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KAJIANILMIAHIKAN PELANGI {Marosatherina Ladigesi (Ahl 1936)} FAUNA ENDEMIK SULAWESI [Scientific Review of a Rainbow Fish {Marosa

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KAJIANILMIAHIKAN PELANGI {Marosatherina Ladigesi (Ahl 1936)} FAUNA ENDEMIK SULAWESI [Scientific Review of a Rainbow Fish {Marosa Berita Biologi 8(6) - Desember 2007 KAJIANILMIAHIKAN PELANGI {Marosatherina ladigesi (Ahl 1936)} FAUNA ENDEMIK SULAWESI [Scientific review of a rainbow fish {Marosatherina ladigesi (Ahl 1936)} an endemic fauna of Sulawesi] Renny Kurnia Hadiaty Bidang Zoologi, Puslit Biologi-LIPI Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911; email13: [email protected] ABSTRACT Marosatherina ladigesi is one of the famous rainbow fish species from Sulawesi. This endemic fish species from Sulawesi is one of the Indonesian export commodity since more than 30 years ago. All of the export specimens come from the wild habitat. The anxiousness of the extinction of this species stated in the redlist of IUCN since 1994. Two field work of Maros Karst Project conducted in 2006, 2007 and an international expedition in 2007 showed the decreasing population of this species. The results of the three field trips showed the difficulties to get M. ladigesi in the streams. Taxonomical status and classification, coloration, sex dimorphism and distribution discussed. Kata kunci: Marosatherina ladigesi, endemik, langka, Sulawesi PENDAHULUAN Ikan Hias Indonesia (PIHI) menggunakan satu jenis Ikan Pelangi atau 'rainbow fish' sudah lama Pelangi Sulawesi, yaitu jenis Marosatherina ladigesi dikenal oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Dinamai ikan sebagai logo dari organisasi tersebut. Pelangi karena pola warnanya yang menyerupai Ikan Pelangi Sulawesi sangat populer di pelangi. Ikan ini cukup populer di kalangan penggemar kalangan penggemar ikan hias di dunia, hasil pencarian ikan hias, karena mudah dipelihara dan harganya pun di situs internet diperoleh 2080 judul untukM ladigesi. tidak terlalu mahal. Ikan Pelangi yang beredar di Ironisnya, masyarakat yang tinggal di habitat asli ikan pasaran dalam negeri berasal dari Propinsi Papua. ini tidak banyak yang mengenalnya, mungkin juga Biodiversitas Pelangi Papua telah diteliti dan karena populasinya sudah sangat menurun dan jarang dipublikasikan oleh Allen & Cross (1982). Pelangi dijumpai lagi. Ikan ini juga tidak dijumpai di pedagang Papua termasuk dalam famili Melanotaenidae, dengan ikan hias di Makassar. 9 genera yaitu Melanotaenia, Iriatherina, Kekhawatiran akan punahnya ikan ini telah Chilatherina, Glossolepis, Cairnsichthys, muncul sejak 14 tahun yang lalu, M. ladigesi telah Rhadinocentrus, Iriatherina, Popondetta dan masuk dalam Red Data Book IUCN sebagai ikan yang Pseudomugil. terancam punah sejak tahun 1994 (IUCN, 2007). Ikan Ikan Pelangi Sulawesi dan Pelangi Papua ini tergolong dalam VU D2 Red list versi 2.3 (1994), mempunyai ordo yang sama, yaitu Atheriniformes, yang mengemukakan bahwa populasinya sangat kecil, namun keduanya berbeda famili. Pelangi Papua luasannya kurang dari 100 km2 ataupun lokasinya termasuk famili Melanotaenidae, sedangkan Pelangi (biasanya kurang dari lima) sangat terbatas. Ancaman Sulawesi termasuk famili Telmatherinidae, yang cenderung berasal dari aktifitas manusia dan diramalkan mempunyai 4 genera; Telmatherina, Paratherina, menjadi sangat genting atau bahkan menjadi punah Tominanga dan Marosatherina. Ikan pelangi yang dalam waktu yang singkat. dibahas adalah jenis Marosatherina ladigesi. Berdasarkan tiga kali penelitian di perairan Ikan pelangi Sulawesi bisa dikatakan tidak Sulawesi Selatan, dua diantaranya bersama Tim dari pernah dipasarkan di dalam negeri. Ikan cantik ini telah Proyek Karst, Pusat Penelitian Biologi yaitu bulan diekspor sejak lama, bahkan sekitar tahun 1976 menjadi Agustus 2006 dan Mi 2007, serta perjalanan bersama primadona ekspor ikan hias Indonesia ke luar negeri. Ekspedisi International yang dipimpin oleh Dr. Louis Pola warna dan perilaku Pelangi Sulawesi sangat Deharveng, bulan Agustus 2007, ikan ini sudah sulit menarik. Tidak heran apabila Perhimpunan Pengusaha diperoleh. 473 Hadiaty - Kajian Ilmiah Ikan Pelangi Kajian ilmiah M. ladigesi, yang nama lokalnya identifikasi. beseng-beseng, dilakukan mengingat fenomena yang Identifikasi ikan dilakukan berdasarkan Aarr dijumpai di lapangan sangat mengkhawatirkan. al. (1998), Ahl (1936), Brembach (1991), Kottelat et el Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap kondisi (1993), Kottelat & Whitten (1996), Weber & de Beaufor terkini dari M. ladigesi di alam, statusnya dalam (1913). sistematika ikan serta beberapa aspek biologinya. Diharapkan dengan dipublikasikannya tulisan ini dapat HASIL menjadi dasar bagi Taman Nasional Bantimurung- Bersama tim karst pada tahun 2006, koleksi Bulusaraung untuk mengambil kebijakan yang dilakukan di 14 lokasi dan berhasil mendapatkan 18 diperlukan dengan azas pemanfaatan secara lestari jenis ikan, 14 familia dengan jumlah spesimen sebanvi. untuk ikan endemik ini. 507 ekor dan terdiri dari 58 lots. Hal yang menggembirakan adalah dengan diperolehnya BAHANDANMETODE spesimen ikan M. ladigesi walaupun hanya 2 ekor Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey saja (tabel 1, gb.l). Spesimen ini diperoleh di 5 berdasarkan data primer dan sekunder. Alat yang Kasikebo. digunakan berupa 'electric fishing', 'seine net' dan Penelitian karst tahun 2007, koleksi dilakukan serokan. Dokumentasi pola warna dilakukan sesaat di 17 lokasi dan berhasil mendapatkan 18 jenis, 14 setelah ikan ditangkap, di tepi sungai ikan dimasukkan familia, sedangkan jumlah spesimen yang diperoleh dalam akuarium kecil dan difoto. Apabila kondisinya sekitar 1558ekordan terdiri dari 89 lots. Pada penelitian tidak memungkinkan untuk melakukan pemotretan di kali ini ikan M. ladigesi diperoleh dari S. Ta'deang, S lokasi, dipilih beberapa ekor yang mempunyai pola Patunuang, S. Leang-leang, S. Tampala, S. Manrepc warna terbaik, dimasukkan dalam ember plastik berisi dan S. Rumbia, spesimen yang diperoleh sebanyak 8- air dan diberi aerator. Sesampainya di 'base camp' baru ekor(tabell,gbl). dilakukan pemotretan. Semua spesimen yang diperoleh Dari hasil koleksi bersama tim ekspedisi diawetkan dengan formalin 4 % dan diberi label. internasional di wilayah karst Sulawesi Selatan, bulan. Di laboratorium, spesimen dicuci dari formalin, Agustus 2007 diperoleh 21 ekor spesimen M. ladigesi. direndam dalam air selama lebih kurang satu hari satu Perolehan ikan betina (74 ekor) lebih banyak malam untuk kemudian dimasukkan dalam botol yang dibandingkan ikanjantan (17 ekor), sedangkan panjang sudah diisi alkohol 70 % selanjutnya dilakukan maksimal keduanya tidak begitu berbeda (gb. 1 ab) Tabel 1. Perolehan hasil koleksi ikan Marosatherina ladigesi dari hasil koleksi Proyek Karst (2006 & 2007) serta ekspedisi internasional (2007) JANTAN BETINA ANAKAN TAHUN JUMLAH (ekor) n Panjang (mm) n Panjang (mm) n Panjang (mm) SL: 37,9 SL: 40,2-43.8 SL:- Karst 2006 3 1 2 TL: 50.9 TL: 52.2-57 - TL:- SL: 26,7-36,0 SL: 22,7-43,3 SL: 12,5-16.0 Karst 2007 86 15 54 17 TL: 45,2-55,7 TL: 27,3-53,6 TL: 15.9-21,2 SL: 30,2-44,1 SL: 17,7 - 40,7 SL: 15 El 2007 21 2 18 1 TL: 39,9-58,0 TL: 22,2-51,2 TL: 18,2 Jumlah 109 18 74 18 Total Ket.: El = ekspedisi internasional SL= panjang standar TL= panjang total 474 Berita Biologi 8(6) - Desember 2007 minSL Jantan max SL Jantan minSLBetina max SL Betlna Jantan Gambar 1. Hasil koleksi M. ladigesi dari tiga kali kerja lapang di perairan sekitar Maros; a. Perolehan ikan jantan, betina dan anakan; b. Minimal dan maximal panjang standar dari perolehan ikan selama tiga kali kerja lapang PEMBAHASAN relatif kecil (dibawah 12,5 mm), sehingga tidak masuk Hasil koleksi tahun 2006 hanya berhasil dalam net dari 'electric fishing', namun anakan ikan mendapatkan 3 ekor M. ladigesi, jumlah yang sangat bisa dikoleksi dengan menggunakan 'seine net' yang sedikit bila dibandingkan dengan perolehan koleksi dari dioperasikan pada tahun 2007. koleksi tahun berikutnya yaitu 86 dan 21 ekor (tabel 1). Perolehan koleksi selama tiga kali kerja lapang Perolehan ikan jantan jauh lebih sedikit menunjukkan bahwa populasinya sangat rendah di dibandingkan dengan betina. Koleksi pertama, kedua alam. Hal ini tercermin dari hasil koleksi karst tahun dan ketiga hanya berhasil mendapatkan 1, 15 dan 2 2006 dan 2007, Mladigesi hanya diperoleh 3 ekor atau ekor jantan, sedangkan betina diperoleh 2, 54 dan 18 0.5% dan 86 ekor atau 5,52% dari total seluruh hasil ekor (gb la). Sedikitnya perolehan jantan mungkin tangkapan. disebabkan oleh perilaku yang jauh lebih aktif Maksimal panjang standar ikan jantan dan dibanding betinanya, sehingga mempunyai area ruaya betina hasil koleksi hampir sama, yaitu 44,1 mm dan yang lebih luas. Di samping itu, hasil pengamatan 43,8 mm (gb. lb), namun ikan betina mempunyai kisaran menunjukkan bahwa jantan yang siap memijah minimal panjang standar yang lebih lebar, yaitu 17,7 - mempunyai daerah teritorial yang tidak boleh 40,2 mm, sedangkan ikan jantan kisarannya lebih sempit dikunjungi oleh pejantan lainnya, wilayah tersebut yaitu antara 26,7 - 37,9 mm. Hal ini kemungkinan hanya diperuntukkan bagi para betinanya. Perilaku sebagai akibat dari perilaku agresif jantan dewasa yang agresif dilakukan dengan membentangkan sirip akan mengusir jantan muda, dimana keberadaan jantan punggung keduanya hingga tegak lurus membentuk muda, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan sudut 90° dengan tubuhnya, perilaku ini diikuti dengan daerah cakupan yang lebih luas. Nampaknya koleksi mengejar bahkan menggigit pejantan lain dengan yang diperoleh dari tiga kali kerja lapang tersebut moncongnya. Jantan yang kalah akan menyingkir jauh- belumlah merupakan panjang maksimal dari M. jauh. Dua ekor jantan dewasa siap memijah terlihat ladigesi. Informasi dari web sites, ukuran ikan ini bisa dalam Foto 1. mencapai panjang 7 cm, diperkirakan ini merupakan Anakan ikan tidak diperoleh
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