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Porifera: Lithistid Demospongiae (Rock Sponges)

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Porifera: Lithistid Demospongiae (Rock Sponges) ISSN 1174–0043; 121 The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera: Lithistid Demospongiae (Rock Sponges) Michelle Kelly NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 121 COVER PHOTO: Lithistid sponges on the surface of a boulder from hydrothermally active Rungapapa Knoll in the Bay of Plenty. The blue nodules and chalice-like sponges are juvenile Reidispongia coerulea (Phymatellidae), and the cream knobs are Macandrewia spinifoliata (Macandrewiidae). The boulder was retrieved using a NIWA epibenthic sled towed at 160 m depth from RV Kaharoa in 2000. Photo: NIWA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (NIWA) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera: Lithistid Demospongiae (Rock Sponges) Michelle Kelly National Centre for Aquatic Biodiversity & Biosecurity National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Private Bag 109-695, Newmarket Auckland, New Zealand [email protected] NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 121 2007 Cataloguing in Publication KELLY, M. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera: Lithistid Demospongiae (rock sponges) / by Michelle Kelly—Wellington: NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research), 2007 (NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, ISSN 1174-0043) ISBN 978–0–478–23277–6 Series Editor: Dennis P. Gordon Copy edited and typeset by: Geoff Gregory, Word Therapy, Paraparaumu Printed and bound by: Graphic Press & Packaging Ltd, Levin Received for publication—30 June 2006 NIWA Copyright 2007 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................6 THE NEW ZEALAND LITHISTID SPONGE FAUNA ................… ..................................................................7 MATERIALS AND METHODS..............................................................................……………………………… 8 Sample collection .....................................................................................................................……………… 8 Spicule dimensions .................................................................……………………………………………… 8 Registration of type and general materials ..........................................................................……………… 9 Area of study ...........................................................................……………………………………………… 9 Terminology .............................................................................……………………………………………… 9 Abbreviations of institutions ...................................................................................……………………… 10 CHECKLIST OF SPECIES ......................................................................................................................................11 SYSTEMATICS ........................................................................................................................................................12 Lithistid DEMOSPONGIAE (formerly order Lithistida Schmidt, 1870) .........................................................12 Family THEONELLIDAE .....................................................................................................................................13 Genus Discodermia .....................................................................……………………………………… 13 Family PHYMATELLIDAE ......................................................................……………………………………… 15 Genus Neoaulaxinia ...................................................................……………………………………… 15 Genus Neosiphonia ....................................................................……………………………………… 22 Genus Reidispongia ....................................................................……………………………………… 27 Family CORALLISTIDAE ......................................................................................................................................29 Genus Neoschrammeniella .....................................................................……………………………… 30 Genus Herengeria ......................................................................……………………………………… 34 Genus Awhiowhio n. gen. ……………………………………… .........................................................39 Family NEOPELTIDAE .......................................................................................................................................45 Genus Homophymia ...................................................................……………………………………… 45 Genus Callipelta ..........................................................................……………………………………… 47 Genus Neopelta ...........................................................................……………………………………… 50 Genus Lepidothenea ....................................................................……………………………………… 52 Family MACANDREWIIDAE ...................................................................……………………………………… 53 Genus Macandrewia ..................................................................……………………………………… 53 Family PLEROMIDAE ..........................................................................................................................................54 Genus Pleroma ...........................................................................……………………………………… 56 Family ISORAPHINIIDAE ........................................................................………………………………………61 Genus Costifer ............................................................................……………………………………… 61 Family SCLERITODERMIDAE ..................................................................……………………………………… 64 Genus Microscleroderma ..........................................................................……………………………...65 Genus Scleritoderma ................................................................................................................................67 Genus Aciculites .........................................................................………………………………………69 Family AZORICIDAE ..........................................................................................................................................76 Genus Leiodermatium ............................................................................……………………………… 77 DISCUSSION ...........................................................................................................................................................88 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................................90 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................................................90 APPENDIX 1. Key to diagnostic characters ....................………………………………………………………94 APPENDIX 2. Key to diagnostic characters ....................………………………………………………………95 APPENDIX 3. List of stations ............................................………………………………………………………96 TAXONOMIC INDEX ...................................................................……………………………………………… 99 3 Frontispiece: Lithistid sponge Aciculites pulchra Dendy (Scleritodermidae), clearly indicated by the noduled surface, on the surface of a boulder at 120 m off the southern edge of a reef off Great Barrier Island. This photograph was taken from a Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) during the Department of Conservation’s Great Barrier Island Deep Reef Investigation in 2003. Photo: Roger Grace, Department of Conservation, Auckland Conservancy. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (NIWA) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera: Lithistid Demospongiae (Rock Sponges) Michelle Kelly National Centre for Aquatic Biodiversity & Biosecurity National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Private Bag 109-695, Newmarket Auckland, New Zealand [email protected] ABSTRACT The lithistid Demospongiae fauna of New Zealand has been inventoried from existing and new collections, and is reviewed here and revised where necessary. Most of the 282 specimens examined were recorded from the largest collection of sponges in New Zealand, in the NIWA Invertebrate Collection, Wellington. Significant collections were also examined from the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. The lithistid Demospongiae (formerly order Lithistida Schmidt, 1870) is represented in the New Zealand region by nine families, 18 genera (one of which is new to science), and 30 species (12 of which are new to science): Theonellidae (1 genus, 1 species), Phymatellidae (3 genera, 6 species), Corallistidae (3 genera, 7 species), Neopeltidae (4 genera, 4 species), Macandrewiidae (1 genus, 1 species), Pleromidae (1 genus, 3 species), Isoraphiniidae (1 genus, 1 spe- cies), Scleritodermidae (3 genera, 5 species), and Azoricidae (1 genus, 2 species). This work records the first lithistid species, Neoschrammeniella antarctica n. sp., known from polar regions, and provides the first record of the genusLeiodermatium further south than the Philippines. Two additional species of Leiodermatium described here are found only in the west-central Pacific and Micronesian deep waters, but are included for the sake of a complete review of the genus in the Pacific. New species of the previously monospecific phymatellid genera Neoaulaxinia and Neosiphonia are described, and a new corallistid genus, Awhiowhio, is recognised from New Zealand waters. All specimens were
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