Universidade Do Algarve Biology and Hatchery Production of Chamelea

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Universidade Do Algarve Biology and Hatchery Production of Chamelea Universidade do Algarve Biology and hatchery production of Chamelea gallina, Spisula solida and Venerupis corrugata, to support restocking and stock enhancement programs Sandra Maria Duarte Joaquim Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente (Especialidade em Tecnologia de Aquacultura) Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação de: Professor Doutor Luís Manuel Zambujal Chícharo Doutor Miguel José Baptista Gaspar 2013 Universidade do Algarve Biology and hatchery production of Chamelea gallina, Spisula solida and Venerupis corrugata, to support restocking and stock enhancement programs Sandra Maria Duarte Joaquim Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente (Especialidade em Tecnologia de Aquacultura) Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação de: Professor Doutor Luís Manuel Zambujal Chícharo Doutor Miguel José Baptista Gaspar 2013 “Declaro que sou a autora deste trabalho, que é original e inédito. Autores e trabalhos consultados estão devidamente citados no texto e constam da listagem de referências incluída.” “Copyright” A Universidade do Algarve tem o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicitar este trabalho através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, de o divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objetivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. i We should take care not to make the intellect our god; it has, of course, powerful muscles, but no personality. Albert Einstein To Íris, Duarte and Vitor. iii Acknowledgements ____________________________________________________________________________________ Acknowledgements PhD research often appears a solitary undertaking. However, it is impossible to maintain the degree of focus and dedication required for its completion without the help and support of many people, to whom I would like, to express my sincere acknowledgements: - To ex-director of IPIMAR and the current president of IPMA, for accepting the development of this study in the Estação Experimental de Moluscicultura de Tavira of the Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera – IPMA, I.P.. - To Professor Luís Chícharo (University of Algarve) for accepting the supervision of this PhD project. - To my supervisor and colleague Miguel Gaspar, whose expertise, understanding, constant interest, dedication, support and patience, added considerably to my graduate experience. I appreciated your assistance in writing. But I am specially grateful to you for helping me to stay focused and keep looking forward but above all for being a good friend with a great sense of humor. - To Doctor Carlos Costa Monteiro, for his incentive to start this work but also for his friendship and support. - To Professor Henrique Guedes Pinto and Professor Raquel Chaves for kindly gave me the opportunity to undertake the molecular biologic analysis in the CGB/IBB of the University of Trás- os-Montes. Sincere thanks are also due to Jorge Pereira for his help and teachings in this study, but most of all for the friendship. - To Doctor William S. Arnold, for his time and willingness to engage with my work, the constructive critiques and recommendations. - To all colleagues and friends who contributed in some way to this work, Belisandra Lopes, Cátia Vera, Cláudia Roque, Florbela Soares, Marina Cabral, Paula Moura, Radhouan Ben-Hamadou and Rui Gonçalves. - To all colleagues of IPMA, thank you for your friendship and especially to João Maurício Teixeira for sharing with me the creation of numerous inventions for hatchery. - To Mr. Antonio da Branca, Mr. João Joaquim, Mr. José Manuel Matias and Dr. Sobral for helping with the obtention of samples. - To Domitília Matias, Tila… I was the next!!! Thank you very much for teaching me everything you know, for letting me be your partner in this scientific path, but especially for our friendship. - To Margarete Matias for being my partner in many practical works, for acting as a moderator of our team brainstorms, but above all for being a good friend. - To Alexandra Leitão. I feel very privileged to have worked with you (I have not lost hope of doing it again!!). The joy and enthusiasm you have for your and our research was contagious and motivational. How can I ever thank you enough for being my “Scientific Guru”? I am espectially very grateful for our friendship. I'll never forget it. - To my parents (Dad… it’s finished!!!!), sister, family and friends for the constant encouragement during my career. - To Vitor for his understanding and for the support to our family in all moments that I was absent. To my princess Íris for their contagious energy and to my little Duarte… I promise you that the “mammy’s pc ” will go home less often! Thank you for your unconditional love! Thank you all… v Resumo _____________________________________________________________________________________ Resumo A conservação dos recursos marinhos tem tido uma importância crescente ao longo do tempo. Contudo, nos últimos anos, temos assistido com grande preocupação ao declínio dos principais recursos em todo o mundo. Apesar das medidas de gestão introduzidas pela administração para ajustar as capturas, que visam a conservação dos mananciais, as populações de amêijoa-branca, Spisula solida, de pé-de-burrinho, Chamelea gallina e de amêijoa-macha Venerupis corrugata no Algarve mostram sinais evidentes de sobre- exploração. A acção sinergética da pressão exercida pela pesca com a taxa de crescimento elevada, o tempo de vida curto e a variabilidade no recrutamento destas espécies, levou a grandes flutuações inter-anuais na abundância dos mananciais, dificultando a sua recuperação natural. De forma a inverter esta tendência negativa e reconstruir as populações será necessária uma intervenção activa, e o estabelecimento de medidas de gestão dos recursos. A presente tese visou contribuir para a resolução deste problema, aprofundando o conhecimento da biologia e produção em maternidade destas espécies, por forma a contribuir para a sua promoção para a moluscicultura, incentivando a diversificação desta actividade e por forma a apoiar futuros programas de repovoamento ou aumento dos mananciais com indivíduos produzidos em maternidade. Para atingir este objectivo, foram identificadas as melhores populações para recolha dos reprodutores e o período reprodutivo óptimo das espécies para a indução artificial da postura. Posteriormente, este trabalho focou-se na introdução de S. solida e C. gallina como novas espécies em aquacultura e no incremento da produtividade e redução de custos na produção de pós- larvas de V. corrugata em maternidade. Foi igualmente efectuada uma experiência piloto de aumento dos mananciais de S. solida. Os reprodutores de C. gallina e S. solida foram recolhidos das populações selvagens alvo, por forma a promover a variabilidade genética dos indivíduos obtidos em maternidade e consequentemente, das populações selvagens alvo dos futuros programas de repovoamento ou aumento dos mananciais. Contudo, o mesmo não foi possível para V. corrugata, uma vez que a redução do tamanho da população da Ria Formosa não permitiu a obtenção de reprodutores. Assim, após a avaliação da variabilidade genética da população da Ria de Aveiro, verificou-se que esta era uma alternativa viável, uma vii Resumo _____________________________________________________________________________________ vez que, por um lado, apresentava uma elevada plasticidade genética e por outro lado, as duas populações eram geneticamente similares. Os resultados obtidos no estudo do ciclo reprodutivo, bem como do consequente armazenamento e utilização das reservas energéticas mostraram que as três espécies apresentam estratégias reprodutivas diferentes. A amêijoa branca pode adoptar estratégias flexíveis em termos da gestão das reservas energéticas, e modificar a resposta reprodutiva quando ocorrem oscilações anormais na temperatura da água do mar. Esta flexibilidade reprodutiva tem implicações interessantes na produção, uma vez que permite a manipulação no acondicionamento dos reprodutores. C. gallina apresenta uma estratégia reprodutiva oportunista, enquanto V. corrugata é mais conservativa, contudo ambas as espécies têm um período natural de postura muito alargado e uma taxa de desenvolvimento gonadal elevada, o que permite a obtenção de larvas em maternidade, sem ser necessário um período de acondicionamento extenso com custos elevados de produção. Por outro lado, os resultados obtidos relativos à relação entre a condição dos reprodutores, a qualidade dos ovócitos e a viabilidade larvar de V. corrugata mostraram que é possível manipular os reprodutores por forma a obter múltiplas desovas anuais. A produção em maternidade das espécies C. gallina e S. solida foi possível com a tecnologia (sistema estático - Batch) e alimento tradicionalmente utilizados em maternidades de bivalves. Apesar de não haver constrangimentos que impedissem a produção de ambas as espécies, os resultados obtidos mostraram que C. gallina pode ser mais atractiva para a produção aquícola, bem como para programas de repovoamento. Esta espécie apresentou um período larvar curto e o efeito das reservas vitelinas fizeram-se sentir até à metamorfose, o que diminui significativamente o aparecimento de problemas durante o período larvar, bem como os custos associados à produção. A possibilidade de produzir juvenis desta espécie de uma forma fácil e económica,
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