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Home , Agalychnis, Agalychnis callidryas, Agalychnis dacnicolor, Agalychnis lemur, Anhydrophryne, Arcovomer

The Biology of Agnes Scott College

Mark Mandica Executive Director The Foundation [email protected] 678 379 (8623) : annae 5.1-2: Biology, & Part 2,

Hylidae: ebraccatus CLassification of Order: Anura † Triadobatrachus Ascaphidae Leiopelmatidae (Discoglossidae) Rhynophrynidae Scaphiopopidae Pelobatidae Heleophrynidae Nasikabatrachidae Calyptocephalellidae Bufonidae Telmatobiidae Allophrynidae Centrolenidae Dendrobatidae Ceuthomantidae Breviceptidae Hemisotidae Ceratobatrachidae Conrauidae Micrixalidae Nyctibatrachidae Phrynobatrachidae Ptychadenidae Ranidae Ranixalidae Dicroglossidae

A

† 3 †

† †

Actinopterygian Coelacanth, Tetrapodomorpha †Amniota *Gerobatrachus (Ray-fin Fishes) Lungfish (stem-) (Reptiles, Mammals)Lepospondyls † (’frogomander’) Eocaecilia GymnophionaKaraurus Caudata Triadobatrachus

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Anura Sub Orders Super Families (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) 1 A 2 B 1 Anura Salientia 3 Neobatrachia Batrachia

Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Salientia Temnospondyls † to Batrachia

Tetrapods Caudata Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Hylidae. Rafinesque, 1815 (710 sp.)

The Hylidae are a wide-ranging family of commonly referred to as ‘tree frogs and their allies’. However, the hylids include a diversity of frog , many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.

Genera (48): Acris Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (3 sp.) | Hyliola Mocquard, 1899 (4 sp.) Pseudacris Fitzinger, 1843 (14 sp.) | Aplastodiscus Lutz, 1950 (15 sp.) Gray, 1825 (92 sp.) | Faivovich, et al, 2005 (32 sp.) Peters, 1882 (37 sp.) | Faivovich, et al 2005 (6 sp.) Dendropsophus Fitzinger, 1843 (105 sp.) | Izecksohn, 1998 (2 sp.) Anotheca Smith, 1939 (1 sp.) | Faivovich, et al 2005 (2 sp.) Faivovich, et al 2005 (7 sp.) | Diaglena Cope, 1887 (1 sp.) Fitzinger, 1843 (18 sp.) | Campbell and Smith, 1992 (8 sp.) Faivovich, et al 2005 (12 sp.) | Brocchi, 1879 (11 sp.) Laurenti, 1768 (15 sp.) | Faivovich, et al, 2005 (15 sp.) Faivovich, et al, 2005 (4 sp.) | Plectrohyla Brocchi, 1877 (19 sp.) Taylor, 1944 (14 sp.) | Duellman, Marion, and Hedges, 2016 (1 sp.) Sarcohyla Duellman, Marion, and Hedges, 2016 (24 sp.) | Smilisca Cope, 1865 (9 sp.) Faivovich, Haddad, Garcia, Frost, Campbell, and Wheeler, 2005 (4 sp.) Cope, 1866 (1 sp.) | Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (5 sp.) Trueb, 1970 (1 sp.) | Boulenger, 1896 (2 sp.) Dryaderces Jungfer,et al, 2013 (2 sp.) | Faivovich, et al, 2005 (1 sp.) Boulenger, 1882 (1 sp.) | Osteocephalus Steindachner, 1862 (24 sp.) Fitzinger, 1843 (8 sp.) | Wagler, 1830 (13 sp.) Jowers, et al, 2009 (1 sp.) | Ayarzagüena, et al, 1993 (9 sp.) Tschudi, 1838 (17 sp.) | Cope, 1862 (4 sp.) Wagler, 1830 (7 sp.) | Duellman and de Sá, 1988 (2 sp.) Julianus Duellman, Marion, and Hedges, 2016 (2 sp.) | Ololygon Fitzinger, 1843 (47 sp.) Wagler, 1830 (70 sp.) | Tschudi, 1838 (16 sp.) Hylidae. Rafinesque, 1815 (710 sp.) Hylidae: Acris crepitans blanchardi Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Hylidae: Anotheca spinosa Hylidae: Charadrahyla chaneque Hylidae: Dendropsophus ebraccatus Hylidae: Ecnomiohyla fimbrimembra Hylidae: Ecnomiohyla fimbrimembra Hylidae: Ecnomiohyla miliaria Hylidae: Ecnomiohyla miliaria Hylidae: Ecnomiohyla valancifer Hylidae: Extinct Hylidae: Ecnomiohyla rabborum Extinct Hylidae: Ecnomiohyla rabborum Extinct Hylidae: Hyla andersonii Hylidae: Hyla chrysoscelis GA Native Hylidae: Hyla gratiosa GA Native Hylidae: Hyla marmorata Hylidae: Hylidae: Hyloscirtus pantostictus Hylidae: Hyloscirtus pantostictus Hylidae: Hyloscirtus princecharlesi Hylidae: Hyloscirtus princecharlesi Hylidae: Hyloscirtus tigrinus Hylidae: Hypsiboas heilprini Hylidae: Hypsiboas fasciatus Hylidae: Pseudis paradoxa Hylidae: Pseudis paradoxa Hylidae: Osteocephalus taurinus Hylidae: Osteopilus septentrionalis GA Exotic Hylidae: Osteopilus vastus Hylidae: Pseudacris crucifer GA Native Hylidae: Scinax quinquefasciatus Hylidae: Smilisca baudinii Hylidae: Smilisca fodiens Hylidae: Smilisca phaeota Hylidae: Litoria splendida Hylidae: Litoria chloris Hylidae: Trachycephalus resinifictrix Hylidae: Trachycephalus venulosus Hylidae: Triprion spatulatus Hylidae: Triprion spatulatus Phyllomedusidae. Günther, 1858 (63 sp.)

Formally a subfamily of the Tree Frogs (Hylidae), this group is known as the Leaf Frogs (Agalychnis) and Monkey Frogs (). They are known from tropical Mexico to Argentina.

Genera (16): Agalychnis Cope, 1864 (13 sp.) Callimedusa Duellman, Marion, and Hedges, 2016 (6 sp.) Faivovich, Haddad, Garcia, Frost, Campbell, and Wheeler, 2005 (2 sp.) Peters, 1873 "1872" (2 sp.) Cruz, 1991 (7 sp.) Phrynomedusa Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923 (6 sp.) Phyllomedusa Wagler, 1830 (16 sp.) Pithecopus Cope, 1866 (11 sp.) Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis dacnicolor Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis callidryas Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis spurrelli Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis spurrelli Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis lemur Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis annae Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis annae Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis moreletii Phyllomedusidae: Callimedusa tomopterna Phyllomedusidae: Callimedusa tomopterna Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Phyllomedusidae: Cruziohyla craspedopus Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusidae: Phasmahyla spectabilis Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusa bicolor Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusa bicolor Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusa sauvagii Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusa sauvagii Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusa tarsius Phyllomedusidae: Phyllomedusa vaillantii Phyllomedusidae: Pithecopus azureus Phyllomedusidae: Pithecopus nordestinus Phyllomedusidae: Pithecopus rohdei Dendrobatidae. Cope, 1865 (1850) (194 sp.)

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Poison Frogs Dendrobatidae. Cope, 1865 (1850) (194 sp.)

This family has recently been revised taxonomically (Grant et al., 2006) and now contains 11 genera. Members are small, brightly colored neotropical frogs. Poison Frogs derive their name from the fact that the more derived genera in this group are brightly colored and produce toxic alkaloids, which are obtained through the they eat. Three species ( terribilis, Phyllobates aurotaenia, and Phyllobates bicolor) have been documented as being used to poison blow-gun darts for hunting , in . The most toxic species of any frog is Phyllobates terribilis, which produces and homobatrachoxins at a level approximately 20-fold that of other dart-poison frogs. Dendrobatids have short but strong hind limbs and are agile jumpers and climbers. They are characterized by the presence of divided scutes (thick pads of skin) on the dorsal surface of their digits. These frogs are diurnal and lay on land. Many dendrobatid species exhibit parental care, with the males or females (depending on the species) transporting their on the back of the parent. In some species, each is placed in a separate treehole or other small water- containing enclosure, and females or both parents visit the tadpoles periodically, with the female depositing unfertilized eggs at each visit to feed the tadpole. Males are highly territorial, partaking in vocalization and wrestling competitions and display cephalic (grasping the female around the head during mating, unique among anurans).

Genera (16): Ameerega Bauer, 1986 (31 sp.) | Cope, 1866 (17 sp.) Epipedobates Myers, 1987 (8 sp.) |Leucostethus Grant, et al 2017 (2 sp.) Silverstoneia Grant, et al 2006 (8 sp.) | Grant, et al 2006 (3 sp.) Andinobates Twomey, et al 2011 (15 sp.) | Wagler, 1830 (5 sp.) Excidobates Twomey and Brown, 2008 (3 sp.) | Minyobates Myers, 1987 (1 sp.) Oophaga Bauer, 1994 (9 sp.) | Phyllobates Bibron, 1840 (5 sp.) Ranitomeya Bauer, 1986 (16 sp.) | Ectopoglossus Grant, et al 2017 (7 sp.) Hyloxalus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (58 sp.) | Paruwrobates Bauer, 1994 (3 sp.) Dendrobatidae. Cope, 1865 (1850) (194 sp.) Dendrobatidae: Adelphobates galactinotus Dendrobatidae: Adelphobates galactinotus Dendrobatidae: Adelphobates quinquevittatus Dendrobatidae: Ameerega pepperi Dendrobatidae: Ameerega silverstonei Dendrobatidae: Andinobates fulguritus Dendrobatidae: Colostethus pratti, Colostethus panamansis Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates leucomelas Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates leucomelas Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates auratus Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates tinctorius Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates tinctorius Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates tinctorius Dendrobatidae: Dendrobates truncatus Dendrobatidae: Epipedobates anthonyi Dendrobatidae: Oophaga histrionica Dendrobatidae: Oophaga lehmanni Dendrobatidae: Oophaga pumilio Dendrobatidae: Oophaga sylvatica Dendrobatidae: Oophaga sylvatica Dendrobatidae: Oophaga vicentei Dendrobatidae: Phyllobates bicolor Dendrobatidae: Phyllobates lugubris Dendrobatidae: Phyllobates terribilis Dendrobatidae: Phyllobates vittatus Dendrobatidae: Ranitomeya fantasticus Dendrobatidae: Ranitomeya imitator Dendrobatidae: Ranitomeya lamasi Dendrobatidae: Ranitomeya reticulata Dendrobatidae: Ranitomeya summersi Dendrobatidae: Ranitomeya vanzolinii Eleutherodactylidae. Lutz, 1954

This family of Rain Frogs and Robber Frogs is an assemblage of four genera of direct-developing frogs found throughout the West Indies, in peninsular Florida (where it may be either native or introduced) and from southern Texas (USA) south to northwestern Ecuador, with some genera in northeastern South America and in the Amazon Basin. Frogs of the family Eleutherodactylidae range in size from 10.5 mm SVL in female iberia to 88 mm in female Eleutherodactylus inoptatus (Hedges et al. 2008). Eleutherodactylus iberia is one of the smallest frogs in the world. Miniaturization has occurred across five families of frogs (Brachycephalidae, Eleutherodactylidae, Leptodactylidae, Microhylidae, and Sooglossidae), and with it come constraints in morphological development, including digital reduction and loss of vomerine teeth. Miniaturized frog species also tend to have high-frequency calls (>5 kHz) and to have clutches with very small numbers of eggs (sometimes only one ). Another unusual species is Eleutherodactylus jasperi, an ovoviviparous frog which retains developing embryos within eggs in the oviduct, giving birth to live froglets. This species is endemic to southern Puerto Rico, but is thought to be extinct as it has not been seen since 1981.

Genera (4): Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (15 sp.) Eleutherodactylus Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (192 sp.) Hoogmoed and Lescure, 1984 (9 sp.) Heyer, 1977 (1 sp.) Eleutherodactylidae. Lutz, 1954 Eleutherodactylus sp. Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides

Eleutherodactylus thorectes

Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus coqui Eleutherodactylus ventrilineatus Eleutherodactylus amadeus Eleutherodactylus furcyensis

Eleutherodactylus aporostegus

Pristimantis museosus appendiculatus

Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus planirostris GA Exotic Arthroleptidae: Trichobatrachus robustus Boulenger, 1900 . Bonaparte, 1850

Previously considered as part of the Microhylidae, there is now strong support that the five genera comprising the monophyletic Brevicipitidae or Rain Frogs and Flat Face Frogs, following Frost et al. (2006), are part of a larger lineage of African frogs including the Hemisotidae, Hyperoliidae and Arthroleptidae. The Brevicipitids are restricted to the eastern and southern parts of sub-Saharan Africa, from Ethiopia south to and . Some genera, such as , exhibit an extreme difference in male and female body sizes. Male frogs are so much smaller and have such short limbs relative to their volume that they are unable to amplex. Instead, they have an adhesive secretion from the skin that allows males and females to "stick" together during mating. Roughly spherical clutches of eggs are deposited in subterranean chambers. All five genera are believed to have direct development in which fully metamorphosed young hatch directly from eggs. Characters uniting this clade include (1) lack of ossified sphenethmoids; (2) an extremely short head; (3) direct development.

Genera (5): Balebreviceps Largen and Drewes, 1989 (1 sp.) Breviceps Merrem, 1820 (18 sp.) Nieden, 1911 (9 sp.) Parker, 1931 (6 sp.) Ahl, 1924 (1 sp.) Brevicipitidae: Balebreviceps hillmani Brevicipitidae: Callulina kreffti Brevicipitidae: Callulina kisiwamsitu Brevicipitidae: Brevicipitidae Brevicipitidae: Breviceps adspersus Brevicipitidae: Brevicipitidae: Breviceps gibbosus Brevicipitidae: Breviceps acutirostris Brevicipitidae: Breviceps verrucosus Brevicipitidae: Breviceps namaquensis Brevicipitidae: Breviceps verrucosus Microhylidae. Günther, 1858 (1843) (648 sp.)

The Microhylidae, commonly known as Narrow-mouthed Frogs, are a geographically widespread family of frogs. Morphological characters for this group are: 1) cornified denticles absent in larvae; 2) glottis fully exposed in the buccal floor in larvae; 3) nares not perforated in larvae; 4) ventral velum divided medially in larvae; 5) two or three palatal folds in adults. Genera (52): Dyscophus Grandidier, 1872 (3 sp.) | Adelastes Zweifel, 1986 (1 sp.) Aphantophryne Fry, 1917 (5 sp.) | Asterophrys Tschudi, 1838 (7 sp.) Austrochaperina Fry, 1912 (26 sp.) | Barygenys Parker, 1936 (9 sp.) Callulops Boulenger, 1888 (24 sp.) | Choerophryne Van Kampen, 1914 (35 sp.) Cophixalus Boettger, 1892 (65 sp.) | Copiula Méhely, 1901 (14 sp.) Gastrophrynoides Noble, 1926 (2 sp.) | Hylophorbus Macleay, 1878 (12 sp.) Mantophryne Boulenger, 1897 (5 sp.) | Oninia Günther, et al, 2010 (1 sp.) Oreophryne Boettger, 1895 (69 sp.) | Paedophryne Kraus, 2010 (7 sp.) Siamophryne Suwannapoom, et al 2018 (1 sp.) | Sphenophryne Peters and Doria, 1878 (14 sp.) Xenorhina Peters, 1863 (32 sp.) | Chaperina Mocquard, 1892 (1 sp.) Anodonthyla Müller, 1892 (11 sp.) | Cophyla Boettger, 1880 (19 sp.) Madecassophryne Guibé, 1974 (1 sp.) | Plethodontohyla Boulenger, 1882 (11 sp.) Rhombophryne Boettger, 1880 (60 sp.) | Arcovomer Carvalho, 1954 (1 sp.) Chiasmocleis Méhely, 1904 (34 sp.) | Ctenophryne Mocquard, 1904 (6 sp.) Miranda-Ribeiro, 1924 (1 sp.) | Dermatonotus Méhely, 1904 (1 sp.) Elachistocleis Parker, 1927 (18 sp.) | Fitzinger, 1843 (4 sp.) Hamptophryne Carvalho, 1954 (2 sp.) | Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867 (4 sp.) Carvalho, 1954 (1 sp.) | Cope, 1870 (4 sp.) Barbour and Loveridge, 1928 (2 sp.) | Barbour and Loveridge, 1928 (1 sp.) Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838 (26 sp.) | Beddome, 1878 (1 sp.) Glyphoglossus Gunther, 1869 "1868" (9 sp.) | Gray, 1831 (17 sp.) Parker, 1934 (2 sp.) | Tschudi, 1838 (41 sp.) Micryletta Dubois, 1987 (3 sp.) | Boulenger, 1887 (1 sp.) Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (12 sp.) | Otophryne Boulenger, 1900 (3 sp.) Synapturanus Carvalho, 1954 (3 sp.) | Phrynomantis Peters, 1867 (5 sp.) Paradoxophyla Blommers-Schlösser and Blanc, 1991 (2 sp.)| Scaphiophryne Boulenger, 1882 (9 sp.) Microhylidae. Günther, 1858 (1843) (648 sp.) Callulops doriae Callulops personatus

Microhylidae: Choerophryne rostellifer Choerophryne gracilirostris

Microhylidae: Cophixalus concinnus Cophixalus mcdonaldi

Microhylidae: Copiula minor Hylophorbus rufescens

Microhylidae: Gastrophrynoides borneensis Gastrophrynoides immaculatus

Microhylidae: Stereocyclops parkeri Stereocyclops incrassatus

Microhylidae: Microhylidae: Gastrophrynoides borneensis Microhylidae: Kaloula pulchra Microhylidae: Kaloula rigida Microhylidae: Kaloula taprobanica Microhylidae: Dyscophus guinetti Microhylidae: Dyscophus antongili Microhylidae: Gastrophryne olivacea Microhylidae: Gastrophryne carolinensis GA Native Microhylidae: Gastrophryne carolinensis GA Native Microhylidae: Gastrophryne carolinensis GA Native Conrauidae. Dubois, 1992

Conraua is a of large frogs from sub-Saharan Africa. They are sometimes known as Slippery Frogs. is the only genus in the Conrauidae family. This genus includes the largest frog of the world, Conraua goliath, which may grow to 32 cm (13 in) in snout–vent length and weigh as much as 3.3 kg (7.3 lb).[4] Four of the six species in this genus are threatened.

Genera (1): Conraua Nieden, 1908 (6 sp.) Conrauidae. Dubois, 1992 Conrauidae: Conraua robusta Conrauidae: Conraua beccarii Conrauidae: Conraua derooi Conrauidae: Conraua goliath Ranidae. Batsch, 1796

The True Frogs, family Ranidae, have the widest distribution of any frog family. They are abundant throughout most of the world, occurring on all continents except Antarctica. The true frogs are present in North America, northern South America, Europe, Asia, Madagascar, Africa, and from the East Indies to New Guinea; the species native to Australia—the Australian Wood Frog ( daemelii)—is restricted to the far north. Typically, true frogs are smooth and moist-skinned, with large, powerful legs and extensively webbed feet. Many of the true frogs are aquatic or live close to water. Most species lay their eggs in the water and go through a generalized tadpole stage. However, as with most families of frogs, there is large variation of within the family. Those of the genus Tomopterna are burrowing frogs native to Africa and exhibit most of the characteristics common to burrowing frogs around the world. Genera (26): Abavorana Oliver, Prendini, Kraus, and Raxworthy, 2015 (2 sp.) | Amnirana Dubois, 1992 (11 sp.) Cope, 1865 (51 sp.) | Babina Thompson, 1912 (2 sp.) Chalcorana Dubois, 1992 (10 sp.) | Mivart, 1869 (3 sp.) Glandirana Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990 (5 sp.) | Yang, 1991 (5 sp.) Humerana Dubois, 1992 (3 sp.) | Hydrophylax Fitzinger, 1843 (4 sp.) Hylarana Tschudi, 1838 (4 sp.) | Indosylvirana Oliver, Prendini, Kraus, and Raxworthy, 2015 (13 sp.) Lithobates Fitzinger, 1843 (51 sp.) | Yang, 1991 (13 sp.) Nidirana Dubois, 1992 (8 sp.) | Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990 (59 sp.) Papurana Dubois, 1992 (16 sp.) | Fitzinger, 1843 (21 sp.) Pseudorana Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990 (2 sp.)| Pterorana Kiyasetuo and Khare, 1986 (1 sp.) Pulchrana Dubois, 1992 (16 sp.) | Linnaeus, 1758 (51 sp.) Sanguirana Dubois, 1992 (8 sp.)| Cope, 1865 (6 sp.) Sumaterana Arifin, Smart, Hertwig, Smith, Iskandar, and Haas, 2018 (3 sp.)| Dubois, 1992 (12 sp.) Ranidae. Batsch, 1796 Ranidae: Amnirana albolabris Ranidae: Amolops viridimaculatus Ranidae: Amolops archotaphus Ranidae: Clinotarsus curtipes Ranidae: Glandirana sp. Ranidae: Humerana humeralis Ranidae: Ranidae: Hylarana luctuosa Ranidae: Hylarana mortenseni Ranidae: Lithobates areolatus Ranidae: Lithobates pipiens Ranidae: Lithobates capito GA Native Ranidae: Lithobates catesbeianus GA Native Ranidae: Lithobates chiricahuensis Ranidae: Lithobates palustris GA Native Ranidae: Lithobates sevosus Ranidae: Lithobates sylvaticus GA Native Ranidae: Lithobates tarahumarae Ranidae: Meristogenys jerboa Ranidae: Odorrana hosii Ranidae: Papurana daemeli Ranidae: Pelophylax epeiroticus Ranidae: Chalcorana raniceps Ranidae: Pulchrana picturata Ranidae: Rana draytonii Ranidae: Lithobates mucosus Ranidae: Lithobates mucosus Ranidae: Lithobates pretiosa Ranidae: Staurois tuberilinguis Ranidae: Sumaterana crassiovis Pyxicephalidae. Bonaparte, 1850 (84 sp.)

The Pyxicephalidae are a family of frogs found in sub-Saharan Africa.

Genera (12): Amietia Dubois, 1987 (16 sp.) Hewitt, 1919 (3 sp.) Hewitt, 1926 (10 sp.) Cacosternum Boulenger, 1887 (16 sp.) Microbatrachella Hewitt, 1926 (1 sp.) Natalobatrachus Hewitt and Methuen, 1912 (1 sp.) Nothophryne Poynton, 1963 (5 sp.) Poyntonia Channing and Boycott, 1989 (1 sp.) Strongylopus Tschudi, 1838 (10 sp.) Tomopterna Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (15 sp.) Aubria Boulenger, 1917 (2 sp.) Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838 (4 sp.) Pyxicephalidae: Pyxicephalus edulis Pyxicephalidae: Pyxicephalus edulis Pyxicephalidae: Pyxicephalus adspersus Pyxicephalidae: Pyxicephalus adspersus Pyxicephalidae: Pyxicephalus adspersus Pyxicephalidae: Tomopterna krugerensis Rhacophoridae. Hoffman, 1932 (1858)

The Rhacophoridae occurs in tropical sub-Saharan Africa, South and Sri Lanka, Japan; northeastern India to eastern China south through the and Greater Sundas, and . They are commonly known as Shrub Frogs, or more ambiguously as Moss Frogs or Foam Nest Frogs. Among the most spectacular members of this family are numerous Flying Frogs. Although a few groups are primarily terrestrial, rhacophorids are predominantly treefrogs which are arboreal. Mating frogs, while in amplexus, hold on to a branch, and beat their legs to form a foam. The eggs are laid in the foam, and covered with seminal fluid, before the foam hardens into a protective casing. In some species, this is done in a large group. The foam is laid above a water source, so the tadpoles fall into the water once they hatch. This family contains the Old World Tree Frogs, including Wallace' Flying Frog ( nigropalmatus). These frogs have extensive webbing between their forelimbs and hindlimbs, allowing them to glide through the air. Genera (18): Buergeria Tschudi, 1838 (5 sp.) | Beddomixalus Abraham, Pyron, Ansil, Zachariah, and Zachariah, 2013 (1 sp.) Peters, 1854 (19 sp.) | Frost, et al, 2006 (5 sp.) Ghatixalus Biju, Roelants, and Bossuyt, 2008 (3 sp.) | Gracixalus Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean, and Ohler, 2005 (13 sp.) Kurixalus Ye, Fei, and Dubois, 1999 (15 sp.) | Liuixalus Li, Che, Bain, Zhao, and Zhang, 2008 (7 sp.) Mercurana Abraham, et al, 2013 (1 sp.) | Nasutixalus Jiang, Yan, Wang, and Che, 2016 (3 sp.) Nyctixalus Boulenger, 1882 (3 sp.) | Philautus Gistel, 1848 (55 sp.) Tschudi, 1838 (24 sp.) | Pseudophilautus Laurent, 1943 (79 sp.) Raorchestes Biju, et al, 2010 (62 sp.) | Rhacophorus Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822 (92 sp.) Taruga Meegaskumbura, et al, 2010 (3 sp.) | Theloderma Tschudi, 1838 (25 sp.) Rhacophoridae. Hoffman, 1932 (1858) Rhacophoridae: Beddomixalus bijui Rhacophoridae: Buergeria japonica Rhacophoridae: Ghatixalus asterops Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus feae Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus reinwardtii Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus norhayatii Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus norhayatii Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus malabaricus Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus Rhacophoridae: Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus Rhacophoridae: Chiromantis rufescens Rhacophoridae: Chiromantis sp. Rhacophoridae: Chiromantis xerampelina Rhacophoridae: Theloderma stellatum Rhacophoridae: Theloderma corticale Rhacophoridae: Theloderma corticale Mantellidae. Laurent, 1946

Mantellids are found only on the large island of Madagascar and neighboring Mayotte. The most famous members are of the genus which have converged with members of the neotropical family Dendrobatidae in body plan, ecology, aposematic coloration, and in lipophilic skin alkaloids. Most mantellid species are terrestrial although there are also aquatic, arboreal (the genus resembles treefrogs of the subfamily , within the family Hylidae), and semi-fossorial species. Body sizes range from 30-100 mm SVL. Reproductive life histories vary from eggs deposited on vegetation with tadpoles that develop into streams, to terrestrial clutches whose tadpoles wash into streams, to land and arboreal direct developers. A strange mode of amplexus is found within , where the male places the ventral surface of his thighs on the head of the female and allows the sperm to travel down the back and onto the extruded clutch. Genera (12): Boophis Tschudi, 1838 (77 sp.) Boulenger, 1918 (6 sp.) Glaw, Vences, and Böhme, 1998 (1 sp.) Dubois, 1992 (10 sp.) Boehmantis Glaw and Vences, 2006 (1 sp.) Methuen, 1920 (45 sp.) Dubois, 1992 (15 sp.) Mantella Boulenger, 1882 (16 sp.) Boulenger, 1895 (31 sp.) Dubois, 1992 (13 sp.) Glaw, Hoegg, and Vences, 2006 (1 sp.) Wakea Glaw and Vences, 2006 (1 sp.) Mantellidae. Laurent, 1946 Mantellidae: Mantellidae: Guibemantis pulcher Mantellidae: Mantidactylus betsileanus Mantellidae: Mantidactylus melanopleura Mantellidae: Boophis elenae Mantellidae: Boophis luteus Mantellidae: Boophis luteus Mantellidae: Mantellidae: Mantellidae: Boophis rappiodes Mantellidae: Boophis viridis Mantellidae: Boophis viridis Mantellidae: Mantellidae: Mantella bernhardi Mantellidae: Mantella betsileo Mantella laevigata Mantella cowanii Mantella madagascariensis Mantella nigricans

Mantellidae: Mantellidae: Mantella laevigata Mantellidae: Mantella aurantiaca Tune in next time for Reproduction &

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