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The Lithistid Demospongiae in New Zealand: Species Composition and Distribution

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The Lithistid Demospongiae in New Zealand: Species Composition and Distribution Please do not remove this page The lithistid Demospongiae in New Zealand: species composition and distribution Kelly, Michelle; Ellwood, Michael; Lincoln, Tubbs; Buckeridge, John https://researchrepository.rmit.edu.au/discovery/delivery/61RMIT_INST:ResearchRepository/12247292150001341?l#13248428070001341 Kelly, M., Ellwood, M., Lincoln, T., & Buckeridge, J. (2006). The lithistid Demospongiae in New Zealand: species composition and distribution. Serie Livros 28, Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability, 393–404. https://researchrepository.rmit.edu.au/discovery/fulldisplay/alma9921860555001341/61RMIT_INST:Resea rchRepository Document Version: Published Version Repository homepage: https://researchrepository.rmit.edu.au © Museu Nacional, Brasil Downloaded On 2021/09/28 08:43:28 +1000 Please do not remove this page Thank you for downloading this document from the RMIT Research Repository 7KH50,75HVHDUFK5HSRVLWRU\LVDQRSHHQDFFHVVGDWDEDVHVKRZFDVLQJWWKHUHVHDUFK RXWSXWVRI50,78QLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFKHUV 50,755HVHDUFK5HHSRVLWRU\KWWSUHVHDUFKEDQNUPLWHGXDX Citation: Kelly, M, Ellwood, M, Lincoln, T and Buckeridge, J 2006, 'The lithistid Demospongiae in New Zealand: species composition and distribution', in Serie Livros 28, Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability, Rio di Janeiro, Brasil, 7-13 May 2006, pp. 393-404. See this record in the RMIT Research Repository at: https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:3846 Version: Published Version Copyright Statement: © Museu Nacional, Brasil Link to Published Version: http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/26588484 PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE THIS PAGE PORIFERA RESEARCH: BIODIVERSITY, INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY - 2007 393 The lithistid Demospongiae in New Zealand waters: species composition and distribution Michelle Kelly(1*), Michael Ellwood(2), Lincoln Tubbs(3), John Buckeridge(4) (1) National Centre for Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Ltd, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand. [email protected] (2) Department of Earth and Marine Sciences and Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australia National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [email protected] (3) National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Ltd, Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand. [email protected] (4) School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [email protected] Abstract: The lithistid Demospongiae fauna of New Zealand is reviewed here following the extensive inventory, documentation and revision of the fauna over the period 1991 to 2006. Examination of almost 300 specimens led to the discovery of 29 species (13 of which were new to science) in 9 families. New species of the poorly known phymatellid genera Neoaulaxinia Pisera and Lévi, 2002 and Neosiphonia Sollas, 1888 were described, and a new corallistid genus, Awhiowhio Kelly, 2007, was recognised. All specimens were dredged from between 80 and 1700 m, but were most common between c. 300-1100 m. With the exception of several specimens dredged from the Challenger Plateau to the west of New Zealand, the majority of specimens were found north of the Chatham Rise to the east, and in northern waters, contrasting markedly with what we know of the distribution of these sponges in the past. The availability of hard substrate, ocean circulation patterns, silica availability, and past and present water temperature, are key factors constraining the present day distribution of lithistid sponges in New Zealand. Keywords: Porifera, lithistid Demospongiae, sponges, taxonomy, New Zealand Introduction southern locations, in the late Paleocene to early Oligocene (Kelly et al. 2003, Kelly and Buckeridge 2005). Lithistid demosponges are a polyphyletic group (de Two major regional faunas are known worldwide: the Laubenfels 1936, Reid 1963, 1970, Kelly-Borges and continental shelf and slope fauna of the tropical western Pomponi 1994), comprising 13 extant families; 36 genera Atlantic region (Schmidt 1870, 1880, van Soest and Stentoft are included in the most recent classification (Pisera and Lévi 1988, Kelly-Borges et al. 1994, Kelly-Borges and Pomponi 2002) but 5 genera remain of uncertain status. They differ 1994, Lehnert and van Soest 1996, Pisera 1999, Pomponi from other demosponges in that the dominant structural et al. 2001), and the seamount fauna of the southwest spicules (desmas) are articulated, forming in most species Pacific including the seamounts of the New Caledonian a solid, rigid, heavily siliceous skeleton. These desmas are Norfolk Ridge (Lévi and Lévi 1983, 1988, Lévi 1991, 1993, highly diverse morphologically; the overall architecture of Schlacher-Hoenlinger et al. 2005). In both locations lithistid the desma, the ornamentation of the desma surface, and the sponges dominate the fauna (Lévi 1991, Reed and Pomponi pattern of articulation with adjacent spicules, is diagnostically 1997, Richer de Forges et al. 2000), with Astrophorida, Halichondrida and Hexactinellida between 150-1800 m, but important (Schrammen 1910; see Kelly 2000a, Pisera and Lévi the structure and taxonomic composition of the communities 2002). An indication of the polyphyletic nature of ‘lithistid’ differ. Lithistid sponges are also common throughout the sponges is revealed in the wide range of microscleres and tropics in relatively shallow waters, and a significant number ectosomal megascleres, and desma axial geometries, which of species are known from South African waters (Kirkpatrick include tetraxial, monaxial, polyaxial and anaxial forms. 1902). Recently, Kelly (2007) recorded the first polar lithistid, A study of lithistid demosponges is of particular relevance Neoschrammeniella antarctica Kelly, 2007. in New Zealand because of their abundance in seamount and deep-sea faunas, and their high level of endemism at the Historical records regional and local scale (Kelly 2007). The past and present distributions of lithistid sponges in New Zealand waters is The earliest record of lithistid sponges in New Zealand disjunct, with lithistid species reported from what are now is to be found in the study of a species-rich assemblage 394 identified from siliceous microfossil spicules embedded in papers document biologically active compounds and their marine diatomaceous sediments from near Oamaru in North synthesis from southwest Pacific genera Aciculites Schmidt, Otago (Hinde and Holmes 1892). This formation is from the 1879, Pleroma, Callipelta Sollas, 1888, Microscleroderma early Runangan (late Eocene) horizon within the Oamaru Kirkpatrick, 1903, Reidispongia Lévi and Lévi, 1988, Diatomite Member of the basaltic Waireka Volcanics (c. 35 Discodermia, Neosiphonia, and Scleritoderma Sollas, 1888, million years ago) (Suggate et al. 1978, Edwards 1991). Hinde present in New Zealand, representing considerable potential and Holmes (1892) illustrated what appeared to be lithistid for biotechnological discovery and subsequent development. desmas amongst the numerous megascleres that were clearly of astrophorid, haplosclerid, halichondrid, poecilosclerid, Records post 1990 and hexactinellid species origin. These included illustrations of choanosomal desmas and ectosomal triaenes of what was For many years Aciculites pulchra and Lepidothenea thought to represent species of ‘Lyidium Schmidt, 1870’, incrustans (Dendy, 1924), were the only lithistid sponges ‘Corallistes Schmidt, 1870’, ‘Discodermia du Bocage, 1869’ known from New Zealand, both recorded during the non- and ‘Theonella Gray, 1868’. While Lyidium (= Pleroma Antarctic phase of the British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Sollas, 1888) and Discodermia are known from New Zealand Expedition of 1910 (Dendy 1924). While Bergquist (1968) waters today (Kelly 2007), Corallistes and Theonella are expanded locality records for A. pulchra and confirmed de restricted predominantly to tropical Pacific and southeast Laubenfels (1936) correction of the original occupied name Asian waters. of Lepiospongia incrustans to Lepidothenea incrustans, no A fuller understanding of the present day New Zealand further species were added. lithistid fauna enabled Kelly (2003), Kelly et al. (2003), and By the late 1990s many of the New Caledonian lithistid Kelly (2007) to increase the diversity of taxa illustrated as species first discovered by Lévi and Lévi (1983, 1988) and spicules in Hinde and Holmes (1892). Spicules identified Lévi (1993), and several new species, were progressively as being from species of Lyidium, were compared with discovered in New Zealand waters (Kelly et al. 1999, Pleroma turbinatum Sollas, 1888 and P. menoui Lévi and Kelly 2000b, Kelly 2001a, 2001b, Pomponi et al. 2001, Lévi, 1983, and the illustration of a discotriaene attributed to Kelly 2003, Kelly et al. 2003, 2004, Kelly and Buckeridge ‘Discodermia sinuosa Carter, 1881’ from the Indian Ocean 2005). In 2000, Homophymia stipitata Kelly, 2000 was by Hinde and Holmes (1892) was considered to be more like described from carbonate banks on the western continental Macandrewia spinifoliata Lévi and Lévi, 1983 present today shelf off Northland (Kelly 2000a). This species was the in the Bay of Plenty. second described within the genus Homophymia Vacelet and Illustrations of short-shafted dichotriaenes attributed to Vasseur, 1971, known previously only from Madagascar and species of Corallistes by Hinde and Holmes (1892) were La Réunion in the Western Indian Ocean. In 2003, a further compared by Kelly et al. (2003) to an undescribed species lithistid
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