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Download the Print Version of Inside Stanford The gut- microbe diversity of a population of hunter- STANFORD gatherers in Tanzania varies seasonally, a study found. INSIDE Page 5 Volume 9, No. MEDICINE15 August 28, 2017 Published by the Office of Communication & Public Affairs For Stanley Falkow, a legacy of mentorship By Kathy Zonana all of his other resources as well,” Rel- but leave his room feeling like we are so ter mentor began with a mistake. He was man said. “He never has done any of that lucky to get to think about these interest- in his first faculty job, at Georgetown hen Stanley Falkow was awarded giving with anything other than obvious ing questions and work with such great University, and a former co-worker from a National Medal of Science last evidence of joy. And it’s not just the joy people and try to do useful things.” Walter Reed Army Institute of Research of being a generous person, but the joy of Wyear at the White House, he was But first, how not to mentor had, at the urging of Falkow and others, lauded not only for “his monumental sharing interesting ideas and having such just earned a PhD in a colleague’s lab. contributions toward understanding a wonderful job, so that you can’t help Falkow’s journey to becoming a mas- “The day he got his degree, he walked how microbes cause disease and resist into my office and said, ‘Falkow, I hope the effects of antibiotics,” but also for a TIMOTHY ARCHIBALD you’re satisfied, because this is for you lesser-known, albeit perhaps equally sig- and not for me,’” Falkow remembered. “I nificant, legacy: “his inspiring mentor- was stunned. And he said, ‘All I wanted ship that created the field of molecular to do was go into the lab every day, do microbial pathogenesis.” experiments and go home, and now my Over the course of his career, Falkow, life is ruined because I can’t go home and PhD, a professor emeritus of microbiol- enjoy it.’” ogy and immunology at the School of Falkow would never again be so direc- Medicine, became known for his gen- tive, or push someone toward an aspira- erosity and inspiration as an adviser to tion that might not be theirs. “I decided young researchers trying to forge careers the best thing to do was to just listen,” he in science. said. “And in the years when I listened, He has mentored more than 100 I listened very carefully to what my stu- graduate students and postdoctoral dents said, and then I told them to do scholars in his lab. Three of them — what they said they wanted to do. And Manuel Amieva, MD, PhD, associate they usually thought I was very wise.” professor of pediatrics and of microbiol- Amieva recalled visiting Falkow’s of- ogy and immunology; Denise Monack, fice as a postdoctoral scholar to talk PhD, professor of microbiology and about his research. “He would just listen immunology; and David Relman, MD, and then he would make some insight professor of medicine and of microbiol- that could have several meanings,” Ami- ogy and immunology — have made their eva said. “It was almost like some par- faculty careers at Stanford. able. I would leave trying to figure out Although Falkow is quick to deflect what he meant and spend the whole day any credit, these faculty members are doing it. It’s a technique he uses to make deepening his legacy at Stanford in sev- you think through things.” eral ways: in the teaching of microbiol- On the side of microbes ogy, in research that underscores the impact of microbes on human health, Amieva was first inspired by Falkow and in big, connect-the-dots ideas that during medical school. “I was a little bit bridge basic science and medicine. disappointed with the classes in medical The Robert W. and Vivian K. Cahill school; they were very dry and about all Professor in Cancer Research, Emeri- these facts, and I remember being a little tus, Falkow “is one of the most generous bit angry about the lack of inspiration,” people with his ideas and with his time he said. “And then I took a class from and with his energy and of course with Stanley Falkow hired Denise Monack as a lab technician in 1984. Now, she’s a professor at Stanford. Stanley Falkow. See FALKOW, page 6 Technique enhances privacy Popular mouse model of human immune system for genetic-study participants unsuitable for stem cell studies, researchers find without compromising science By Krista Conger “In an ideal situation, these humanized mice would By Krista Conger reject foreign stem cells just as a human patient would,” A type of mouse widely used to assess how the hu- said Joseph Wu, MD, PhD, director of Stanford’s Car- It is now possible to scour complete human genomes man immune system responds to transplanted stem diovascular Institute and professor of cardiovascular for the presence of disease-associated genes without re- cells does not reflect what is likely to occur in patients, medicine and of radiology. “We could then test a vari- vealing any genetic information not directly associated according to a study by researchers at the School of ety of immunosuppressive drugs to learn which might with the inquiry, Stanford researchers say. Medicine. work best in patients, or to screen for new drugs that This “genome cloaking” technique, devised by bi- The researchers urge further optimization of this could inhibit this rejection. We can’t do that with these ologists, computer scientists and cryptographers at the animal model before making decisions about whether animals.” See MOUSE, page 7 university, ameliorates many concerns about genomic and when to begin wide-scale stem cell transplants in STEVE FISCH privacy and potential discrimination based on an indi- humans. vidual’s genome sequence. See PRIVACY, page 7 Known as “humanized” mice, the animals have been engineered to have a human, rather than a murine, im- SCIENCE PHOTO / SHUTTERSTOCK.COM mune system. Researchers have relied upon the animals for decades to study, among other things, the immune response to the transplantation of pancreatic islet cells for diabetes and skin grafts for burn victims. However, the Stanford researchers found that, unlike what would occur in a human patient, the humanized mice are unable to robustly reject the transplantation of genetically mismatched human stem cells. As a re- sult, they can’t be used to study the immunosuppressive drugs that patients will likely require after transplant. The researchers conclude that the humanized mouse model is not suitable for studying the human immune Joseph Wu and his collaborators found that a widely used mouse response to transplanted stem cells or cells derived from model doesn’t reflect what is likely to occur in humans who receive them. stem cell transplants. Statewide, race of infants influences quality of their hospital care By Erin Digitale pregnancy), those who died before 12 with “other” ethnicity had lower Baby- The next step, Profit said, is to help hours of age and those with severe con- MONITOR scores than white infants, California’s NICUs identify ways in Infants’ racial and ethnic identities in- genital abnormalities. while black and Asian infants did not which they can each make progress in fluence the quality of medical care they Profit and his colleagues used an in- have significantly different treating all infants more receive in California’s neonatal intensive dex they had previously developed and scores than whites. However, equitably. “Our goal is to care units, a study from the School of validated to measure NICU care. To use across the state, white infants develop a dashboard of dis- Medicine has found. the index, called Baby-MONITOR, scored higher on measures parity measures for NICUs The study, which examined medi- each infant’s medical records are evalu- of whether standard medi- throughout California so cal care of more than 18,000 of the ated and scored on nine yes-or-no ques- cal practices were being fol- that each can see how they’re state’s smallest babies at 134 Califor- tions, all of which have been shown lowed. For instance, 89 performing for infants of nia hospitals, was published Aug. 28 in in prior research to reflect the quality percent of white infants and different races and ethnici- Pediatrics. of medical care. Some questions as- 88 percent or Asian infants ties in comparison to their The disparities were not uniform: At sess whether patients received aspects in the study received steroids peers,” he said. The feedback some California hospitals, infants from of NICU care that are in keeping with before birth to mature their Jochen Profit will become part of the work vulnerable populations received worse standard medical practices for premature lungs, while 87 percent of of the California Perinatal care than white infants, while at others, babies, such as being examined for an Hispanic infants and 85 percent of black Quality Care Collaborative, which has they received better care than whites. In eye disease called retinopathy of prema- infants got the same treatment. The dif- organized successful quality-improve- general, however, the hospitals with the turity, or receiving steroids before birth ference remained statistically significant ment initiatives to help NICUs across best outcomes for their patients also de- to help mature their lungs. Other ques- after adjusting for possible confounding the state improve the medical care they livered better care to white infants. In tions assess specific medical outcomes, factors. deliver. The researchers are also working addition, the study found that black and such as experiencing a hospital-acquired Black infants had lower rates than with the Vermont Oxford Network, a Hispanic infants were more likely than infection or growing at a healthy rate.
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