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25 Years of Small Satellites: Technology and New Comer Perspectives

25 Years of Small Satellites: Technology and New Comer Perspectives

25 Years of Small Satellites: Technology and New Comer Perspectives

Logan, Utah Dr. Jean Michel Contant August 9nd 2010 Secretary General IAA 24th Annual Conference on Small Satellites. Pioneers

15th century Legend: Wàn Hǔ (萬虎 or 萬戶) of Ming dynasty attempted to become the world's first recorded "". Space Pioneers

First predecessor of the moderne

CONRAD HAAS (1509-1579)

lived and worked in , Space Pioneers Robert Goddard, USA, 1882-1945 First liquid rocket in 1926 Robert Esnault-Pelterie (1881–1957)

Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky 1857-1935 Hermann Julius Oberth Germany 1894-1989 1895-1930 IAA Member Space Pioneers

Herman Oberth (1894-1989)

Born in Sibiu Lived and worked in Mediash and Student A4b rocket Jan 1945

A4 rocket A9/A10 Mid 1943 stopped in 1942 renamed V2 was to have sufficient range to reach New York Secret Operations Backfire, Paperclip, Osoaviachim 1945-1948

1946: 145 German rocket experts were compelled to move to the USSR

1946: 145 German rocket experts were compelled to move to the USSR 118 engineers were brought to Huntsville, USA

38 engineers were brought to the UK 120 engineers were brought to Vernon, France Emerging in USA, , Europe, China.. In October 1936 in the Arroyo Seco Behind Caltech...... • Tsien Hsueh-Shen • Frank J Malina • John W Parsons • Ed. Forman GALCIT ORDCIT Project No 1 change of Name to Jet Propulsion Lab. in 1943 Theodor Von Karman first Director Initial staff Tsien Hsueh- Shen Tsien Hsueh Shen: Space Pioneer

• #100 scientists of Chinese origin were invited to leave JPL during the Tsien vonKarman McCarthy era (1950) and sent to China. • Tsien Hsueh, () Prof. at Caltech, expert in propulsion head of the new Chinese missile program in 1956

After the rupture of URSS and China relations in 1959 design of an improved version of the V-2, known as the R-2 Dong Feng (East ). First Issue Astronautica Acta 1955

Later Renamed Acta Astronautica

The Journal of the International Academy Of The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) Founded in Stockholm August 16, 1960 Theodore von Karman First IAA President and Frank J. Malina Second IAA President, GALCIT project before historic JATO flights in 1941 (JPL). 1955 von Karman at Princeton

1963: JF Kennedy presenting the first National Medal of Science to von Karman 1955 von Karman in a group with Pope Pius XII after receiving appointment to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences A Few More Coincidences May 2010 • Prof. Zhuang Fenggan – A world Known Chinese Space Pioneer, – was in Caltech University in late fifties, – was a member of the Board of Trustees for more than 10 years, – was awarded Engineering Award of the International Academy of Astronautics in 2006 • The past President Ed. Stone is a Professor at Caltech University and a former Director of JPL April 12, 1961 IAA Honorary Member First International Academy of Astronautics

• 1963 F. Malina and Theodore von Karman • 1962 Creation of the IAA Manned Research on Celestial Bodies Committee • 1961 IAA Lunar International Laboratory Committee 16 June 1963 March 1965 IAA Honorary Member IAA member On board 6 First Space Walk First Women Cosmonaut

2009 in 1964 The start the Manned Program to the First Launch is a failure in Feb 1969 as well as the three following launches Program abandoned in 1974 Athens 1965 with Leonov and Belayev

Stark Draper, MIT Inventor of the Gyroscope, President of the Academy from 1963 until 1982

Andrew Haley, Founding Member and IAA Legal Counsel

Von Braun takes the floor during the 3rd IAA Regular Meeting 1965, Athens, Some Famous IAA Academician Names Leonid Ivanovitch Sedov Valentin Glushko Gerard Kuiper Antoni Oppenheim Tikhonravov Harry Guggenheim Hugh L Dryden Roald Sagdeev Maxime Faget Carl Sagan Ulf von Euler J. A. Van Allen, M. V. Keldysh Guggenheim Award 1962 Guggenheim Award 1965 First Man on the Moon George E. Mueller former President IAA 1982-97 NASA Administrator Head Manned Space Programs July 1969

May 2010 11, July 16-24, 1969, Neil Armstrong, IAA Member (left) commander, Buzz Aldrin, IAA Member, (right) lunar module pilot. Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969, completed a 2-hour and 15 minute lunar EVA Last Mission Apollo 17 in the area of the Taurus- Littrow region December 1972 Moscow June 2009 World Record

The Soviet program was focusing on manned flight long duration experiment as exemplified by crew member Valeri Polyakov, IAA member: 240 days in 1988 and a record 437 days 17 hours and 58 minutes TM-18 / Soyuz TM-20 January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995 8th IAA Man in Space Tashkent 1989

Soyuz Launch Pad at Baikonur with Cosmonauts, and IAA Officers 1988: L. Broglio, von Karman Award with Hubert Curien, George Mueller M. Yarymovych

1985: IAA General Meeting, Stockholm, Sweeden Albert A. Galeev, Receiving from George E. Mueller IAA President the von Karman Award 1995

Arthur C. Clarke von Karman Award 1996

Vladimir Kotelnikov Vice-President IAA Successful Entry of China: 2003 Shenzhou V carrying China's first human in space, Yang Liwei, Academician

Moscow 2009 IAA an independent international community of 1200 active leading experts (1700 from 89 nations) recognized by the UN in 1996.

membership access based on highly competitive election IAA leadership high ranking Board of Trustees (7 Heads of Space Agencies) Six commissions covering all aspects of space activities,

Offers the missing forum where the best experts in all domains can meet, know each other and exchange their opinions. IAA Board of Trustees President • Dr. Madavan Nair, India Vice-Presidents • Dr. Stanislav Konyukhov, • Prof. Liu Jiyuan, China • Prof. Hiroki Matsuo, Japan • Dr. Yannick d’Escatha, France Secretary General • Dr. Jean-Michel Contant, France IAA President Dr. Madavan Nair, India Elected Oct 2009 after 50 years of uninterrupted sequence of US Presidents Publications: Acta Astronautica Prof. Liu Jyuan Vice-President Publications & Communication

SEA LAUNCH 1st time a Vice- President from China

2000 pages a year. Covers space science, Acta Astronautica first engineering, life science appeared in 1955, is in the and social science top ten space journals Scientific Programs Stanislav Konyukhov Vice-President General Designer Rocket Ukraine

SEA LAUNCH

IAA Scientific Programs Leaded by 6 Commissions www.iaaweb.org - Program Committees - Study Groups - Permanent Cttee Finance Hiroki Matsuo Vice-President Former Chair Space Commission Supporting Donors Platinum+ SEA LAUNCH EADS Astrium, Lockheed Martin Platinum ESA, CNES, JAXA (Japan), CALT (China), ISRO (India) DLR (Germany), Gold Corp, Arianespace, Polet (Russia), Yuzhnoye (Ukraine), Eutelsat, Roma University La Sapienza Silver Dassault (France), IHI (Japan), NASRDA (Nigeria) IAA Awards

Basic Science Award Engineering Science Award Life Science Award Social Science Award

Yannick d’Escatha Basic Science Book Award Chairman Space Engineering Science Book Award Commission Japan Life Science Book Award Vice-President Awards & Social Science Book Award Membership IAA: to recognize individuals who have distinguished themselves in a branch of science or technology related to astronautics

IAA Membership Evolution

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

Number of Members 0

19621964196619681970197219741976197819801982198419861988199019921994199619982000200220042006 Year

Total M Total CM Total M+CM Top Ten IAA Membership

USA 326 25.8% Buzz Aldrin, Nov 2009 Russia 187 14.8% at IAA Paris France 150 11.9% Germany 108 8.5% China 66 5.5% Japan 56 4.6% Italy 43 3.6% UK 34 2.8% India 29 2.5% Ukraine 27 2.2% IAA Membership in Africa

Nigeria 8 Tunisia 3 Morocco 3 Cameroon 1 Egypt 1 Ethiopia 1 Ivory Coast 1 Burkina Faso 1 Senegal 1 South Africa 1 Congo 1 Algeria 1

As August 2009 Membership: Access by Election About 50 new members elected each year from all over the world Corresponding Member (<5 years) Member (Lifetime) www.iaaweb.org

IAA is arranged in four sections to reflect the major disciplines: Basic Sciences, Engineering Sciences, Life Sciences and Social Sciences. THE THEODORE VON KARMAN AWARD

The premier and the most prestigious award of the Academy. Given annually to recognize outstanding lifetime achievements in any branch of science. Honors the memory of the Academy's founder and first President, a scientist of the highest international reputation:

† Charles S. Draper, USA † , Italy †Arthur c. Clarke, UK Reimar Luest, Germany Jacques Blamont, France Minoru Oda, Japan † Hubert Curien, France † Oleg Gazenko, Russia U. R. Rao , India K. Kasturirangan, India R. Akiba, Japan R. Bonnet, France The MIR Station Laurels for Team Achievement Award 2001 23 March 2001 Mir 135-tons re-entered the Earth's atmosphere near Nadi, Fiji 2002 US Laurel for Team Achievement Award Laurels for Team Achievements

Hubble Team 2004 VLBI Team 2005 Cassini Huygens 2006 Spirit Opportunity 2007

Soho Team 2003 LAURELS 2009: SEA LAUNCH 14 to 16 IAA Conferences Yearly

Bejing Bangalore

Fukuoka Moscou 2009 IAA stand alone conferences • 5th European co-sponsored Conference on Space Debris Darmstadt, (March) • 3nd IAA Conference on Impact of Space on Society, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (April) • 2snd IAA International Conference on Advanced Space Technologies for the Humankind Prosperity, Ukraine (April) • 7th IAA Symposium on Small Satellites for Earth Observation, Berlin (April) • 1st IAA Planetary Defense Conference, Granada, (April) • 17th IAA Human in Space Symposium, Moscow, (June) • 6th Low Cost Planetary Missions Symposium, Goa, India, • IAA Symposium on Realistic Near Term Advanced Scientific Missions, Aosta, Italy (July) • IAA Solar Power Satellite Workshop, Ontario, Canada (Sept) • UN co-sponsored Symposium on the Use of Small Satellites for Sustainable Development, Graz, Austria (Sept) • First IAA Space & Global Safety of Humanity Conference, Cyprus, (Nov) • 3rd IAA Regional Conference, Path to Knowledge and Development, Abuja, Nigeria (Dec) 16th IAA Man in Space Symposium, Beijing, China IAA Conference in Ukraine IAA in Africa: Conference in Nigeria IAA in Africa: Conference in Tunisia

Tunisian Minister Regional Meeting in Romania First Planetary Defense Conference, Granada, Spain IAA at United Nations • The International Academy of Astronautics – Made several presentations of the IAA studies – Distributed studies to each delegation 20 Heads Space Agencies as today Head of Space Agencies Summit November 2010 in Washington on the occasion of IAA 50th Anniversary To reach consensus on international cooperation:

• Robotic • Disaster Management / Natural Hazards • Human • Climate change/Green New IAA Communication Strategy

Beijing UN Vienna March09

Space Debris French TV Antenne2 April 09 Space Dictionaries free of charge http://iaaweb.org/content/view/362/510/ 35 studies in preparation New IAA Study Center open in Beijing in 2010

IAA Studies IAA Nuclear Space Power and Propulsion Studies http://iaaweb.org/content/view/229/356/

Nuclear Propulsion Strategies, Nuclear Thermal , Nuclear Reactors for Electric Propulsion, Nuclear Safety, Legal aspects & Policies Recommendations, including for instance safety assessment for additional risk posed by Lunar & Mars Base mission scenarios. The study indicates that Space Reactors systems can be used safely and effectively on the surface of other celestial bodies. Four IAA Studies Related to the Space Debris IAA Study Dealing with the Threat to Earth from Asteroids and Comets

This report addresses: - the nature of the threat, expected future impacts, consequences from various size - reviews current programs to detect, track, characterize NEOs, and future improvements required - identifies techniques to alter NEO’s orbit and avoid impact - addresses organizational aspects if serious international capability is to be developed - addresses behavioral factors, sociological, psychological aspects of the threat - examines some international policy implications Medical Safety and Liability Issues in Space Tourism

• Space: Entrepreneur – Technological innovation – Space tourism – Private/commercial initiative PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE DURING LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS

• Behavior and Performance of Astronauts • Recommendations for Future Human Space Flights – Earth orbit, – Lunar surface – IAA Introduced the Small Satellites Concept in 1984 KITSat (Korea) FASAT (Chili) BIRD 200 (Germany)

REIMEI (Japan)

GENESAT 2 (USA) Small Satellites Concept (Bordeaux 1985) Large science programs of Great Space Agencies - 10 years of development - Expensive budgets ESA Cornerstones (*) Herschel Space Observatory, largest infrared space observatory LISA, gravitational wave observatory ROSETTA , Comet Nucleus Sample Return FIRST Far Infrared Space BepiColombo, Exploration of Mercury , Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics , Search for extra- terrestrial planets

(*) ESA's total budget for science is still only about 12.5 percent of NASA's science spending Small Satellites Concept (Bordeaux 1985) In reaction to the large science programs Introduce concept of - 2 to 4 years of development - Inexpensive budgets

Inexpensive Scientific Satellite Missions:

-must fill the gaps between the major programs of the great space agencies, - be developed with short lead-times, -rules of management and technical implementation differ considerably from those applied in the major programs. Small Satellites Concept (Bordeaux 1985)

Advantages:

- Higher flight frequencies and shorter times in implementing new technological developments - Ideally lead-times should correspond with educational cycle of space science - For many countries, no other than "inexpensive" satellites conceivable for budgetary constraints. - Commonality between programs of such nations and those which have the possibility of sending man into space and explore planets. IAA and Small Satellites at IAC IAA SYMPOSIUM ON SMALL SATELLITE MISSIONS UN/IAA WORKSHOP ON SMALL SATELLITE AT THE SERVICE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1997 Turin, Italy 1998 Melbourne, Australia 1999 Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2001 Toulouse, France 2002 Houston, USA 2003 Bremen, Germany 2004 Vancouver, Canada 2005 Fukuoka, Japan 2006 Valencia, Spain 2007 Hyderabad, India 2008 Glasgow, UK 2009 Daejon, Korea And also Low Cost Planetary Missions

IAA First Conference on Low Cost Planetary Missions 1993 John Hopkins University The Small Mission Equation

– Satellite – Launch – Operations but also a scientific community to be proud of IAA Study

Cost-Effective Earth Observation Missions

(http://iaaweb.org/iaa/Studies/earthobservation.pdf) IAA Symposium on Small Satellites For Earth Observation Berlin 1996 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 A Small Satellite Scientific Community A Success Story - 3 to 5 new IAA members yearly from community - R Sandau, H Stoewer former Trustees - H P Roeser, A Valenzuela IAA Trustees - Ibrahim Hussein, IAA Regional Secretary A Small Satellite Scientific Community

Current Study in Progress A Small Satellite Scientific Community Space Systems Cross-Compatibility • Chair: Jaime Esper, Co-Chairs: L. Herrel & M. d'Errico • leveraging PnP interfaces, modularity and other concepts with a goal of reducing mission costs Integrated Applications Services • Chair M. Grimard • Promote Space as a key element to provide Integrated Applications Services for the benefit of Earth citizens. Knowledge Management of Space Systems • Chair J Holm • Propose a set of recommendations to improve/harmonize the knowledge management in space activities and avoid major failures Axis of Development in the World Opening IAA Secretariat new Branches • Bangalore (February 2010) in charge of the IAA conferences, software development phase. • Beijing (May 30, 2010) in charge of the IAA studies preparation and new Study Center creation

Bangalore Signature Feb 6, 2010 Axis of Development in the World

After two Regional Association of IAA members Russia (1995) and Ukraine (2003) Opening IAA Nodes (Regional Centers) • Tunis (Tunisia) Government decree under publication, 2 Ministers and a State Secretary having given formal acceptance. • Yaoundé (Cameroon) Regional Center approved, installation started, Regional Secretary having trained in Paris office for one month. • Damascus (Syria) Governmental acceptance obtained, formal opening next October. Axis of Development in the World New Organization • Under Vice-President Stanislav Konyukhov, • Vice-Chair Kai-Uwe Schroegl for studies • Vice-Chair Byrana Suresh for conferences • Under Secretary General Jean-Michel Contant • Dr. Rainer Sandau appointed IAA Technical Director, Satellites and Space Applications as May 26th, 2010 • Dr. Claudio Maccone appointed IAA Technical Director Scientific Space Exploration as July 1st, 2010 Axis of Development in the World

Among new projects of global scale in Disaster Management, Data Exchange in Remote Sensing, Earthquake prediction, Life Science spinoff Telemedicine for Africa

- IAA Sustainable Program for small satellites: Phase 1 - Tunisia - Syria - Cameroon Sustainable Development Program of IAA

small satellites an opportunity • for space emerging countries to enter Earth observation and applications. • to operate small satellite Earth observation missions and utilize the data at low costs, • to develop and build application-driven missions • to participate in Earth observation missions and associated launches, ground stations, data distributions structures, and space management approaches Sustainable Development Program of IAA Small Satellites an opportunity • To do more with less. • To meet local and global needs. • To focus infrastructure development of a country • High education for science, technology and management • Greater involvement of local and small industry, Sustainable Development Program of IAA Small Satellites an opportunity variety of missions and diversification of users • expansion of technical/scientific knowledge base, • Independence in space • Earth Observation /defence capability, without relying on inputs from the major space-faring nations), Sustainable Development Program of IAA Small Satellites an opportunity • infrastructure to develop/conduct space missions is major point coming up from dealing with space missions. • development of small ground station networks connected with rapid and cost-effective data distribution methods is of high priority. • Installation of an institution to coordinate the different space related activities (space agency?) Categories of small satellite missions for remote sensing • Commercial – Requiring a profit to be made from satellite data or services • Scientific/Defense – Requiring new scientific/defense data to be obtained • New technology – Developing or demonstrating a new level of technology • Competency demonstration – Developing and demonstrating a space systems competency • Space technology transfer/training – Space conversion by already competent engineering teams • Engineering competency growth – Developing engineering competence using space as a motivation • Education - Personal growth of students via course projects or team project participation • Science competency growth (assessment & monitoring of resources & environment) Microsatellites: high mobility due to compactness

Small mass essential for observing: weather phenomena like hurricanes lightning or polar lights spectacular fires volcano eruptions floods earth quakes ship, plane or railway accidents or any other event with short delay.

Area of interest: a few square kilometres large

Spatial resolution: as high as possible. Small Satellite Missions

IndependancySmall Industry High Education International Infra-structure Science Collaboration Industry Sustainable Development Program of IAA

Peer Reviewed Web Portal on Small Satellites International Reference and Standard - IAA Peer Validation of the true multilingual information on the subject worldwide (*) - Databank on small satellites including - Technical information - Economical information - IAA Studies and other studies - Standardization (*) IAA Study Center in Beijing, China and external cooperation Sustainable Development Program of IAA

critical enablers missing: local key expertise IAA will provide the key expertise organize/co-ordinate processes from the “wish” to the operational phase having the first small satellite system in orbit Goal: to establish, conduct and monitor related projects Sustainable Development Program of IAA

• To encourage/coordinate new IAA studies dealing with small satellite missions – Standardization to facilitate studies – Studies as first step towards a small satellite – International Data Bank – Translation in main languages (Chinese, Hindi, Arabic, etc.) – Creation of an international networking among universities – Publications web portal – Cost, Sponsorship Sustainable Development Program of IAA

• To make presentations and workshops worldwide especially developing and space emerging countries • To facilitate participation to specialized conferences such as AIAA/USU Conference • To make small satellites an part of university science and engineering curricula. • To help establishing project plans with its related work, time and cost constituents Sustainable Development Program of IAA

• To set up cooperative activities with other international organizations having similar goals such as USU • To develop personal growth of students via course projects or team project participation • To initiate Awards and Recognitions to encourage successful students, professors, universities for their achievements in small satellite area. Trends for the Coming Decade

• Users community – Major Space Countries • Civil • Defense – Space Emerging Countries • Advanced • Young • Technology • Budgetary Perspectives Trends for the Coming Decade

Major space countries Community very active that should expand with new private entrepreneurs (similarly to new entrepreneurs in space transportation) “Surrey like” young organizations to emerge Young new comers may capture markets usually owned by large space companies like SSTL did Small satellites should gradually increase share against large programs Responsive small satellites on the shelf for urgent needs will become significant business Community very active

Small Satellite Projects USA 42 Small Satellites 4.6 to 500 kg University of Surrey/SSTL 22 Small Satellites (15%) Rest of the World 83 missions from 25 countries Nb of missions launched by year Trends for the Coming Decade

Major space countries (including Russia) In defense area small satellites are still emergent Significant increase anticipated for responsive character inside budget constraints - Small launchers availability - Design, Production and Launch within a week - Sensors adaptation to new problem - Adapted responsive temporal resolution with multiple satellites - Spatial or spectral resolution re-focusable - Emergence of radar Trends for the Coming Decade “Advanced” Space Emerging Countries Latin America, Africa and Asia-Pacific regions Ex: Nigeria can buy medium/Heavy communication satellites and have a major long term customer training with the Chinese satellite manufacturer. Leap frog possible but still challenge to build a national space infrastructure Those countries will embark in home made small satellites during the decade in addition to their large programs Trends for the Coming Decade

“Advanced” Space Emerging Countries New European countries, Latin America, Africa and Asia-Pacific regions Some space emerging countries in advanced status (having a significant budget, a space agency, small, medium and large satellite programs) Challenges: - to move to home made satellite/technology - to develop local labs and space tech industry - to install space in local educational system - to keep a leading role with neighbors Small satellite will be an appropriate way to respond and steadily slow increase is anticipated Trends for the Coming Decade “Young” Space Emerging Countries New European countries, Latin America, Africa and Asia- Pacific regions Many new countries are ready for being a space emerging countries Challenges - Political support and positive image - Enthusiasm but difficult to start - Financial support possible but difficult to break reticence - Existing educational system but unaware Small satellite should emerge in a large number of new countries if international cooperation at university level develop and manufacturers support (ex Belarus) More and More Technology Transfer (customer-team training, cooperative agreeements)

CRTS, Morocco, & TU Berlin, Germany 1995 Maroc-TUBSAT

ATSB, Malaysia, & SaTReCI, Korea 2001 RazakSat

NARSS, Egypt, & Yushnoye, Ukraine 2001 EgyptSat-1

LAPAN, Indonesia, & TU Berlin, Germany 2003 LAPAN-TUBSAT

GISTDA, Thailand, & EADS Astrium 2004 THEOS

ASAL/CNTS, Algeria, & EADS Astrium 2004 AlSat-2 Future Trend in Spatial Resolution

Spatial resolution is steadily increasing the GSD is decreasing. Example: camera PIC-2 on EROS-B (Israel) GSD = 0.70 m.

EROS-B (290 kg) launched in 2006 by Russian START-1 launcher into 500 km sun synchronous orbit (SSO). Future Trend in Spectral Resolution

Spectral resolution steadily increasing ex: hyperspectral imager 14 kg/9W CHRIS (ESA) onboard PROBA micro satellite <100 kg GSD = 18 m Provides up to 19 out of 62 spectral bands in the VIS/NIR spectral range (400 – 1000 nm)

Launch PSLV-C3 in 2001 with DLR Germany micro satellite BIRD & TES (India) Future Trend in Temporal resolution

Unique opportunity for affordable small satellite constellations to improve temporal resolution. ex of 5 small satellites constellations: DMC (Disaster Monitoring Constellation) RapidEye, the first commercial constellation

Small satellites constellations able to serve increasing demands for RS data cost-effectively Future Trend Small Satellite Obstacles Main obstacles: mass and volume restrictions power consumption and data rates Application specific instrument components (high resolution optics, RADAR antennas) Technology and application developments encouraging. NigeriaSat-2, a 2,5m imaging small satellite (SSTL) will provide a real-time X-band downlink with 300 Mbps (launch 2010) Future Trend in Radar Missions

RADAR missions, starting from the SAR-Lupe constellation (5 satellites of 720kg)

The developments in terms of technologies and techniques (e.g. cartwheel configurations) point in the direction of increased possibilities in the use of small satellites. Future Trend in Radar Missions

Next decade: the number of small satellite missions applications covered by using active and passive remote sensing systems will be steadily increasing. The importance of remote sensing is increasing - increasing world population - decreasing resources While asking for an ever increasing number of cost-effective space systems to provide quality and timely information. Future Trend and Budgetary Perspectives

The space budget perspectives in the major space countries are not going to increase significantly for the coming decade but stability is expected Growth of the private market of Earth observation, challenged by the North-South need for free data, will have steadily slow increase Defense budgets for small satellites will steadily increase globally Urgent prediction, rescue and reconstruction needs for disaster, climate change, will take more importance, will be funded and are privileged small satellite applications The next decades

Further strategy will be elaborated with YOU Thank you [email protected]

Photo Credit IAA, NASA, D. Prunariu, Tom Tschida, Carla Thomas, ESA, S. Corvaja, UCLA, JPL, CNES, , Malina, Cherne, Contant, Vernikos, Hinghofer- Szalkay, J Tiziou/Sygma, CBS News, AIA, Jaxa, CALT, Peenemunde Museum, Beijing Tianjin Museum,

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