Univerzita Karlova V Praze Fenotypové a Molekulární Přístupy

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Univerzita Karlova V Praze Fenotypové a Molekulární Přístupy Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra zoologie Fenotypové a molekulární přístupy v systematice palearktických a neotropických rosniček rodů Hyla a Osteocephalus (Amphibia: Hylidae) Václav Gvoždík Dizertační práce Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Jiří Moravec, CSc., Národní muzeum Konzultant: RNDr. Petr Kotlík, Ph.D., ÚŽFG AV ČR Konzultant: RNDr. Miroslav Švátora, CSc., PřF UK Praha 2009 Prohlašuji, že jsem předloženou dizertační práci vypracoval samostatně s použitím citované literatury. Dílčí publikace a rukopisy byly zkompletovány společně s jmenovanými spoluautory. Prohlašuji, že jsem nepředložil tuto práci ani žádnou její část k získání jiného nebo stejného akademického titulu. V Praze, 25. září 2009 …........................................... Václav Gvoždík Poděkování Na prvním místě bych rád poděkoval školiteli, Dr. Jiřímu Moravcovi, za dlouhá léta strpení, které se mnou měl již od časů mého magisterského studia, a hlavně za cenné rady ve vedení výzkumu. Veliký dík patří také Dr. Petrovi Kotlíkovi za zaškolení do technik molekulární genetiky a provedení mnohdy nelehkými typy analýz těchto dat, i za všeobecné rady. Dr. Miroslavu Švátorovi jsem pak vděčný především za otevření cesty k postgraduálnímu studiu a Prof. Ivanovi Horáčkovi za umožnění financování podstatné části výzkumu a mnohé inspirace. Prof. Petrovi Rábovi děkuji za vřelé přijetí do týmu Sekce evoluční biologie a genetiky obratlovců v laboratoři ÚŽFG AV ČR, Liběchov a všeobecnou i technickou podporu. Dr. Lukáši Kratochvílovi chci poděkovat za pomoc a zaškolení ve statistické analýze morfologických dat. Poděkování patří také všem kolegům a přátelům, kteří mi pomohli obstarat vzorky ke genetickým analýzám či umožnili přístup k dokladovým muzejním exemplářům v jejich péči. Nemalý výčet jejich jmen je uveden v poděkování patřičných publikačních výstupů (kapitol dizertační práce). Nadaci „Nadání Josefa, Marie a Zdeňky Hlávkových“ pak patří poděkování za finanční podporu při terénních výzkumech. Velmi rád bych poděkoval také rodině za výraznou podporu a trpělivost, s kterou tiše tolerovala mé zaneprázdnění, zvláště pak v posledních měsících. Mým přátelům a kolegům patří poděkování za dodávání energie k práci a příjemnému pracovnímu prostředí. Tato práce vznikla za finanční podpory Grantové agentury České republiky – projekt číslo GA CR 206/05/2334, Ministerstva školství mládeže a tělovýchovy České republiky – projekt číslo LC06073 a výzkumných záměrů přidělených Ústavu živočišné fyziologie a genetiky Akademie věd České republiky – projekt číslo AV0Z50450515 a Národnímu muzeu – projekt číslo MK00002327201. Popření podle článků 8.2 a 8.3 Mezinárodních pravidel zoologické nomenklatury Ačkoliv se tato dizertační práce zabývá tématy, která by mohla ovlivnit taxonomii a nomenklaturu některých taxonů, není vydána za účelem trvalého vědeckého záznamu, nebo za účelem zoologické nomenklatury. Nová jména a nomenklatorické činy v této práci nebyly zavedeny a učiněny pro nomenklatorické účely a jsou tímto popřeny. Disclaimer according to Articles 8.2 and 8.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature This thesis, although dealing with topics that may affect the taxonomy and nomenclature of certain taxa involved, is explicitly not issued for public and permanent scientific record, or for purposes of zoological nomenclature. The new names and nomenclatural acts in the thesis are disclaimed for nomenclatural purposes. "Taxonomie je záležitostí evidence..." Wolfgang Wüster (2002) Summary Gvoždík V., 2009. [Phenotypic and molecular approaches in the systematics of the Palearctic and Neotropic tree frogs, Hyla and Osteocephalus (Amphibia: Hylidae)]. PhD Thesis. Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, 125 + i–xxiii pp. The systematics and taxonomy of tree frogs of the family Hylidae has undergone turbulent changes both at higher (subfamilies, genera) and lower (species) level during the last decades. The original approach used morphological characters to distinguish tree frog. It has been completed by bioacoustics, since the advertisement calls of the males were found to represent an important behavioural reproductive barrier and therefore useful for systematic evaluations. However, a completely new impulse was given to systematics by the introduction of modern genetic methods. These methods have allowed to distinguish not only morphologically but even acoustically cryptic taxa. The most reliable method to distinguish tree frog at present is a combination of data from the different disciplines. The present dissertation thesis aims to evaluate the systematics of tree frogs of the genus Hyla from Eastern Europe and the Middle East as well as the systematics of the Amazonian genus Osteocephalus using a combination of morphological, bioacoustic and molecular approaches. The thesis is composed of a general introduction, three published papers, two manuscripts under reviews and a conclusion chapter. The first three papers deal with the phenotypic (morphological plus bioacustic) approach in systematic research. The first paper describes the variation in the colour pattern between Cypriote and adjacent mainland (Turkish, Syrian, Lebanese) populations of Hyla savignyi. It quantifies discovered differences in frequencies of different colour patterns and discusses their possible importance for taxonomy. The second paper attempts to solve a question of geographic morphological variation in parapatric tree frogs H. savignyi and H. arborea (and also H. orientalis according to the current taxonomy). It aims to test the hypothesis that climatic factors influence the body shape of the frogs. Originally, this project aimed to present a morphological intraspecific taxonomic evaluation of different tree frogs' populations, but morphology alone turned out to be inconvenient for that purpose. In contrary, the project brought up the new hypothesis about evolutionary-ecological interpretations of the morphological data in the similar, but acoustically and genetically distant Mediterranean populations of H. savignyi and H. arborea (and H. orientalis). The third paper provides the first record of a second species of tree frog from Iran, from where only H. savignyi had been reported before using acoustic methods. The fourth paper is a phylogeographic study of tree frogs from the Middle East using sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Using the molecular approach, a new species was discovered from the region from Yemen to southern Levant. Subsequently, this species was distinguished also by distinct acoustic characteristics and to a lesser degree also by morphology. The new species will be described in the forthcoming paper in the official way (validity of the description within the thesis is disclaimed according to the ICZN). Beside this result, the fourth paper is also discussing the validity of the taxa H. arborea schelkownikowi and H. arborea gumilevskii on the basis of a phylogenetic approach. Demographic analyses of particular populations of the three species (H. savignyi, H. orientalis, and the new species) were carried out to gain insights into the evolutionary history of the species. The fifth paper is a description of a new species of Amazonian tree frog of the genus Osteocephalus based on a combination of morphological, ecological and genetic approaches. The paper also brings a preliminary report on the phylogeny of the genus, which is briefly commented with respect to the evolution of different modes of reproductive strategies within the genus. Obsah ÚVOD ................................................................................................................................ 6 ¾ Systematika a biogeografie rosničkovitých žab na úrovni čeledi Hylidae .................... 6 ¾ Palearktické rosničky – tradiční systematický přístup ................................................. 7 ¾ Západopalearktické rosničky – fylogeografický přístup ................................................ 9 ¾ Fenotypový versus molekulární přístup k systematice západopalearktických rosniček 13 ¾ Neotropické rosničky rodu Osteocephalus ve světle molekulární systematiky .............. 15 ¾ Cíle práce ....................................................................................................................... 16 ¾ Stručná anotace dílčích výstupů .................................................................................... 16 ¾ Citovaná literatura ........................................................................................................ 18 VÝSLEDKY I. Gvoždík V. & Moravec J., 2005. Variation of Hyla savignyi: A color pattern of Cypriote and mainland populations. Herpetologia Petropolitana. Ananjeva N. & Tsinenko O. (Eds.) Russian Journal of Herpetology 12 (Suppl.): 32–34 .......................................................... 21 II. Gvoždík V., Moravec J. & Kratochvíl L., 2008. Geographic morphological variation in parapatric Western Palearctic tree frogs, Hyla arborea and Hyla savignyi: are related species similarly affected by climatic conditions? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 95: 539–556 .................................................... 25 Supplementary material ...................................................................................................... 44 III. Gvoždík V. Second species of tree frog, Hyla orientalis (formely H. arborea), from Iran confirmed by acoustic data. Submitted manuscript ......................................................................................................... 50 IV.
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