Information to Users

INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6 * x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI* UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE PRIVATION AND UNCERTAINTY IN THE SMALL NURSERY OF PERUVIAN LAUGHING FROGS: LARVAL ECOLOGY SHAPES THE PARENTAL MATING SYSTEM A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy BY LYNN HAUGEN Norman, Oklahoma 2002 UMI Number: 3054051 UMI UMI Microform 3054051 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 PRIVATION AND UNCERTAINTY IN THE SMALL NURSERY OF PERUVIAN LAUGHING FROGS: LARVAL ECOLOGY SHAPES THE PARENTAL MATING SYSTEM A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY BY S . - O Copyright by LYNN HAUGEN 2002 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With the help of many friends, colleagues, and funding organizations I was able to fulfill one of my life goals - to live for an extended time in a tropical rainfor est. For that opportunity I will be forever thankful. My research was funded by many diverse sources including Conservacidn de la Naturaleza Amazonica del Perü (CONAPAC), the Amazon Center for Environ mental Education and Research (ACEER), International Expeditions, and a University of Oklahoma Graduate Students Research Grant. I also received a two-year fellow ship from the National Security Education Program to study in Perü. And I was a recipient of a Graduate Assistance Aimed at National Needs (GAANN) Fellowship that not only included a three-year stipend and full tuition, but also funded my first venture to the Neotropics - an Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS) course in Costa Rica. I deeply grateful to my advisory committee Ola Fincke, Vic Hutchison, Joe Rodgers, Trish Schwagmeyer, and especially Douglas Mock. I want to thank all of you for your encouragement and invaluable comments. Each one of you has sup ported me at some critical moment in my academic development (details available upon request). And you have all contributed in unimaginable ways to my growth as a scientist and critical thinker. My only regret (besides taking sooooooo long) was that I didn't take advantage of my time at OU and interact more with each of you. I know there is so much more I could have learned. I am truly indebted to Douglas Mock for being my surrogate advisor when I had no where else to turn. I greatly appreciate the never-ending editing which must have been incredibly time consum ing. The final product is infinitely better than it would have been otherwise. Any IV errors that persist are my own. I am much obliged Roy McDiarmid who served briefly on my committee and in so doing, helped to turn the tide. And special thanks to Gary Schnell for invaluable assistance in determining how best to organize and analyze my data (and for the software to do the analyses). Many thanks to my academic siblings Colleen St. Clair and Jim Moodie. Col leen encouraged me initially to get myself down to the tropics and with the estab lishment of our DUD's (data update dinners), Jim helped me to begin to attack the data set I had accumulated. I am beholden to many individuals in Peru. Some I interacted with briefly and others have become friends for life. The logistics of conducting this study would have been insurmountable without the continued support of Pam Bucar and Peter Jenson. Don Murray identified the bromeliads at my study site and kept me com pany into the wee hours as I conducted my research. And Don Victor touched my heart as he quietly walked past my room each night around 3:00 am to make cer tain I got back to the station safely. Throughout, everyone has listened to me talk endlessly about the laughing frogs and for that I thank you all. And now, I believe .I...am....finally finished. angel thanks for introducing the laughing frog to me VI CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. iv CHAPTER ONE Female reproductive strategy is shaped by larval ecology in a bromeliad-breeding tree frog ............................................................................. 1 Abstract ............................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3 Methods ............................................................................................................. 7 Study site ..................................................................................................... 7 Fieid data collection .................................................................................... 9 Laboratory experiments ............................................................................. 13 Data analysis ............................................................................................... 14 Results ............................................................................................................... 15 Water volume and female site preference ............................................... 16 Effects of oviposition and rainfall on oxygen levels ............................... 18 Female response to rainfall ....................................................................... 19 Tadpole survival........................................................................................... 20 Egg and larval cannibalism ......................................................................... 20 Developmental time of tadpoles and size at metamorphosis................ 23 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 25 Literature Cited ............................................................................................... 34 Appendix I ....................................................................................................... 41 Table ................................................................................................................. 42 Figure Captions ............................................................................................... 43 Figures .............................................................................................................. 47 CHAPTER TWO Facultative monogamy and biparental care In the bromeliad-breeding laughing frog, Osteoc^)halus ptaniceps ........................................................ 62 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 63 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 64 VII Methods ............................................................................................................ 6 8 Study site .................................................................................................... 6 8 Field data collection .................................................................................... 70 Relatedness ................................................................................................. 6 8 Mate removals .............................................................................................. 72 Data analysis ............................................................................................... 73 Results ............................................................................................................... 73 Male-male conflicts ..................................................................................... 75 Matings at dumped vs. isolated sites ..................................................... 76 Parental care at isolated sites - how much of it is 'misdirected'? ..... 77 Male absences .............................................................................................. 79 Experimental removals ................................................................................ 80 Discussion .............................................................................................................

Load more