Chapter 1 – the Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

1-1 Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters – Final Forms – Different Fonts – Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-2 The Alphabet is Just the Consonants

 In English, both consonants and vowels are letters of the alphabet. – E.g., the vowel ‘A’ and the consonant ‘B’ are both letters of the alphabet.

 In Hebrew, only consonants are considered to be letters .is a letter of the alphabet א The consonant Alef – .The vowel Seghol ֶ is not a letter of the alphabet –  The OT was originally written without vowels – Vowels and accents were added in AD 500-1000 מֶֶ֔לְֶֶ֔ך  מלך –

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-3 Variations on Letter Names

 Different people spell letter names differently א ֶ֔לֶֶ֔ף ,E.g., Alef, Aleph, ’ā́ lep –  Different people pronounce letter names differently – E.g., Waw vs. Vav. Yod vs. Yud.

 In Modern Hebrew, three letters are called different names depending on whether or not they have a Dagesh Bet ּב .Vet vs ב – Kaf ּכ .Chaf vs כ – Pay ּפ .Fay vs פ –  All reasonable variations are acceptable in my class

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-4 Alef

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-5 Bet

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-6 Gimel

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-7 Dalet

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-8 Hay

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-9 Vav

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-10 Zayin

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-11 Ḥet

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-12 Tet

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-13 Yod

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-14 Kaf

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-15 Lamed

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-16 Mem

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-17 Nun

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-18 Samech

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-19 Ayin

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-20 Pay

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-21 Tsadee

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-22 Qof

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-23 Resh

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-24 Sin

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-25 Shin

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-26 Tav

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-27 ׁש and Shin ׂש Order of Sin

 Acrostic poems (e.g., Psalm 119) show alphabet in order. ,as the same letter ׁש and Shin ׂש Acrostics treat Sin – so they don’t tell us the order. ׂש before Sin ׁש  Modern Hebrew tends to put Shin ׁש then Shin ׂש  Our textbook and lexicon have Sin – So memorize this order.

 You’ll never lose points for either order.

 Mnemonic: Keep the dots together when writing the אבגֶ֔... צקרׂשׁשת alphabet

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA אֶ֔בֶ֔גֶ֔דֶ֔הֶ֔וֶ֔זֶ֔חֶ֔טֶ֔י כֶ֔לֶ֔מֶ֔נֶ֔סֶ֔עֶ֔פֶ֔צֶ֔ק רֶׂ֔שֶׁ֔שֶ֔ת

 Before going on to the next section, learn the name of each letter and their order.

 Use the Alef-Bet song to practice the names in order. – YouTube has 3 versions of the music video:

 Letters and their names

 Letters alone

 All the letters showing at the same time – The website also has the song in downloadable formats: mp3, mp4, and wmv.

 The website links to a place to practice the letters names.

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-30 Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters – Final Forms – Different Scripts – Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-31 Final Forms

 5 letters use different letter shape at end of word כ מ נ פ צ Regular ך ם ן ף ץ Final

 Mnemonic: “CoMMoN FaTS”

 This shape is called the “final form” or “sofit form” – Sofit (‘sew-feet’) means ‘last’

 Final forms have the same pronunciation and transliteration as the non-final forms.

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-32 Multiple Hebrew Scripts

 There are multiple letter styles for writing Hebrew – Books are printed in a fancy style with serifs אֶ֔בֶ֔גֶ֔דֶ֔הֶ֔וֶ֔זֶ֔חֶ֔טֶ֔יֶ֔כֶ֔לֶ֔מֶ֔נֶ֔סֶ֔עֶ֔פֶ֔צֶ֔קֶ֔רֶׂ֔ש ׁשֶ֔ת – But letters can be written without most of the serifs א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ׂש ׁש ת – Modern Hebrew is written in a cursive script א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ׂש ׁש ת

 Use the simplified shapes without serifs, and be legible.

 Always write Right-to-Left

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-33 Look-Alike Letters

(Kaf) כ (Bet) ב

(Nun) נ (Gimel) ג

(Tav) ת (Ḥet) ח (He) ה

(Shin) ׁש (Sin) ׂש

(Samek) ס (final Mem) ם

(Resh) ר (Dalet) ד

(Ayin) ע (Tsade) צ

(Final Kaf) ך (Final Nun) ן (Yod) י (Zayin) ז (Waw) ו

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-34

Bet Kaf Tail in Lower-Right Rounded Lower-Right

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-35

Gimel Nun Bottom like heel of a boot Flat bottom

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-36

Hay Ḥet Gap in Top Left No gap in Top Left

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-37

Tav Ḥet Foot on Lower Left No foot on Lower Left

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-38

Sin Shin Dot on Upper Left Dot on Upper Right

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-39

Final Mem Samech Square Bottom Round Bottom

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-40

Dalet Resh Bump on Upper Right Round Upper Right

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-41

Tsade Ayin Bump on Lower Right Round Lower Right

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-42

Zayin Vav Tail on Upper Right Round Upper Right

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-43

Yod Vav Final Nun Halfway Down Full Height Below the Line

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-44 Final Kaf Final Nun Top Line is Big Little or No Top Line

Usually a Silent Shewa in Final Kaf

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA Memorize the Letters Before Continuing 1-45

 Before going on to the next section, learn to recognize the letters in different scripts, including their final forms.

 Make flash cards with the letters on one side and the names on the other side. – Include final forms. – The website has a sheet of letters to print and cut out.

 Some letters appear with and without a dot, for use after you have learned about begad kephat. – Write the name and recognition notes on the other side of each card. HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-46 Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters – Final Forms – Different Fonts – Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-47 How to Write the Letters

 The following slides suggest how to write the letters. – You can write the letters differently, as long as it is clear which letter is intended.

 Most letters can take a dot inside them. – These slides show the location of the dot. – The dot is not part of the basic letter shape. – Don’t add the dot when writing the alphabet. – Draw the dot after drawing the letter itself.

 Practice writing the letters as you watch the video. – A practice sheet is available on the website.

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-48 א Alef

1 2

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-49 ב Bet

2 Tail on bottom right distinguishes כ from Kaf ב Bet

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-50 ג Gimel

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-51 ד Dalet

2 Tail on top right distinguishes ר from Resh ד Dalet

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-52 ה Hay

2 Gap in upper left distinguishes ח from Ḥet ה Hay

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-53 ו Waw / Vav Optional hook in top left 1

,ן and Final Nun י Unlike Yod comes just down to the line ו Vav

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-54 ז Zayin

2 Tail on top right ז distinguishes Zayin ו from Waw

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-55 ח Ḥet

1 2

Lack of Gap in upper left distinguishes ה from Hay ח Ḥet

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-56 ט Tet

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-57 י Yod Some people curve Yod 1

,ן and Final Nun ו Unlike Vav .doesn’t reach the bottom line י Yod

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-58 כ Kaf

Smooth bottom right distinguishes ב from Bet כ Kaf

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-59 ך Final Kaf

1 Alternately, Kaf can be all 1 curved line 2 ד Unlike Dalet ,ר and Resh goes below the line ך Final Kaf

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-60 ל Lamed

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-61 מ Mem

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-62 ם Final Mem

Square bottom distinguishes ס from Samek ם Final Mem

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-63 נ Nun Some people add a top hook 1

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-64 ן Final Nun Optional hook in top left 1

,ו and Vav י Unlike Yod extends below the line ן Final Nun

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-65 ס Samek Optional hook in top left 1

Round bottom distinguishes ם from Final Mem ס Samek

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-66 ע Ayin

2 1

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-67 פ Pay

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-68 ף Final Pay

Tail extends below the line

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-69 צ Tsade

1 2

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-70 ץ Final Tsade

1 2 Optional bend in line 1 at joint

Tail extends below the line

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-71 ק Qof 1

Tail extends below the line

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-72 ר Resh

Smooth top right corner distinguishes ד from Dalet ר Resh

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-73 ׂש Sin

3 2 1

Placement of upper dot distinguishes ׁש from Shin ׂש Sin

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-74 ׁש Shin

3 2 1

Placement of upper dot distinguishes ׂש from Sin ׁש Shin

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-75 ת Tav

Tail in lower left distinguishes ח from Ḥet ת Tav

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-76 Transliteration

 Transliterate as follows ʾ b g d h w z ḥ ṭ y k l m n s ʿ p ṣ q r ś š t  Different books use different transliteration symbols – Most of the variation is for vowels, not consonants

 Learn to recognize transliterated words – Transliteration is used in many reference books

 Direction of writing depends on the script: אבגד... Write Hebrew script Right-to-Left – – Write transliteration Left-to-Right ʾ b g d ...

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA Before Going on to the Next Section … 1-77

 Learn to write the letters. – The workbook has lines for practicing the letters. – Don’t try to imitate the details of the fancy printed letters in the book and workbook.

 Learn to write the letters in order. – Write the final forms right after the regular forms. א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ך ל מ ם נ ן ס ע פ ף צ ץ ק ר ׂש ׁש ת

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-78 Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters – Final Forms – Different Fonts – Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA Begad Kephat Letters 1-79 בֶ֔גֶ֔דֶ֔כֶ֔פֶ֔ת  “Begad Kephat” means the letters  A dot (‘Dagesh’) changes their sound. – Dagesh  a point-like, momentary sound (e.g., P) – No Dagesh  a sound that can last (e.g., F)

ּב ב ּג ג ּד ד ּכ כ ּפ פ ּת ת

Sound THin T PH P baCH K THe D GH G V B ּגֶּ֔דֶּ֔ת pronounced like גֶ֔דֶ֔ת , In Modern Hebrew – I use this pronuncitation. בּבֶ֔כּכֶ֔פּפ  Modern Hebrew uses different names for Fay פ .Pay vs ּפ ,Chaf כ .Kaf vs ּכ ,Vet ב .Bet vs ּב – HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA

Transliterating Begad Kephat Letters 1-80

 Underline transliterated begadkephat without a Dagesh. – Overline p and g, since an underline wouldn’t fit. – The line indicates a sound that can go on and on. .b = ‘v’ sound which can continue = ב ,. E.g .b = ‘b’ sound which is momentary = ּב ,. E.g

ּב ב ּג ג ּד ד ּכ כ ּפ פ ּת ת

Sound THin T PH P baCH K THe D GH G V B

Trans t t p p k k d d g g b b

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA Before Going on to the Next Section … 1-81

 Learn to recognize transliterated Hebrew letters. – Many Bible dictionaries, commentaries, and journal articles use transliteration rather than Hebrew letters. – Make flash cards with the transliteration on one side and the letter on the other side. – Have separate flash cards for Begad Kephat letters with and without a dot (‘Dagesh’)

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-82 Chapter 1 – The Hebrew Alphabet (Alef-Bet)

 Names of the Letters

 Difficulties Recognizing Letters – Final Forms – Different Fonts – Similar Letters

 Writing and Transliterating the Letters

 Begad Kephat Letters

 Pronouncing the Letters

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-83 Guttural Letters

 4 guttural letters (Alef) א – (Hay) ה – (Ḥet) ח – (Ayin) ע –  Guttural letters affect the spelling of words – The effects will be explained as they come up .is not a guttural letter ר  Resh – It is never a guttural letter. – But it has some of the characteristics of gutturals – These will be explained as they come up HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-84 Sound-Alike Letters

Ayin) silent) ע (Alef) א

Vav) Modern Vat) ו (Bet) ב

Chaf) No Dagesh baCH) כ (Ḥet) ח

Tav) with Dagesh Top) ּת (Tet) ט

Qof) Kite) ק Kaf) with Dagesh) ּכ

Sin) Sat) ׂש (Samek) ס  Remember which letter is in a vocabulary word!

 To help remember, I pronounce sound-alike letters differently when pronouncing vocabulary words (but not when reading texts), and I note the letter used.

 Some letters are pronounced differently in Modern Hebrew. – Pick a system and try to be consistent – Recognize the other system when you hear it

Letter Traditional Modern

aGHast Good ג THe Dog ד THin Top ת Wow Vat ו

 Silent (nowdays) – Pronounce the vowel that follows it.

 Sounds like Ayin – Both are silent – When memorizing vocabulary, distinguish them. ’with‘ עִ ם .if’ vs‘ אִ ם ,.E.g –  Guttural – It was originally a glottal stop (the pause in “uh-oh”).

 Transliterate like single closing quote ʾ

 Begad kephat B sound, transliterate b ּב Dagesh – V sound, transliterate b ב No dagesh –

 Begad kephat G sound, transliterate g ּג Dagesh – GH sound, transliterate g ג No dagesh –  GH is troublesome to pronounce – voiced velar fricative GH vs. voiced velar stop G – Modern Hebrew pronounces both as G

 Begad kephat D sound, transliterate d ּד Dagesh – TH sound of THe, transliterate d ד No dagesh –  Modern Hebrew always pronounces as D

 Transliterate as h

 Guttural

 Modern Hebrew pronounces it as V without Dagesh ב So it sounds just like – – Called Vav in Modern Hebrew

 Traditionally pronounced as W – Transliterated w – Waw

 Transliterate as z

כ  Sounds just like Kaf without Dagesh כ was deeper in the throat than ח –  Transliterate as ḥ (h with dot under it)  Guttural

ּת  Sounds just like Tav with Dagesh – When memorizing vocabulary, I give Tet intentional emphasis to help me remember that the word has Tet ּת not Tav ט  Transliterate as ṭ (t with dot under it)

 Transliterate as y

 Begad kephat K sound, transliterate k ּכ Dagesh – CH sound of BaCH, transliterate k כ No dagesh –

ח sounds like כ  Without a Dagesh, Kaf כ was deeper in the throat than ח –

 Transliterate as l

 Transliterate as m

 Transliterate as n

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-115 sounds like S ס Samek ׂש  Sounds just like the letter Sin  Transliterate as s

 Silent (nowdays) – Pronounce the vowel that follows it.

 Guttural – It was originally a voiced pharyngeal fricative.

 Silent just like Alef – I try to pronounce it when memorizing vocabulary, to in the א not Alef ע help me remember that it is Ayin word. But when reading the Bible, I have it be silent, just like Alef.  Transliterate like a single opening quote ʿ

 Begad kephat P sound, transliterate p ּפ Dagesh – F sound, transliterate p פ No dagesh –

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-121 sounds like TS צ Tsade  Transliterate as ṣ (s with a dot under it)

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-123 sounds like K ק Qof ּכ  Sounds just like the letter Kaf with a Dagesh  Transliterate as q

 Roll your R in the back of your throat if you can

 Transliterate it as r

 R is not a guttural letter – But it has some of the characteristics of gutturals

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-127 sounds like S ׂש Sin ס  Sounds just like the letter Samek  Transliterate as ś (s with a rising accent) as one letter ׁש and Shin ׂש  Biblical acrostics treat Sin

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA 1-129 sounds like SH ׁש Shin  Transliterate as š (s with a little v on top) as one letter ׁש and Shin ׂש  Biblical acrostics treat Sin

 Begad kephat T sound, transliterate t ּת Dagesh – TH sound of THin, transliterate t ת No dagesh – ט sounds just like Tet ּת   Modern Hebrew always pronounces as T

HebrewSyntax.org ©JCBeckman 3/29/2012 Copy freely CC BY-NC-SA Before Going on to the Next Chapter 1-132  Read chapter 1 in the textbook – Read the textbook supplement along with each section of the textbook as you go along.

 Memorize the study guide.

 Make sure you can also do the following: – Write the Hebrew Alef-Bet, including final forms. – Name and pronounce the Hebrew letters given their letter or transliteration.

 This includes final forms

 This includes begad kephat with and without a Dagesh.

 Practice taking the quiz for chapter 1 (PDF on website) – The answer key is page 2 of the PDF.