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Global Patterns in Anuran–Prey Networks: Structure Mediated by Latitude

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Global Patterns in Anuran–Prey Networks: Structure Mediated by Latitude Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul Structure and trophic interactions in anuran metacommunities in Midwestern Brazil Karoline Ceron Campo Grande Março 2021 Structure and trophic interactions in anuran metacommunities in Midwestern Brazil Karoline Ceron Tese apresentada como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Ecologia, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Orientador: Diego José Santana Banca avaliadora Dra. Denise C. Rossa-Feres Universidade Estadual Paulista- UNESP Dra. Paula C. Eterovick Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais - PUC Dr. Jeferson Vizentin-Bugoni Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS Dr. Paulo R. Guimarães Jr Universidade de São Paulo - USP Dr. Timothée Poisot Université de Montréal A todos os brasileiros que perderam sua vida para o Coronavírus, pandemia severamente agravada no Brasil devido ao negacionismo científico pregado pelo atual governo, dedico. Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador, Diego José Santana, pelo apoio, atenção e confiança depositados em mim ao longo desta jornada. Agradeço também pelas orientações, não somente acadêmicas, mas as relacionadas à vida. Sem dúvida alguma, seu apoio tornou esse período muito mais agradável e satisfatório. Muito obrigada pela amizade! Aos meus familiares pelo apoio e incentivo que me deram ao longo dos anos. À Camila por todo apoio e companheirismo na reta final! Aos amigos que Campo Grande me deu, em especial às Tourettes Carlinha, Pri, Sarah, Renata e Vanessão pela amizade, risadas, brigas e vasos entupidos (sempre foi a Renata)! Aos amigos do laboratório Mapinguari que me ajudaram nas coletas, saídas de campo e organização dos dados em laboratório (em ordem alfabética para não dar briga): Carla Guimarães, Elvis Almeida Giuseppe Michelin, Guilherme Sestito, Henrique Folly, Hugo Cabral, Jorge Diaz, Juan F. C. Carillo, Matheus Moroti, Matheus Neves, Paola, Pedro Rocha, Priscila Carvalho, Renata Fadel, Ricardo Koroiva, Sarah Mângia, Tays Cristina, Vanessa Gonçalves. A ajuda de vocês foi fundamental. Aos professores e colaboradores do PPGECO, em especial a Profa. Andrea Araujo, o Prof. Diogo Provete, o Prof. Luiz Gustavo Oliveira-Santos e o Dr. Francisco Valente-Neto pelo aprendizado e conhecimento partilhado. Aos técnicos da Unidade de Zoologia por todo apoio, amizade e ajuda: Liliana Piatti, Andressa Figueiredo, Thomaz Sinani e Francisco Severo-Neto. O melhor quadro de técnicos das federais! Aos proprietários das fazendas e ao Instituto de Meio Ambiente de Mato Grosso do Sul (IMASUL) por permitirem acesso às áreas de estudo. À Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) e à Coordenação de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de doutorado concedida. À Dilma e Lula por acreditarem na educação brasileira e investirem nas instituições públicas de ensino e pesquisa, as quais me permitiram chegar até aqui. Index General abstract .......................................................................................................................... 8 Resumo Geral ........................................................................................................................... 10 General Introduction ................................................................................................................ 12 References ................................................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 1. Global patterns in anuran-prey networks: structure mediated by latitude .. 17 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 17 Resumo ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 19 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 23 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 38 Supporting Information ............................................................................................................ 43 References Supporting Information ......................................................................................... 58 Chapter 2. Seasonal patterns of ecological uniqueness of anuran metacommunities along different ecoregions in Western Brazil ................................................................................. 64 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 64 Resumo ..................................................................................................................................... 66 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 67 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 71 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 77 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 80 Supporting Information ............................................................................................................ 85 Chapter 3. Prey availability and interaction rewiring drive the spatial and seasonal structure of an anuran-prey metaweb .................................................................................. 89 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 89 Resumo ..................................................................................................................................... 90 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 91 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 94 Results ...................................................................................................................................... 97 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 102 Supporting Information .......................................................................................................... 106 Final Considerations ............................................................................................................... 123 References .............................................................................................................................. 124 Supplementary Material ......................................................................................................... 148 8 General abstract Communities and metacommunities vary in composition over time and space. Likewise, species interactions can also vary along these dimensions. In this way my objective in this thesis is to understand the effects of time and space in anuran metacommunities as well as in anuran-prey interactions. In the first chapter I analyzed the structural patterns in anuran–prey antagonistic interaction networks in different parts of the world. I suggest that different processes, mediated mainly by latitude, are shaping the architecture of anuran–prey networks across the globe. In the second chapter, I examined anuran seasonal patterns of local contributions to beta diversity (LCBD) in different ecoregions of Western Brazil, and assessed their correlation with species richness and if environmental and/or spatial predictors would drive patterns of LCBD. I found that LCBD patterns were similar between seasons with sites tending to contribute in the same way for community composition uniqueness during the dry and rainy season. Among studied ecoregions, Cerrado showed higher LCBD values in both seasons. In addition, LCBD was negatively correlated with species richness in the dry season. We also found that LCBD variation was explained by ecoregion in the dry season, but in the rainy season both environmental and spatial global models were non-significant. Finally, in the third chapter I assessed the turnover of anuran-prey interactions between seasons and among four ecoregions in western Brazil. My results indicated that the variation in interaction beta diversity between seasons and among areas were generated by differences in prey availability. Interaction turnover between ecoregions and seasons were high and driven primarily by interaction rewiring. In addition, beta diversity of species was positively related to geographical distance, but not to interaction beta diversity. I propose
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