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Chapter 1 – the Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

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Chapter 1 – the Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet) 1-1 Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet) Names of the Letters Difficulties Recognizing Letters – Final Forms – Different Fonts – Similar Letters Writing and Transliterating the Letters Begad Kephat Letters Pronouncing the Letters HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-2 The Alphabet is Just the Consonants In English, both consonants and vowels are letters of the alphabet. – E.g., the vowel ‘A’ and the consonant ‘B’ are both letters of the alphabet. In Hebrew, only consonants are considered to be letters .is a letter of the alphabet א The consonant Alef – .The vowel Seghol ֶ is not a letter of the alphabet – The OT was originally written without vowels – Vowels and accents were added in AD 500-1000 מֶֶ֔לְֶֶ֔ך מלך – HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-3 Variations on Letter Names Different people spell letter names differently א ֶ֔לֶֶ֔ף ,E.g., Alef, Aleph, ’ā́ lep – Different people pronounce letter names differently – E.g., Waw vs. Vav. Yod vs. Yud. In Modern Hebrew, three letters are called different names depending on whether or not they have a Dagesh Bet ּב .Vet vs ב – Kaf ּכ .Chaf vs כ – Pay ּפ .Fay vs פ – All reasonable variations are acceptable in my class HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-4 Alef HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-5 Bet HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-6 Gimel HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-7 Dalet HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-8 Hay HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-9 Vav HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-10 Zayin HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-11 Ḥet HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-12 Tet HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-13 Yod HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-14 Kaf HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-15 Lamed HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-16 Mem HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-17 Nun HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-18 Samech HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-19 Ayin HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-20 Pay HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-21 Tsadee HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-22 Qof HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-23 Resh HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-24 Sin HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-25 Shin HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-26 Tav HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-27 ׁש and Shin ׂש Order of Sin Acrostic poems (e.g., Psalm 119) show alphabet in order. ,as the same letter ׁש and Shin ׂש Acrostics treat Sin – so they don’t tell us the order. ׂש before Sin ׁש Modern Hebrew tends to put Shin ׁש then Shin ׂש Our textbook and lexicon have Sin – So memorize this order. You’ll never lose points for either order. Mnemonic: Keep the dots together when writing the אבגֶ֔... צקרׂשׁשת alphabet HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA אֶ֔בֶ֔גֶ֔דֶ֔הֶ֔וֶ֔זֶ֔חֶ֔טֶ֔י כֶ֔לֶ֔מֶ֔נֶ֔סֶ֔עֶ֔פֶ֔צֶ֔ק רֶׂ֔שֶׁ֔שֶ֔ת Song copyright © Professor John Walton of Wheaton College Used by permission Memorize the Alef-Bet Before Continuing 1-29 Before going on to the next section, learn the name of each letter and their order. Use the Alef-Bet song to practice the names in order. – YouTube has 3 versions of the music video: Letters and their names Letters alone All the letters showing at the same time – The website also has the song in downloadable formats: mp3, mp4, and wmv. The website links to a place to practice the letters names. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-30 Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet) Names of the Letters Difficulties Recognizing Letters – Final Forms – Different Scripts – Similar Letters Writing and Transliterating the Letters Begad Kephat Letters Pronouncing the Letters HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-31 Final Forms 5 letters use different letter shape at end of word כ מ נ פ צ Regular ך ם ן ף ץ Final Mnemonic: “CoMMoN FaTS” This shape is called the “final form” or “sofit form” – Sofit (‘sew-feet’) means ‘last’ Final forms have the same pronunciation and transliteration as the non-final forms. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-32 Multiple Hebrew Scripts There are multiple letter styles for writing Hebrew – Books are printed in a fancy style with serifs אֶ֔בֶ֔גֶ֔דֶ֔הֶ֔וֶ֔זֶ֔חֶ֔טֶ֔יֶ֔כֶ֔לֶ֔מֶ֔נֶ֔סֶ֔עֶ֔פֶ֔צֶ֔קֶ֔רֶׂ֔ש ׁשֶ֔ת – But letters can be written without most of the serifs א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ׂש ׁש ת – Modern Hebrew is written in a cursive script א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ׂש ׁש ת Use the simplified shapes without serifs, and be legible. Always write Right-to-Left HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-33 Look-Alike Letters (Kaf) כ (Bet) ב (Nun) נ (Gimel) ג (Tav) ת (Ḥet) ח (He) ה (Shin) ׁש (Sin) ׂש (Samek) ס (final Mem) ם (Resh) ר (Dalet) ד (Ayin) ע (Tsade) צ (Final Kaf) ך (Final Nun) ן (Yod) י (Zayin) ז (Waw) ו HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-34 Bet Kaf Tail in Lower-Right Rounded Lower-Right HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-35 Gimel Nun Bottom like heel of a boot Flat bottom HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-36 Hay Ḥet Gap in Top Left No gap in Top Left HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-37 Tav Ḥet Foot on Lower Left No foot on Lower Left HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-38 Sin Shin Dot on Upper Left Dot on Upper Right HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-39 Final Mem Samech Square Bottom Round Bottom HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-40 Dalet Resh Bump on Upper Right Round Upper Right HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-41 Tsade Ayin Bump on Lower Right Round Lower Right HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-42 Zayin Vav Tail on Upper Right Round Upper Right HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-43 Yod Vav Final Nun Halfway Down Full Height Below the Line HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-44 Final Kaf Final Nun Top Line is Big Little or No Top Line Usually a Silent Shewa in Final Kaf HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA Memorize the Letters Before Continuing 1-45 Before going on to the next section, learn to recognize the letters in different scripts, including their final forms. Make flash cards with the letters on one side and the names on the other side. – Include final forms. – The website has a sheet of letters to print and cut out. Some letters appear with and without a dot, for use after you have learned about begad kephat. – Write the name and recognition notes on the other side of each card. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-46 Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet) Names of the Letters Difficulties Recognizing Letters – Final Forms – Different Fonts – Similar Letters Writing and Transliterating the Letters Begad Kephat Letters Pronouncing the Letters HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-47 How to Write the Letters The following slides suggest how to write the letters. – You can write the letters differently, as long as it is clear which letter is intended. Most letters can take a dot inside them. – These slides show the location of the dot. – The dot is not part of the basic letter shape. – Don’t add the dot when writing the alphabet. – Draw the dot after drawing the letter itself. Practice writing the letters as you watch the video. – A practice sheet is available on the website. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-48 א Alef 1 2 3 HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-49 ב Bet 1 2 Tail on bottom right distinguishes כ from Kaf ב Bet HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-50 ג Gimel 1 2 HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-51 ד Dalet 1 2 Tail on top right distinguishes ר from Resh ד Dalet HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-52 ה Hay 1 2 Gap in upper left distinguishes ח from Ḥet ה Hay HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-53 ו Waw / Vav Optional hook in top left 1 ,ן and Final Nun י Unlike Yod comes just down to the line ו Vav HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-54 ז Zayin 1 2 Tail on top right ז distinguishes Zayin ו from Waw HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-55 ח Ḥet 1 2 Lack of Gap in upper left distinguishes ה from Hay ח Ḥet HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-56 ט Tet 1 HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-57 י Yod Some people curve Yod 1 ,ן and Final Nun ו Unlike Vav .doesn’t reach the bottom line י Yod HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-58 כ Kaf 1 Smooth bottom right
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