Alcohols • Compounds containing more than one OH group are named diols, triols, etc. CH2 CH2 CH3 CHCH2 CH2 CHCH2 OH OH HO OH HO HO OH 1,2-Ethanediol 1,2-Propanediol 1,2,3-Propanetriol (Ethylene glycol) (Propylene glycol) (Glycerol, Glycerine) 5 Physical Properties • Alcohols are polar compounds. – They interact with themselves and with other polar compounds by dipole-dipole interactions. • Dipole-dipole interaction: The attraction between the positive end of one dipole and the negative end of another.
  • Strategies to Introduce N-Butanol in Gasoline Blends

    Strategies to Introduce N-Butanol in Gasoline Blends

    sustainability Article Strategies to Introduce n-Butanol in Gasoline Blends Magín Lapuerta *, Rosario Ballesteros and Javier Barba Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (J.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editors: Gilles Lefebvre and Francisco J. Sáez-Martínez Received: 13 February 2017; Accepted: 7 April 2017; Published: 12 April 2017 Abstract: The use of oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engines (SIEs) has gained increasing attention in the last few years, especially when coming from renewable sources, due to the shortage of fossil fuels and global warming concern. Currently, the main substitute of gasoline is ethanol, which helps to reduce CO and HC emissions but presents a series of drawbacks such as a low heating value and a high hygroscopic tendency, which cause higher fuel consumption and corrosion problems, respectively. This paper shows the most relevant properties when replacing ethanol by renewable n-butanol, which presents a higher heating value and a lower hygroscopic tendency compared to the former. The test matrix carried out for this experimental study includes, on the one hand, ethanol substitution by n-butanol in commercial blends and, on the other hand, either ethanol or gasoline substitution by n-butanol in E85 blends (85% ethanol-15% gasoline by volume). The results show that the substitution of n-butanol by ethanol presents a series of benefits such as a higher heating value and a greater interchangeability with gasoline compared to ethanol, which makes n-butanol a promising fuel for SIEs in commercial blends.
  • Alcohols I 1400

    Alcohols I 1400

    ALCOHOLS I 1400 Table 1 MW: Table 1 CAS: Table 2 RTECS: Table 2 METHOD: 1400, Issue 2 EVALUATION: PARTIAL Issue 1: 15 February 1984 Issue 2: 15 August 1994 OSHA : Table 2 PROPERTIES: Table 1 NIOSH: Table 2 ACGIH: Table 2 COMPOUNDS AND SYNONYMS: (1) ethanol: ethyl alcohol. (2) isopropyl alcohol: 2-propanol. (3) tert-butyl alcohol: 2-methyl-2-propanol. SAMPLING MEASUREMENT SAMPLER: SOLID SORBENT TUBE TECHNIQUE: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, FID (coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg) ANALYTE: compounds above FLOW RATE: 0.01 to 0.2 L/min (£0.05 L/min for ethyl alcohol) DESORPTION: 1 mL 1% 2-butanol in CS 2 (1) (2) (3) INJECTION VOL-MIN: 0.1 L 0.3 L 1.0 L VOLUME: 5 µL -MAX: 1 L 3 L 10 L TEMPERATURE-INJECTION: 200 °C SHIPMENT: cooled -DETECTOR: 250-300 °C -COLUMN: 65-70 °C SAMPLE STABILITY: unknown, store in freezer CARRIER GAS: N2 or He, 30 mL/min BLANKS: 2 to 10 field blanks per set COLUMN: glass, 2 m x 4-mm ID, 0.2% Carbowax 1500 on 60/80 Carbopack C or equivalent ACCURACY CALIBRATION: solutions of analyte in eluent (internal standard optional) RANGE STUDIED: see EVALUATION OF METHOD RANGE AND BIAS: not significant [1] PRECISION: see EVALUATION OF METHOD OVERALL PRECISION (S ˆ ): see EVALUATION OF METHOD rT ESTIMATED LOD: 0.01 mg per sample [2] ACCURACY: ± 14% APPLICABILITY: The working ranges are 16 to 1000 ppm ethanol (30 to 1900 mg/m 3) for a 1-L air sample; 4 to 400 ppm isopropyl alcohol (10 to 1000 mg/m 3) for a 3-L air sample; and 1 to 100 ppm t-butyl alcohol (3 to 300 mg/m 3) for a 10-L air sample.
  • Process Design and Simulation of Propylene and Methanol Production Through Direct and Indirect Biomass Gasification by Bernardo

    Process Design and Simulation of Propylene and Methanol Production Through Direct and Indirect Biomass Gasification by Bernardo

    Process Design and Simulation of Propylene and Methanol Production through Direct and Indirect Biomass Gasification by Bernardo Rangel Lousada A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Chemical Engineering Auburn, Alabama August 6, 2016 Keywords: Process Design, Gasification, Biomass, Propylene, Methanol, Aspen Plus, Simulation, Economic, Synthesis Copyright 2016 by Bernardo Lousada Approved by Mario R. Eden, Chair and McMillan Professor of Chemical Engineering Allan E. David, John W. Brown Assistant Professor Professor of Chemical Engineering Selen Cremaschi, B. Redd Associate Professor Professor of Chemical Engineering Abstract As a result of increasing environmental concerns and the depletion of petroleum resources, the search for renewable alternatives is an important global topic. Methanol produced from biomass could be an important intermediate for liquid transportation fuels and value-added chemicals. In this work, the production of methanol and propylene is investigated via process simulation in Aspen Plus. Two gasification routes, namely, direct gasification and indirect gasification, are used for syngas production. The tar produced in the process is converted via catalytic steam reforming. After cleanup and treatment, the syngas is converted to methanol which will be further converted to high value olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butene via the methanol to propylene (MTP) processes. For a given feedstock type and supply/availability, we compare the economics of different conversion routes. A discounted cash flow with 10% of internet rate of return along 20 years of operation is done to calculate the minimum selling price of propylene required which is used as the main indicator of which route is more economic attractive.
  • Final Report of the Addendum to The

    Final Report of the Addendum to The

    International Journal of Toxicology, 27(Suppl. 2f53—69, 2008 Copyright © American College of Toxicology ISSN: 1091-5818 print! 1092-874X online 001: 10.1080/10915810802244504 Final Report of the Addendum to the Safety Assessment of n-Butyl Alcohol as Used in Cosmetics’ n-Butyl Alcohol is a primary aliphatic alcohol historically used in care cosmetic products, but new concentration as a solvent nail INTRODUCTION of use data indicate that it also is being used at low concentrations in eye makeup, personal hygiene, and shaving cosmetic products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) evaluated the safety it-Butyl Alcohol has been generally recognized as safe for use as a of n-Butyl Alcohol (n-BuOH) in 1987, finding it safe in the flavoring substance in food and appears on the 1982 Food and Drug practices of use and concentration in nail products (Elder 1987). list of inactive ingredients for approved pre Administration (FDA) This original safety assessment was specific in that the conclu scription drug products. n-Butyl Alcohol can be absorbed through regards the use of n-Butyl Alcohol in the skin, tangs, and gastrointestinal tract. n-Butyl Alcohol may be sion was issued only as formed by hydrolysis of butyl acetate in the blood, but is rapidly nail products. oxidized. The single oral dose ED50 of n-Butyl Alcohol for rats was Recently, CIR undertook a re-review of this ingredient to de 0.79 to 4.36 g/kg. The dermal ED50 for rabbits was 4.2 g/kg. Inhala termine what additional data relevant to the safety of n-Butyl Al humans demonstrate sensory irritation of tion toxicity studies in 3.
  • Methanol:Acetone Fixation and PGL-1 Staining Protocol

    Methanol:Acetone Fixation and PGL-1 Staining Protocol

    MeOH/Acetone fixation and staining of C. elegans for anti-PGL-1 whole-mount staining adapted by Erik Andersen from Mello Lab protocol by Daryl Conte, February, 2006 Things you will need: Micro Slides, precleaned, frosted, 25 x 75 mm (VWR cat no. 48312-002) Micro cover glasses, 25 mm square (VWR cat no. 48366-067) Micro cover glasses, 18 mm square (VWR cat no. 48366-045) PAP pen Polylysine (Sigma) Coplin jars Block/wedge of dry ice in Styrofoam box with lid – dry ice must be flat as slides will be placed on top 100% Methanol (-20°C in Coplin jar) 100% Acetone (-20°C in Coplin jar) Humid chamber – a plastic lidded box with moistened paper towels or whatmann paper in the bottom and a support to hold slides above paper Gravid adult worms or Larvae grown at 23ºC for at least two generations Mounting medium with antifade DAPI or other counterstain Glass Depression slide Water in which to wash larvae 20 μL pipet and mouth-pipette tubing Coating slides with polylysine – do this the day before. Many slides can be coated and stored for future use. 1. Prepare 0.01% polylysine solution. 2. Pipette polylysine solution (about 10 μL) onto surface of slide. 3. Dry slides thoroughly at 65°C. I dry them overnight. 4. It seems best to label your slides with a diamond pen, because later alcohol-fixation steps dissolve most inks. Fixing larvae to slides 1. Transfer >100 larvae of the same stage to 100 μL of water in a glass depression slide. It is very important to pick animals of the same stage, as larger worms, detritus or embryos will not allow for good crushing and subsequent fixation.
  • Safety Data Sheet

    Safety Data Sheet

    SAFETY DATA SHEET Flammable Liquefied Gas Mixture: Ethanol / Isobutanol / Isopropanol (Isopropyl Alcohol) / Methanol / N-Butane / N-Butanol (N-Butyl Alcohol) / N-Propanol / Sec-Butyl Alcohol (2-Butanol) / Tert Butanol Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Flammable Liquefied Gas Mixture: Ethanol / Isobutanol / Isopropanol (Isopropyl Alcohol) / Methanol / N-Butane / N-Butanol (N-Butyl Alcohol) / N-Propanol / Sec-Butyl Alcohol (2-Butanol) / Tert Butanol Other means of : Not available. identification Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 011439 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 Emergency telephone : 1-866-734-3438 number (with hours of operation) Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : FLAMMABLE GASES - Category 1 substance or mixture GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Liquefied gas GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : Extremely flammable gas. Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated. May cause frostbite. May form explosive mixtures in Air. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation. Precautionary statements General : Read and follow all Safety Data Sheets (SDS’S) before use. Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping. Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction.
  • Hand Sanitizers and Updates on Methanol Testing

    Hand Sanitizers and Updates on Methanol Testing

    Hand Sanitizers and Updates on Methanol Testing Francis Godwin Director, Office of Manufacturing Quality, Office of Compliance Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA USP Global Seminar Series: Ensuring Quality Hand Sanitizer Production During Covid-19 for Manufacturers February 23, 2021 • DISCLAIMER: The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent official policy or positions of the Food & Drug Administration www.fda.gov 2 Outline ● What OMQ Does ● General Background on Hand Sanitizer ● Recent Safety Concerns and FDA Actions ● Substitution ● Methanol Testing Requirements for Drug Product Manufacturers www.fda.gov 3 Office of Manufacturing Quality What We Do 4 CDER/OC Mission To shield patients from poor- quality, unsafe, and ineffective drugs through proactive compliance strategies and risk-based enforcement action. www.fda.gov 5 What OMQ Does • We evaluate compliance with Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) for drugs based on inspection reports and evidence gathered by FDA investigators. • We develop and implement compliance policy and take regulatory actions to protect the public from adulterated drugs in the U.S. market. Source: FDA www.fda.gov 6 Drug Adulteration Provisions U.S. Federal Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act • 501(a)(2)(A): Insanitary conditions • 501(a)(2)(B): Failure to conform with CGMP • 501(b): Strength, quality, or purity differing from official compendium • 501(c): Misrepresentation of strength, etc., where drug is unrecognized in compendium • 501(d): Mixture with or substitution of another substance • 501(j): Deemed adulterated if owner/operator delays, denies, refuses, or limits inspection www.fda.gov 7 CGMP Legal Authority Section 501(a)(2)(B) requires conformity with CGMP A drug is adulterated if the methods, facilities, or controls used in its manufacture, processing, packing, or holding do not conform to CGMP to assure that such drug meets purported characteristics for safety, identity, strength, quality, and purity.