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A River Runs Through It: Re-Imagining Kuta's Neglected River Tai Sunnland December 2013 Submitted towards the fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Architecture degree. School of Architecture University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Doctorate Project Committee Kazi Ashraf, Chairperson Ashok Das Geoffrey Lewis A River Runs Through It: Re-Imagining Kuta's Neglected River Tai Sunnland December 2013 We certify that we have read this Doctorate Project and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Architecture in the School of Architecture, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. Doctorate Project Committee Kazi Ashraf, Chairperson Ashok Das Geoffrey Lewis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my project chairperson, Kazi Ashraf, for his guidance, mentoring, and support. I would also like to thank my committee members, Geoffrey Lewis and Ashok Das, for their motivation, critiques, and genuine interest in my project. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends, especially my parents for their unconditional love and support, without whom none of this would be possible. Mahalo Nui Loa i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. i TABLE OF CONTENTS. ii GLOSSARY. .iv LIST OF FIGURES. vi I. ABSTRACT . 1 II. INTRODUCTION . 3 III. BALI: AN ISLAND MANDALA . 6 Cosmological Order Desa: The Village Water, the Subak, and Bali’s Cultural Landscape Balinese Social Organizations Bali’s Architectural Typologies Conclusion IV. A CULTURE IN FLUX . 30 Early Influences Colonialism The Beginnings of Tourism Modernity Developing Tourism Cultural Tourism Tourism Today and Beyond Conclusion V. CULTIVATING A CITY . .37 Image and Genius Loci Landscape Urbanism: A Catalyst for City Formation Water: Ecology, Hydrology, and Infrastructure Precedents Conclusion VI. KUTA . 50 Geography and Physical Conditions ii The Tukad Mati River and Prapat Benoa Mangrove Forest VII. WATER AS AN AXIS OF URBAN DESIGN. .57 Methods of Intervention An Urban "MRI" Intervention Sites Intervention Proposals Conclusion VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY . .82 iii GLOSSARY *All words are Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) unless otherwise noted. Adat: tradition Alang-alang: grass-thatch hipped roof (Balinese) Aling-aling: free standing wall (Balinese) Alun-alun: empty field (Balinese) Awig-awig: customary law (Balinese) Bacingah: village square (Balinese) Bale: pavilion Bale kul-kul: signal tower (Balinese) Bali Aga: Mountain Balinese (Balinese) Banjar: hamlet groups (Balinese) Banten: sacrificial offerings (Balinese) Basa Bali: Balinese language (Balinese) Beringin: large banyan tree (Balinese) Bhurloka: underworld (Balinese) Buwahloka: fertile world of man (Balinese) Candi bentar: symmetrical split gate Dadia: ancestral kinships (Balinese) Desa: traditional village Gamelan: traditional percussion orchestra Gang: alleyway (Balinese) Griya: Brahmana priest (Balinese) Jaba: house forecourt (Balinese) Jalan: road Kaja: sacred mountains (Balinese) Kangin: towards the sunrise or east (Balinese) Karang: village households (Balinese) Karya: ritual (Balinese) Kauh: towards the sunset or west (Balinese) Kelod: profane sea (Balinese) Lawang: compound (Balinese) Leteh: pollution (Balinese) Lontar: palm leaves Lumbung: rice granary (Balinese) Madya: neutral (Balinese) Musim hujan: wet season Musim panas: dry-season Natah: central courtyard (Balinese) Niskala: intangible (Balinese) Nista: profane (Balinese) Obyeks: objects Odalan: temple anniversary (Balinese) Orde Baru: new order iv Paduraksa: roofed gate form (Balinese) Pampatan agung: auspicious intersection (Balinese) Paon: kitchen (Balinese) Paraken: servants Parhyangan: man’s harmonious relationship with the gods Pariwisata budaya: cultural tourism Pasar: village market Pawongan: man’s harmonious relationship with other humans Pelemahan: man’s harmonious relationship with nature Pemaksan: temple congregations (Balinese) Pemangku: lay priest (Balinese) Pendanda: high priest (Balinese) Puputan: court suicides (Balinese) Pura: temple complex Pura bale agung: main village temple Pura dalem: temple of death Pura puseh: temple of origin Puri: palace Sate: barbeque skewers Sawah: wet rice fields (Balinese) Seka: volunteer groups (Balinese) Sekala: tangible (Balinese) Subak: agricultural societies (Balinese) Swahloka: heaven Tanah: land Tebe: gardens Tegal: dry-lands Tri hita karana: Balinese-Hindu philosophy Tri karhyangan: main village temples Undagi: architect (Balinese) Utama: sacred (Balinese) Wantilan: meeting pavilion (Balinese) v LIST OF FIGURES *Figures and images are by me unless noted. 1. (pg. 6) Map of the island of Bali. Source: Google Earth. Source: Google Earth 2. (pg. 9) Schematic diagram of tri angga and nawasanga hierarchies. 3. (pg. 12) Schematic diagram of a traditional village square. 4. (pg. 15) Simplified diagram of subak water temple and irrigation system. Source: Lansing 1983, 170. 5. (pg. 15) Image of sawah in Karangasem, East Bali. 6. (pg. 16) Image of subak wier. Source: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/13920 (Accessed: September 3, 2013) 7. (pg. 17) Image of urban subak canal. 8. (pg. 20) Section, elevation, and image of traditional wantilan. Source: Wijaya 2002, 18,46. 9. (pg. 21) Image of a Balinese market, pasar. Source: http://www.lumbungbalitours.com/paket_rupiah/tours.html. (Accessed August 4, 2012) 10. (pg. 27) Schematic plan of a family dwelling compound. Source: Tan 1967, 447. 11. (pg. 45) Illustration of a bio-swale. Source: http://archinect.com/conradgartz/project/bioswale (Accessed November 2, 2013) 12. (pg.46) Images of before and after of Cheonggyecheon stream restoration. Source: http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/landofsunshine/la-river/from- freeways-to-waterways-what-los-angeles-can-learn-from-seoul.html (Accessed September 3, 2013) vi 13. (pg. 48) Bishan-Ang Mo Kio test bed examples Source: http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/Publications/Pages/KallangRiver.aspx (Accessed September 3, 2013) 14. (pg 49) Images of before and after of Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park redevelopment Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Before_and_After_ Aerial_View_of_Kallang_River.jpg (Accessed September 3, 2013) 15. (pg.51) Map of sub-districts of the Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia. Source: Google Earth 16. (pg. 52) Map of Kuta's administrative boundaries and extent of Prapat Benoa mangrove forest. Source: Google Earth 17. (pg. 53) Location of the Tukad Mati river and extent of Prapat Benoa mangrove forest within Kuta, Bali. Source: Google Earth 18. (pg. 55) Location and extent of Bali's mangrove forests. Source: mangrovecareforum.com 19. (pg. 59) Overall plan of Kuta 20. (pg. 60) Location plan of section studies. 21. (pg. 61) Sectional analysis of Tukad Mati River. 22. (pg. 63) Location of intervention sites. vii I. ABSTRACT Water plays a fundamental role in Balinese culture. The Balinese religion known as Agama Tirta, “the religion of holy-water,” enforces the philosophy of tri hita karana, which instills an interrelationship of spirit, human, and nature. The physical manifestation of this philosophy is Bali’s cultural landscape, a landscape shaped by an ancient social organization and system of water irrigation, known as the subak, for the cultivation of wet rice (sawah) over the past millennium. Fundamental to the agricultural infrastructure is the network of water temples which intangibly connects each subak sharing the same water sources. The temples sanctify water from its mountain source, through numerous rice terraces, and eventually emptied into the ocean. Due to the cultural significance of Bali’s water culture, Bali’s networks of water temples, subak organizations and engineered landscape have recently been deemed an UNESCO World Heritage site. The subak, and its mastering of water hydrology, has allowed Balinese civilization to reach the heights it has today. However, as modernization and globalization, spurred by tourism, continues to pave over Bali’s natural and cultural landscape, the subak and Bali’s inland water sources have greatly suffered in urbanizing areas. As a result, Bali’s waters have become heavily polluted and neglected, a stark contradiction to the philosophy of tri hita karana. Kuta, a coastal district in southern Bali, is Indonesia’s most popular tourist destination welcoming nearly six million foreign and domestic visitors annually. Once a quiet fishing and farming village hidden within a dense coconut grove, Kuta's seemingly endless white sand beach, tropical environment, and holiday atmosphere attract travelers from around the world. In response to growing visitor numbers and the desire to modernize, a large boom of unrestricted and unplanned development has transformed the once lush coastline into a bustling commercial zone forever altering the traditional village-scape and landscape due to minimal effort in preserving and reinforcing traditional Balinese socio- spatial qualities, subak infrastructure, and important natural ecological systems, especially the Tukad Mati River and Prapat Benoa mangrove forest, both of which are for the most part out of view and inaccessible for the general public. Furthermore, a lack of public space prevents any synergistic interaction between tourists and the local 1 population, augmenting the social and economic disparities between the parties. In reaction to the issues currently facing Kuta, I explore the intricacies of Bali’s complex culture, which have shaped its built and natural environments, the impact and influences of tourism in Bali, and contemporary theories
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    This paper is part of the Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art (IHA 2016) www.witconferences.com Changing a Hindu temple into the Indrapuri Mosque in Aceh: the beginning of Islamisation in Indonesia – a vernacular architectural context Alfan1 , D. Beynon1 & F. Marcello2 1Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Australia 2Faculty of Health Arts and Design, Swinburne University, Australia Abstract This paper elucidates on the process of Islamisation in relation to vernacular architecture in Indonesia, from its beginning in Indonesia’s westernmost province of Aceh, analysing this process of Islamisation from two different perspectives. First, it reviews the human as the receiver of Islamic thought. Second, it discusses the importance of the building (mosque or Mushalla) as a human praying place that is influential in conducting Islamic thought and identity both politically and culturally. This paper provides evidence for the role of architecture in the process of Islamisation, by beginning with the functional shift of a Hindu temple located in Aceh and its conversion into the Indrapuri Mosque. The paper argues that the shape of the Indrapuri Mosque was critical to the process of Islamisation, being the compositional basis of several mosques in other areas of Indonesia as Islam developed. As a result, starting from Aceh but spreading throughout Indonesia, particularly to its Eastern parts, Indonesia’s vernacular architecture was developed by combining local identity with Islamic concepts. Keywords: mosque, vernacular architecture, human, Islamic identity, Islamisation. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 159, © 2016 WIT Press www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 (on-line) doi:10.2495/IHA160081 86 Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art 1 Introduction Indonesia is an archipelago country, comprising big and small islands.
  • Candi, Space and Landscape

    Candi, Space and Landscape

    Degroot Candi, Space and Landscape A study on the distribution, orientation and spatial Candi, Space and Landscape organization of Central Javanese temple remains Central Javanese temples were not built anywhere and anyhow. On the con- trary: their positions within the landscape and their architectural designs were determined by socio-cultural, religious and economic factors. This book ex- plores the correlations between temple distribution, natural surroundings and architectural design to understand how Central Javanese people structured Candi, Space and Landscape the space around them, and how the religious landscape thus created devel- oped. Besides questions related to territory and landscape, this book analyzes the structure of the built space and its possible relations with conceptualized space, showing the influence of imported Indian concepts, as well as their limits. Going off the beaten track, the present study explores the hundreds of small sites that scatter the landscape of Central Java. It is also one of very few stud- ies to apply the methods of spatial archaeology to Central Javanese temples and the first in almost one century to present a descriptive inventory of the remains of this region. ISBN 978-90-8890-039-6 Sidestone Sidestone Press Véronique Degroot ISBN: 978-90-8890-039-6 Bestelnummer: SSP55960001 69396557 9 789088 900396 Sidestone Press / RMV 3 8 Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden CANDI, SPACE AND LANDscAPE Sidestone Press Thesis submitted on the 6th of May 2009 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Leiden University. Supervisors: Prof. dr. B. Arps and Prof. dr. M.J. Klokke Referee: Prof. dr. J. Miksic Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde No.