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Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin FRS FRSA FRSE (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705][Note 1] – April 17, 1790) was a British American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the Benjamin Franklin United States. Franklin was a leading writer, printer, political philosopher, politician, FRS, FRSA, FRSE Freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions.[1] He founded many civic organizations, including the Library Company, Philadelphia's first fire department,[2] and the University of Pennsylvania.[3] Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.[4] Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self- governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment. In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, "In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its Benjamin Franklin by Joseph defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat."[5] To Walter Isaacson, this Duplessis, 1778 makes Franklin "the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in 6th President of Pennsylvania inventing the type of society America would become."[6] In office Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city October 18, 1785 – November 5, in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23.[7] He became 1788 wealthy publishing this and Poor Richard's Almanack, which he authored under the Vice President Charles Biddle [8] pseudonym "Richard Saunders". After 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Peter Muhlenberg Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of David Redick the policies of the British Parliament and the Crown.[9] Preceded by John Dickinson He pioneered and was the first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia which Succeeded by Thomas Mifflin opened in 1751 and later became the University of Pennsylvania. He organized and was United States Minister to Sweden the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a national hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he In office spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the September 28, 1782 – April 3, 1783 unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the Appointed by Congress of the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Confederation Franco–American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in Preceded by Position established securing shipments of crucial munitions from France. Succeeded by Jonathan Russell He was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies on August 10, United States Minister to France 1753,[10] having been Philadelphia postmaster for many years, and this enabled him to set In office up the first national communications network. During the revolution, he became the first United States postmaster general. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state March 23, 1779 – May 17, 1785 politics, as well as national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served as Appointed by Continental governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the late 1750s, he Congress began arguing against slavery, became an abolitionist, and promoted education and the Preceded by Position established integration of blacks in American Society. Succeeded by Thomas Jefferson His life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and his status as one of 1st United States Postmaster America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin honored more than two General centuries after his death on the fifty-cent piece, the $100 bill, warships, and the names of In office many towns, counties, educational institutions, and corporations, as well as numerous July 26, 1775 – November 7, 1776 cultural references. Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Richard Bache Postmaster General of British Contents America Ancestry In office Early life in Boston August 10, 1753 – January 31, 1774 Philadelphia Preceded by Position established Junto and library Succeeded by Vacant Newspaperman Speaker of the Pennsylvania Freemasonry Assembly Common-law marriage to Deborah Read In office William Franklin May 1764 – October 1764 Success as an author Preceded by Isaac Norris Inventions and scientific inquiries Succeeded by Isaac Norris Electricity Personal details Kite experiment and lightning rod Born January 17, 1706 Population studies [O.S. January 6, Atlantic Ocean currents 1705][Note 1] Wave theory of light Boston, Meteorology Massachusetts Bay, Traction kiting British America Concept of cooling Died April 17, 1790 Temperature's effect on electrical conductivity (aged 84) Oceanography findings Philadelphia, Decision-making Pennsylvania, U.S. Oil on water Political party Independent Musical endeavors Spouse(s) Deborah Read Chess (m. 1730; died 1774) Public life Children William Franklin Early steps in Pennsylvania Francis Folger Decades in London Franklin Political work in London Sarah Franklin Scientific work in London Bache Travels around Britain and Ireland Parents Josiah Franklin Visits to Europe Abiah Folger Defending the American cause Signature Hutchinson letters leak Agent for British and Hellfire club membership Coming of revolution Declaration of Independence Postmaster Ambassador to France: 1776–1785 Constitutional Convention President of Pennsylvania Virtue, religion, and personal beliefs Thirteen Virtues Slavery Vegetarianism Death Legacy Bequest Franklin on U.S. postage Bawdy Ben Exhibitions Places and things named after Benjamin Franklin See also Notes References Further reading External links Ancestry Benjamin Franklin's father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, soaper, and candlemaker. Josiah Franklin was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23, 1657, the son of blacksmith and farmer Thomas Franklin and Jane White. Benjamin's father and all four of his grandparents were born in England. Josiah Franklin had a total of seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683; they had three children before emigration, and four after. Following her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9, 1689, in the Old South Meeting House by Reverend Samuel Willard, and would eventually have ten children with her. Benjamin, their eighth child, was Josiah Franklin's fifteenth child overall, and his tenth and final son.[11] Benjamin Franklin's mother, Abiah, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts Bay Colony, on August 15, 1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrell Folger, a former indentured servant. Mary Folger came from a Puritan family that was among the first Pilgrims to flee to Massachusetts for religious freedom, sailing for Boston in 1635 after King Charles I of England had begun persecuting Puritans. Her father Peter was "the sort of rebel destined to transform colonial America."[12] As clerk of the court, he was jailed for disobeying the local magistrate in defense of middle-class shopkeepers and artisans in conflict with wealthy landowners. Benjamin Franklin followed in his grandfather's footsteps in his battles against the wealthy Penn family that owned the Pennsylvania Colony. Ancestors of Benjamin Franklin 8. Henry Franckline b. 1573, Ecton, Northamptonshire, England[13] 4. Thomas Franklin b. 1598, Ecton, Northamptonshire, England[13] 9. Agnes Joanes b. Ecton, Northamptonshire, England 2. Josiah Franklin b. December 23, 1657, Ecton, Northamptonshire, England 5. Jane White b. England 1. Benjamin Franklin[14] b. 1706 (O.S. 1706), Boston, Massachusetts 12. John Folger Jr. b. c. 1594, Norwich, England 6. Peter Folger b. 1617, Norwich, Norfolk, England 13. Meribah Gibbs b. England 3. Abiah Folger b. August 15, 1667, Nantucket, Massachusetts 7. Mary Morrill b. c. 1619, England Early life in Boston Benjamin Franklin was born on Milk Street, in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1706,[Note 1] and baptized at Old South Meeting House. As a child growing up along the Charles River, Franklin recalled that he was "generally the leader among the boys."[17] Josiah wanted Ben to attend school with the clergy but only had enough money to send him to school for two years. He attended Boston Latin School but did not graduate; he continued his education through voracious reading. Although "his parents talked of the church as a career"[18] for Franklin, his schooling ended when he was ten. He worked for his father for a time, and at 12 he became an apprentice to his brother James, a printer, who taught Ben the printing trade. When Ben was 15, James founded The New-England Courant, which was the
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