A Holistic History of Trees, People, and Places

Richard Hauer, Ph.D. Professor of Urban Forestry, University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point

Trees and the Bottom Line, Pacific Northwest ISA – Eugene, OR October 6 – 9, 2019

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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How Old is Arboriculture & Urban Forestry

. Several Millennia

. 1 to 2 Centuries

. 3 to 4 Decades

What do you think? 56

1 Agricultural Revolution Agricultural Revolution (aka Neolithic Revolution)

Author Chamois rouge

Plant and Animal Selection & Domestication Created a Place: Villages Became Cities 78

Ancient Arboricultural History (Campana 1999) Ancient Arboricultural History

. 5,000 B.C. – . 5,800 B.C. – written record of trees arboriculture practiced . 4,000 B.C. – street tree use in Sumerian culture with . 3,500 B.C. – transport of trees arboreta like parks . 2,800 B.C. – garden of trees . 3,000 to 200 B.C. – . 1,500 B.C. – plant introduction Egyptians considered Hanging Gardens ~ 2600 B.C. . 1,200 B.C. – use of root ball fathers of ancient Sumerian Alphabet . 650 B.C. – concept of arboretum arboriculture with (above) – Tree selection . 650 B.C. – specific planting for shade Olive Tree (Below) – Transplanting . 600 B.C. – tree protection laws – Tree cultivation . 300 B.C. – authentic botanical garden – Hanging gardens . 175 B.C. – book on tree care

Arboriculture and Urban Forestry Practices Introduction of Greening in Cities 910

Asia Pacific Chinese Ruler Kublai Kahn . Tree Planting record 200 B.C. in China . 13th century China . Functional use like other cultures . Kahn required tree planting along all public – Spiritual roads in and around Beijing – Food . Shade and to mark the road in winter – Shade – Lining Paths . Also … “his astrologers and diviners told him – Aesthetics that they who planted trees lived long

Examples from China Trees as a function 11 12

2 Ancient Arboricultural History Ancient Arboriculture

. 500 to 1500 A.D. – Fall of the Roman Empire

. Norsemen conquered Europe

. Much of recorded history destroyed Ancient Athens Carcassonne France

Walled Cities for Protection A New Arboriculture Begins 13 14

Why Do Societies Fail? Ancient Tranistion to New Arboriculture

. Water supply Tree ring evidence suggests climate change . 1,500 to 1,800 A.D. – A New Enlightening . Agricultural productivity led to Middle Ages . Human health . James Lyte ~ 1578 . Civil conflict – Book titled Dodens . Climate change – Arborist term used . ~ AD 250 - 600 – Plant cultivation new world plant discoveries – Extensive landscaped gardens and arboreta – Estate foresters and origin of arboriculture as we know

Climate Change a Reason for the Decline? A New Arboriculture Begins 15 16

New Arboriculture Begins New Arboriculture Begins

. First comprehensive treatment of arboricultural practices from that era “most functioning roots Stem Compression, Decay, Failure . Covered: were near the surface” – tree planting, and injury would result – pruning, – fertilizing, if these were buried – transplanting, – wound treatment, 1618, William Lawson – cavity filling A New Orchard & Garden

1618, William Lawson In: A New Orchard and Garden 1618, William Lawson In: A New Orchard and Garden 17 18

3 New Arboriculture Begins New Arboriculture Begins

. Soil application of fertilizer discussed . “… a tree gains a new ring every year.”

. Fertilizer applied in holes punched w/ iron bar . Talked about the care of trees by “Arborators”

. Gave diagnosis advice still valid today “there are who by digging a little about the roots, will pronounce shrewdly concerning the state of a tree; and if they find him perish’d at the top be sure the problem lies deep.”

1653, Ralph Austen: a Treatise on Fruit Trees 1664, John Evelyn: Sylva, or a discourse of forest trees 19 20

Pre-Columbian America (Maya, Inca, and Aztecs) Central and South American and Trees . Inca, Maya, and Aztec (a.k.a.Triple Alliance)

. Plant collection

. Selection and planting around urban clusters

. Amazonian Dark Earth or terra petra

Agroforestry, Gardens and . Forestry and agriculture supported 20 million people Tree planting

Central and South America Examples 21 22

Trees in European Cities (16th -18th Century) Trees in European Cities (19th Century) Allées – tree lined pathways in the gardens . Real estate value of trees . Trees to sanitize the urban environment Tree lined avenues and . Parks to pacify and civilize the lower classes canals Cassonne, France: The French . More tree lined streets channel into/from the city Parks and promenades replace city walls

Merchants and professionals demand the amenities of the

aristocracy Pathway Today in Ohio The Concept of Tree Lined Pathways The Concept That Trees Provide Some Value 23 24

4 Thailand and Trees The Spirt Tree . 1283 – King Ram Khamhaeng and Borassus flabellifer L. (Asian palmyra palm) planted religious and ceremonial purpose

. 1869 and 1890 – King Rama V emphasized planting streets trees along major streets in Bangkok

1283 to present Good luck and fortune from gifts (Phuket Island, Thai.) 25 26

Africa and Trees History of Urban Forestry in the United States

. The Egyptians (Father of Arboriculture) . 1637 – Tree Protection Law in Watertown, MA . 1646 – Public Tree Planting in “Boston Towne” . Johannesburg . 1682 – William Penn and open space – 2.5 million on public property . 1773 – Oglethorpe planted Live Oak in Savannah, GA – 7.5 million trees on private property. – Status as world’s largest man-made forest

Examples Past to Present The Concept That Trees Provide Some Value 27 28

City Parks Movement 1860’s What is the Value of Urban Trees? Central Park in New York

Park systems in US cities

Natural Landscape concept Frederick Law Olmstead Just ask the NYC Central Park Users 29 30

5 Planned City Movement 1860’s History of Urban Forestry in the United States

1872 – Arbor Day in Nebraska First planned U.S. city 1869

Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted

Planned Cities and Park Like Settings The Concept That Trees Provide Some Value 31 32

City Beautiful Movement The Planned Built City

Columbian Exposition "White City" buildings in the World's Columbian Exposition (1893) of 1893 – Chicago Boulevards Parks and Parkways Civic centers Street trees

Washington D.C. Mall

Canberra, AUS Austin, TX USA Riverfront Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago Walter Burley Griffin & Marion Mahony Griffin (Canberra 33 34

Australia and Trees Municipal Arboriculture or Forestry Programs

. Planned City (Canberra 1911) . 1872 Washington D.C. (Trees and Parkings Division)

. City Beautiful and Garden City movements . 1902 New York (Park Board of Greater New York) . 1909 New Orleans (Parking Commission)

. Challenges to grow trees . 1918 Milwaukee (Milwaukee Board of Park Commissioners) – (1) establishing a nursery – (2) raising suitable plants for the area – (3) ameliorate harsh environment through vegetation – (4) establishing an arboretum to test new species – (5) beautify landscape with exotic and native plants – (6) conservation and afforestation activities on surrounding hills.

Examples in Canberra (Nations Capital) The Concept That Trees Provide Some Value 35 36

6 Trees, Parks, and Arboriculture US Cities Trees, Parks, and Arboriculture US Cities

. Street trees . A building craft . Shading homes

1900 to WWII 1900 to WWII 37 38

John Davey (The Tree Doctor) National Shade Tree Conference

. The Tree Doctor National Shade . Book on tree culture Tree Conference

International Shade Tree Conference

International Society of Arboriculture

1900 to WWII Became the International Society of Arboriculture 39 40

Urban Forestry Emergence in the late 1960’s Urban Forestry Emergence in the late 1960’s Initial Wilting (bottom right), advanced wilting (bottom left), dead elm (top left)

Urban Forestry Term is Coined Dutch elm disease 41 42

7 Elm Line Parkway & Dutch Elm Disease

Photo from Mark Stennes

Victory Memorial Parkway, Minneapolis, MN USA Minnesota neighborhood before trees lost to Dutch elm disease. (MPRB) 43 44

American Elm (Ulmus americana): The Tolerant One

Same neighborhood after trees lost to Dutch elm disease. (MPRB) Alberta, Canada Still DED Free 45 46

English Elm (Ulmus procera): The Tolerant One A Lost Generation ~ 40 to 50 years to recover

Australia Still DED Free 47 48

8 Whether You Like it or Not, DED Will Cost You Money 1980 – Pac Man Fever

Figure 2. Projected elm tree losses from Dutch elm disease under varying levels of control. (From Cannon and Worley 1976)

How much will it cost? A DED Example circa 1970’s Coming to an urban forest arcade near you 49 50

A New Tree Biology CODIT Shigo Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees

Stage 1 Wood present at time of wounding Hauer Miller Activation of the reaction zone Wall 1 – Vertical Wall 2 – Inward Wall 3 - Lateral

Alex Shigo, Modern Arboriculture A Journey That Started with a Suggestion CODIT is a Model with Walls 51 52

Natural Target Pruning

How to Prune a Tree: Natural Target Pruning How Branches are Attached 53 54

9 The Certified Arborist (Growing since 1992) Urban Forestry in the 1990’s

Certified Arborist . Bush the First - America the Beautiful

. The US Forest Service greatly expands Urban & Community Forestry program

. States participate in the Urban and Community Forestry Grants program

. The Europe ReMovement

. Urban Greening & Green Spaces

The Concept Started late 1980’s The Concept That Trees Provide Some Value 55 56

Urban Forestry in the 2000’s Arboriculture & Urban Forestry in the 2000’s

. Worldwide growth especially in SE Asia Credentialing . Significant links to urban greening and urban green spaces and human health

. Urban forestry is a vital multidisciplinary field

The Concept That Trees Provide Some Value The Concept That Trees Provide Some Value 57 58

i-Tree Results Professional Societies and Credentials

Relatively easy way to quantify urban forest values ISA Annual and Regional Conference (Worldwide) 59 60

10 The Lungs of the City …. The Lungs of Trees

A Tree and Human Health Connection New York City USA Your Town Any Place 61 62

Urban Forest Ecosystems Concepts Bangkok flooding (17/10/2017)

Green Spaces … Green Places Movement How high's the water, mama? Five feet high and 63 64

Trees and Hydrology Curb Cutouts

. Retain water on site

. Plant water source

Rain Gardens, Curb Cut Outs, Silva Cells Let the rain flow in 65 66

11 Urban Forest Ecosystems Concepts Urban Forest Ecosystems Concepts

Rain Gardens and Stormwater Collection Rooftop Gardens (Virginia and Chicago USA) 67 68

The Cost of NOT Maintaining Trees

Richard Hauer, Ph.D. Professor of Urban Forestry University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point

Trees and the Bottom Line, Pacific Northwest ISA Eugene, OR – October 6 – 9, 2019

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Stop

and Enjoy

the Day

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