Copyright by Karin Andrea Sánchez Manríquez 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Karin Andrea Sanchez Manriquez Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Material Help, Moral Concerns. The Chilean Ecclesiastical Hierarchy and the Social Question 1891-1931 Committee: Virginia Garrard-Burnett, Supervisor Matthew Butler Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra Anne Martinez Ana Maria Stuven Material Help, Moral Concerns. The Chilean Ecclesiastical Hierarchy and the Social Question 1891-1931 by Karin Andrea Sanchez Manriquez, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2016 Dedication For my mom For all those who every day bravely fight for being respected Acknowledgements Being writing the acknowledgements of this dissertation means for me the very last step of one of the most enriching periods of my life. I gained much more than I could ever imagine, met people that will be in my life forever, and lived adventures that have expanded my understanding of life and, I hope, made me a better person. To start with, I want to thank the support and advice of Dr. Virginia Garrard- Burnett. She was the perfect advisor. She was the finest to identify what I wanted to say and to help me to say it clearer. But she was the perfect advisor not only in academic terms. She was the right person to understand that life is much more that work, and that, sometimes, life just decides for you. I am also grateful to the rest of the committee that evaluated this dissertation. Dr. Anne Martinez, Dr. Matthew Butler, Dr. Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, and Dr. Ana María Stuven. Their suggestions and comments helped me to improve this dissertation, to give it unity, and to connect points that I had failed to see. Dr. Cañizares-Esguerra was also very important at the beginning of my graduate studies at UT when dealing with a new language made me feel like a total failure. I will always be grateful to him. I have known Dr. Stuven for many (many) years. She has been always available for anything I could need; and I am not meaning only academic stuff. Thank you for always sincerely asking how I am. Institutionally, my graduate studies had the primary support of the “Equality of Opportunities” Scholarship granted by both the Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Conicyt), a Chilean governmental agency, and the Fulbright Commission, from the government of the United States of America. Afterwards, I v received the support of the Department of History at the University of Texas at Austin to travel to Chile for research and to attend conferences in the United States and Argentina. In the final stage of Graduate School, I received the History Department Dissertation Completion Fellowship that allowed me to concentrate on writing the dissertation. The work on the main source for this project, La Revista Católica, was less hard thanks to the great initiative of the Archive of the Archbishopric of Santiago of Chile of digitalizing almost one hundred years of the journal. At the National Library of Chile, I am very grateful of the efficiency and kindness of the staff. In particular, the people at the “Salón de Investigadores.” They not only focused on looking for the right material but also on the necessary comfort of the researchers. I am very thankful to the former manager of the section, Lilian Montecinos, who helped me to continue my residency at the Salón. I will always remember her generosity. At the Newspaper Section, I am particular grateful to Antonio Guerrero who allowed me to work with material that was not available to the public at the moment of my research. At the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, I want to thank to the formers directors of the Institute of History, Patricio Bernedo and Fernando Purcell, for their support to obtain the university library card. Research at the different libraries of the university was always a pleasure, it always has been like home (and there’s no place like home). The staff of the different library branches were always kind and preoccupied for having always the material requested available. More personally, I am very touched with the fact that some of them remembered me from my undergraduate years. At the Institute as well, I received valuable advices from Dr. Sol Serrano that helped me to think better about the main purpose of this dissertation. Yet, a doctoral dissertation is a milestone that represents also the end of a journey that started many years before my arrival to Austin. Benjamín Rojas, my history teacher vi at high school, always terrified us with the last question of his exams: “Refiérase al reverso al siguiente tema…” Most of time we had to answer to a “why” question. I learned from him to relate subjects that seemed disconnected (or even from the previous semester! “Why does he ask us about the First World War if this exam is about the Second World War?!”), and to understand that past, present and future are just one thing (“What? The legacy of Ancient Rome in present times?!” I ended up writing about soap operas). In my undergraduate studies at the Institute of History of the Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, I fell in love with the nineteenth century. The class of Dr. Rafael Sagredo was a real turning point. Progress, public opinion, citizenship, order… and the different hats in the photo of the opening ceremony of the Malleco Viaduct in 1890 opened the door to the most marvelous world. Besides, behind a -for some- not easy personality, there is a very generous man (most of my library is thank to him), and a person that recognizes the talent and good work wherever it is. Profesor, thank you so much for your words. Dr. Juan Ricardo Couyoumdjian was my “jefe” for six years at the journal Historia in the Institute. Although I never called him so in person, I always said it when I talked of him. And it was not only because it was easier than to pronounce “Couyoumdjian” but also because our weekly meetings for the “Fichero Bibliográfico” have been the most gratifying academic job I have done so far. The amount of knowledge that I obtained not only from the readings for the file but mostly from our conversations about life will be a treasure in my memory and in my heart. At the university as well, I want to thank to Dr. Joaquín Fermandois. His Seminary of Historiography has been one of the best classes I have had. Although I took it for fun, because I loved so much the subject, I did not think in the very real possibility vii of failing the class. Although that did not happen, at some point in the semester I was terrified. It was just too difficult! He was (is) so smart! He took a book in German and read it loudly in Spanish! I will always feel in debt to him for not returning yet to The Magic Mountain. I promise that I will get back to Naphta and Settembrini someday. In Austin, a special place in my memory is for the former Graduate Advisor at the History Department, Dr. James Sidbury. He is one of the best human beings that I have ever met. His concern for his students is admirable. On my very dark firsts days (weeks, and months) in the program, feeling that this was not my place because my English was so poor, he turned on the lights that helped me to see the path to return to my self- confidence. Thank you very much, Dr. Sidbury. Other faculty and staff were also very supportive. Dr. Ann Twinam, Dr. Robert Abzug, Dr. William Roger Louis, Dr. Susan Deans-Smith, and Dr. Antony Hopkins helped to improve not only my historiographical skills but also my English. The graduate coordinator of the department, Marilyn Lehman, made smoother the sometimes very hard labyrinth of bureaucracy at the University. But in Austin life was not only work. Of course not! The friends I met in these years were something that I never imagined, not even in my sweetest dream. In no particular order (actually, in the order that Facebook is showing them): Ana Sánchez- Rojo, Cristina Martínez, José Barragán, Pablo Mijangos, Bonar Hernández, Solange Muñoz, Blake Scott, Jorge Derpic, Karin Krin, Tania Camacho, Ouaffa Outmani, Matt Gildner, Jerry Lara, Guillermo Huaco, Sebastián Vidal, Álvaro Quezada, Zach Carmichael, Irina Córdoba, Sebastien Dube, Franz Hensel, María Helena Bocachica, Juan Sequeda, Adrien Sockwell. All of them (and I am sorry if I am forgetting somebody) made me call Austin home. This list could not be done without some special mentions, though. Manuel Salas has been the best to share the discovers, joys, and frustrations of a dissertation process. I viii owe him some very important texts I used in the dissertation. Having a “compatriota” with whom complaining in Chilean-Spanish does not have price. Also, Pelagia González has proved to be the best host. My stomach remembers with much love the dinners at the Salas-González house. Although not in Austin, Magaly Toro has been a very important part of this adventure. We, along with other twenty-eight Chilean students, came to the United States in 2008 with a Fulbright-Conicyt scholarship to pursue doctorates in different universities. In the never easy relationship with the Chilean agency, Magaly has been the best to laugh with at the difficulties, or to help to think clearer when it was needed.