Ensayo Del Efecto De La Alteración Del Sustrato En La Explotación De

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Ensayo Del Efecto De La Alteración Del Sustrato En La Explotación De Efecto de la alteración del sustrato OM2001/042 ÍNDICE Efecto de la alteración del sustrato OM2001/042 ÍNDICE Efecto de la alteración del sustrato OM2001/042 ÍNDICE Efecto de la alteración del sustrato OM2001/042 ÍNDICE 1. AGRADECIMIENTOS ....................................................................... 5 2. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................. 7 3. OBJETIVOS.................................................................................... 9 4. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................11 5. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS ..................................................................13 5.1 SIEMBRA, MUESTREO Y ANÁLISIS EN LABORATORIO....................13 5.2 SEGUIMIENTO DE VARIABLES AMBIENTALES ...............................19 5.2.1 Hidrografía........................................................................19 5.2.2 Sedimentología..................................................................21 5.3 ANÁLISIS DE LAS BANDAS DE MICROCRECIMIENTO .....................21 5.4 ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO ............................................................24 6. RESULTADOS ...............................................................................27 6.1 VARIABLES AMBIENTALES .........................................................27 6.1.1 Hidrografía........................................................................27 6.1.2 Sedimentología..................................................................28 6.2 EVOLUCIÓN DE LA TALLA Y EL PESO...........................................31 6.3 RELACIÓN TALLA-PESO .............................................................36 6.4 ANÁLISIS DE LAS BANDAS DE MICROCRECIMIENTO .....................41 6.5 RESUMEN DE RESULTADOS .......................................................45 7. DISCUSIÓN ..................................................................................47 8. CONCLUSIONES............................................................................53 9. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..............................................................................55 ÍNDICE Efecto de la alteración del sustrato OM2001/042 1. AGRADECIMIENTOS A veces los trabajos aparentemente sencillos, como el que se presenta a continuación, no son posibles sin el concurso de una gran cantidad de gente que debe hacer un trabajo duro y penoso de campo. Este es el caso y en él han participado tantas personas que no nos atrevemos a poner los nombres de todos para evitar olvidos involuntarios. Baste decir que nuestro agradecimiento va dirigido a los analistas del Departamento de Oceanografía, al personal de muestreo, a los becarios de diferentes orígenes y al personal en prácticas. Dirigimos un especial agradecimiento a D. Jefferson Murua, becario en prácticas de la Universidad de Gales-Bangor (Inglaterra) cuya colaboración ha sido fundamental en diferentes fases del estudio. Su trabajo en la fundación AZTI como estudiante en prácticas se dio gracias a la colaboración establecida entre el Departamento de Oceanografía y Medioambiente Marino de la Fundación AZTI y la School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales-Bangor (UK). Asimismo, no podemos olvidar la inestimable colaboración en el análisis en laboratorio llevada a cabo por D. Unai Otxotorena, alumno en prácticas de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de Navarra, D. Eneko Bachiller, alumno en prácticas de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad del País Vasco y D. Iñigo Muxika, becario de la Fundación AZTI. 1. AGRADECIMIENTOS 5 Efecto de la alteración del sustrato OM2001/042 2. ANTECEDENTES La ría de Mundaka, al igual que otros estuarios vascos como los de Plentzia o Txingudi, presenta una explotación marisquera de las poblaciones de bivalvos que habitan los fondos blandos. Su objetivo principal es la almeja fina (Ruditapes decussatus), capturándose también berberecho (Cerastoderma edule) y navajas (varias especies de la familia Solenidae). Ciertos autores, como García-Plazaola (1996), sostienen que el marisqueo es, precisamente, una de las presiones más importantes a las que se encuentran sometidos algunos estuarios vascos. Según este autor, en la parte interna de estuarios como el de Urdaibai, durante los meses de septiembre y octubre (es decir, comenzando aún antes de abrirse la veda), la presencia de mariscadores en las horas centrales del día llegaba hasta veinticinco personas los días festivos y unas ocho cualquier día laborable. Según observaciones más recientes, esta cifra podría llegar a multiplicarse por cuatro o cinco en plena temporada de marisqueo. La fuerte presión humana suele ser la principal responsable de que en determinados estuarios del País Vasco se puedan encontrar biomasas muy reducidas del recurso. Tal fue el caso del estuario de Mundaka en 1989 (Borja, 1988) con una biomasa media igual a 4,03 g·m-2, más baja de la esperable en un estuario como éste (Pérez-Iglesias y Navarro, 1995). Una vez descartado el efecto de posibles restricciones nutricionales tras realizar un estudio fisiológico, estos autores se decantan por dos posibles causas que explicarían el fenómeno: una mayor mortalidad natural que en otros estuarios o una intensa actividad marisquera. A la vista de los datos aportados por García-Plazaola (1996) parece que esta última podría ser la causa más probable. Por otro lado, Pérez-Iglesias y Navarro (1995) mencionan que no sólo hay que tener en cuenta el marisqueo en sí, sino que la perturbación causada en el sustrato por los mariscadores también puede explicar esas biomasas tan bajas. La remoción de grandes cantidades de sedimento, afecta a la semilla de los moluscos que queda enterrada profundamente o expuesta al aire en bajamar, produciéndose elevadas mortalidades. Este efecto se debe a que los mariscadores no profesionales ignoran los métodos más adecuados de recolección, utilizando azadas en vez de ir directamente a buscar el agujero del sifón de las almejas (Borja y Bald, 2000). Estos hechos suelen conducir a una sobreexplotación, haciendo que la talla de recolección sea muy baja, en la mayor parte de los casos inferior al límite legal, según se ha podido observar por parte del Servicio de Inspección Pesquera. 2. ANTECEDENTES 7 Efecto de la alteración del sustrato OM2001/042 En vista de estos resultados, a petición de la Dirección de Pesca del Gobierno Vasco, AZTI diseñó en 1998 un proyecto de investigación en el estuario de Mundaka, uno de cuyos objetivos, era determinar en qué medida el recurso se veía afectado por el tipo de explotación realizada. Para ello se propuso controlar la evolución de parcelas sembradas con almeja fina ante diferentes formas de explotación en el estuario de Mundaka. Esta experiencia fue llevada a cabo por el Departamento de Oceanografía y Medio Ambiente Marino de AZTI en 1999. Para ello se realizó una siembra de almejas en 36 cajas, con el objetivo de simular en las mismas la incidencia de diferentes formas de explotación de la almeja (azada y cuchara, 12 cajas en cada línea) y dejando una línea de 12 cajas sin intervención, como control. Los resultados obtenidos mostraban un menor crecimiento y engorde en las cajas explotadas y pisadas que en las cajas control (Borja y Bald, 2000). Sin embargo, quedó patente la necesidad de mejorar la metodología y completar el experimento con el objetivo de obtener resultados más fiables y concluyentes que ayuden en la gestión de un recurso de importancia económica y social en determinados lugares del País Vasco. Por ello, en marzo de 2001 comenzaron los trabajos para la realización de una segunda experiencia en la ría de Mundaka cuya metodología y resultados se exponen en el siguiente trabajo. 2. ANTECEDENTES 8 Efecto de la alteración del sustrato OM2001/042 3. OBJETIVOS El principal objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la incidencia de la explotación de la almeja en la ría de Mundaka mediante el seguimiento de los parámetros poblacionales de semilla de almeja fina sembrada en parcelas controladas, sometidas periódicamente a la alteración simulada de diversas técnicas de marisqueo habitualmente empleadas en el estuario. Para ello se plantearon los siguientes objetivos operativos: - Disponer de datos estadísticamente fiables sobre la evolución de las características del sedimento en cada línea de explotación y control. - Disponer de datos estadísticamente fiables del crecimiento (en peso y talla) y mortalidad de las poblaciones de almeja en cada línea de explotación y control. - Tratar los datos de manera que pudieran proporcionar información para alimentar un modelo de gestión específico para la costa vasca. 3. OBJETIVOS 9 Efecto de la alteración del sustrato OM2001/042 4. INTRODUCCIÓN Los efectos negativos causados por los métodos intensivos de recolección mecánica de poblaciones de macro-invertebrados viviendo en la zona intermareal han sido ampliamente reconocidos por autores como Peterson et al. (1987), Brown y Wilson (1997), Cotter et al. (1997), Hall y Harding (1997), Spencer et al. (1998) y Piersma et al. (2001). Asimismo, también es creciente la preocupación por la evaluación del daño ecológico y económico producido sobre comunidades infaunales debido al uso, por parte de pescadores profesionales y recreativos, de determinados métodos de recolección manuales (rastrillo, pala o azada) para la extracción tanto de bivalvos destinados al consumo alimenticio, como anélidos para cebo de pesca (Cryer et al., 1987; Van den Heiligenberg, 1987; McLachlan et al., 1996; Murray-Jones y Steffe, 2000; Kaiser et al., 2001). La almeja
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