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START MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY FORMERLY: MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND MICROFILM COLLECTIONS OF MANUSCRIPTS ON THE MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Series:, xx y// No:. /<* _ Photographed by: Department of Photoduplication - The Joseph Regenstein Library University of Chicago • Chicago, III. 60637 REDUCTION RATIO: A GARIB DICTIONARY Originally compiled by John J. Stochl, S.J. Revised and enlarged by Richard E. Hadel, S.J. (with the assistance of Roman Zuniga) MICROFILM COLLECTION OF MANUSCRIPTS ON CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY SERIES XXVII No. 146 University of Chicago Library Chicago, Illinois 197^ A CARIB DICTIONARY Originally compiled by John J. Stochl, S.J, Revised and enlarged by Richard E. Hadel, S.J. with the assistance of Roman Zuniga LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS adj. adjective perf. perfective aspect act. active voice adv. adverb pi. plural aff. affix PP pronominal prefix affir. affirmative prep. preposition aor. aorist aspect prog. progressive aspect asp. mk. aspect marker prone. pronunciation c. common gender pron. pronoun conj . conjunction PS pronominal suffix dir. add. direct address rel. relative f. feminine gender sg. singular fm. form tran. transitive f.s. female speech v. verb fut. future aspect * obsolete Imp. imperative/ exhortative aspect u alternatives impr impersonal intens. intensive inter, interrogative interj. interjection intr. intransitive irr. irregular lit. literally m. masculine gender m.s. male speech n. noun neg. negative pass. passive voice ii PRONUNCIATION CONSONANTS: Car ib Phonemic Symbol English b /b/ bill d /d/ dill f /f/ fill g /g/ gill h /h/ hill k A/ kill 1 /!/ Lil m /m/ mill n /n/ nil P /P/ pill r /r/ rill s /s/ sill t A/ till w /w/ will y /y/ y_et ch /c/~ /s/ chill shall V j (foreign /j/ Jill loan words only) n /H/ see: H. A. Gleason, An Introduction t o Descriptive Linguistics. New York. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965. Wm. A. Smalley, Manual of Articulatory Phonetics. New York, Practical Anthropology, 1967. iii VOWELS: Car ib Phonemic Symbol English a /a/ father e /e/ (mid-front, unrounded) i /i/ meet ü /*/ 1 -^Bl^— -! 1, O^cK unrounded) o /o/ boat u /u/ boot (Dipthongs: ai, ei, au, aü, ui, ua) NASALIZATION OP VOWELS: 1) (v) ñ V —>(v) ñ y (both the vowel preceding and that following ñ are nasalized, e.g. ñaña haña) 2) V N \ ci~~^V lCl ^a vowel preceding a nasal followed by another consonant or word ending is pronounced as a nasalized vowel; the nasal consonant is not pronounced e.g. nun nu lambara labara but, gumanana and bimena remain unchanged. STRESS: Stress must be included among the phonemes of Carib since it is sometimes critical in determining the meaning of a word (compare English content and content); ariha 'doze' and ariha 'see'; abürüha 'drop, fall' and abürüha 'write'. iv THE NOUN GENDER; Nouns are either masculine or feminine in determinate usage. Prior to determination, a noun may be classified as of common gender insofar as it refers to an animate being which might be either male „,or" female, e.g. child, animal. Masculine nouns include: male beings, temporal and seasonal referents (sun, moon, days, week, month,- year); generally, parts of the body. Feminine nouns include: female beings, generally, articles of clothing; buildings (house, kitchen, church, school, etc.). NUMBER: With the exception of some animate beings, Carib nouns exhibit no plural inflection distinct from the singular. For / / ^ example, mutu le 'this person'; mutu ha 'these persons'; aunli le 'this dog'; aunli ha 'these dogs'. However, wü'güri le 'this man'; wugurina ha 'these men'; numada 'my friend'; numadagu 'my friends' If no plural form is indicated in this dictionary, its plural form may be presumed to be the same as the singular. Number in such instances must be inferred from a modifying adjective, from the verb, or from the context. CASE: Carib nouns are not inflected to show case. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN ABSOLUTE FORM: sg. Pi. 1st person m.s. au f ,,., wagia 'we' f.s. nuguya 2nd person m.s. amürü , , hugúya 'you' f.s. bugúya y 3rd person ligia 'he' hagia 'they' tugúya 'she' The above forms are used: l)as subject pronoun: Garifuna bugúya? 'Are you a Carib?' 2)as the referent of a relative clause: au le_ arihubani 'I who see him' 3)with an appositive: huguya agüburigu 'you parents.' PRONOMINAL PREFIXES (PP): sg_^ Pi- 1st person n(V)- 'I, me, my' w(a)- 'we, us, our' 2nd person b(V)- 'you, your' h(V)- 'you, your1 3rd person 1(V)- 'he, him, his' h(a)- 'they, them, their' t(V)- 'she, her, hers' The above forms are used: l)with nouns to indicate possession: 1st person nagu 'my eye(s)* wágu 'our eye(s)' 2nd person bágu 'your eye(s)' hágu 'your eye(s)' 3rd person lagu 'his eye(s)1 hágu 'their eye(s)' tagu 'her eye(s)' vi sg. Pi. 1st person niseinsun 'my money' waseinsun 'our money' 2nd person biseinsun 'your money' niseinsun 'your money' 3rd person liseinsun .'his money' haseinsun 'their money' tiseinsun 'her money' N.B.: Not all nouns are capable of taking a PP. In this dictionary, if a noun can take a PP} its form is given in parentheses. Some nouns may not take a PP but may be used in apposition with a noun that does take a PP and thus indicate their possessive pronoun; such nouns include foods and drinks, pets, boats, and fish bait. For example, nilügün aúnli 'my dog' lit. 'my pet dog'; yagána guriara 'my dorey' lit. 'my boat dorey.' Many nouns denoting foods and drinks may take a PP to indicate possession without intent to consume. Hence, if a person possesses some bread which he intends to sell, he would say nufein 'my bread'; if he intends to eat it, he would say naigan fein 'my bread1 lit. 'my food bread.' N.B.: A handful of nouns—uniñei 'drink,' ui_ 'meat,' ilügüni 'pet,' and ugunei 'boat'—have an irregular 1st person singular form in male speech. Hence, yagu£ «my drink' Ú1 £*;; Jjg1 'my meat' uniñei f.s. nun He 1 "a*» ;:"•:; ^^^^ ^nei ?:".:; S^^i Although not yet obsolete, yaügü m.s.: 'my pet' seems to be passing from usage. vii 2)with most prepositions to indicate object of the preposition; prepositions that may take a PP are so indicated in the text of this dictionary by a hyphen, e.g. -un: sg- 1st person nun 'for me' waun 'for us' 2nd person bun 'for you' hun 'for you' 3rd person lun 'for him' haun 'for them' tun 'for her' sg. Eli. 1st person numa 'with me' wama 'with us' 2nd person buma 'with you' huma 'with you' 3rd person luma 'with him' hama 'with them' turna 'with her' 3)with certain verb forms3 see THE VERB. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (PS): sg- Pi. 1st person -na 'I, me' -wa 'we, us' 2nd person -bu 'you' -(h)u 'you' 3rd person -i 'he, him' -u(n) 'she, her' The above forms are used: Dwith certain verb forms; see THE VERB. 2)with the conjunction anha — + infinitive verb form. 3)with the interrogative pronoun kata — 'who': kataha 'who' am I?' and the interrogative adverb haga — 'where': hagana 'where am I?' viii THE ADJECTIVE CLASS 1: Adjectives of this class—so indicated by a hyphen following the base form, e.g. sandi- (adj.)—may be verbalized by the addition of verbalizing suffixes, as follows: am -ñadina 'I was being' ? ,' are \ -nadibu you(sg.) .were. being» -nai 'he ls • being& man i — was Progressive 1 quiet• is -ñau 'she was being' are -nadiwa 'we were being' -nadi(h)u 'you(pl.) J^ being' -nanu •they J*Je being' -badina 'I will be' -badibu 'you(sg.) will be' •-bai 'he will be' j mani -r Future 'quiet' -baun 'she will be' -badiwa 'we will be' j -badi(h)ü 'you(pl.) will be' ! fv-hana ~ 'they will be' JI ix -tina 'I was tibu 'you(sg.) ' ls v. - ti 'she \ was ma 1 is ' Aorist 'quiet, ^ r,+ * - tu 'she .was are - tiwa 'we were are - ti(h)'u 'you(pl.) were - tihu 'they , are '-hadina 'I have become' - hadibu 'you(sg.) have become - hali 'he has become' Perfective •Jt,+ - haru 'she has become - hadiwa 'we have become' - hadi(h)u 'you(pl.) have become' hana 'they have become' V" - na 'let me be' -ba' 'let you(sg.) be' -la 'let him be» Imperative/ mani— , - ta' 'let her be' Exhortative 'quiet' \ - wama' * let us be' I -huma 'let you(pl.) be' V - hama 'let them be' N.B.: Some adjectives of this class may be verbalized only with perfective suffixes; they are indicated in this dictionary thus: (adj.-perf.). N.B.: As with certain verbs, some adjectives may be called •impersonal' in the sense that they are verbalized only in the 3rd person masculine singular, as for instance, heraugati 'it is rough.' These are indicated in this dictionary thus: (adj.-impr.). CLASS 2: Some adjectives do not take verbalizing suffixes. They are verbalized by the essive verb niña (see IRREGULAR VERBS) Adjectives of this class may be recognized in this dictionary by the absence of a hyphen following the base form, for example fadagu 'adjacent.' Fadágu liña nichari luma lichari George. 'My farm is adjacent to George's farm.' xi THE VERB (Conjugation of ariha "see') AFFIRMATIVE ACTIVE: 'I . am n- was 'you are b- (sg. ) were 3 Progressive is i 1- 'he was (without +-arihina 'seeing' determinate t- 'she is i was object) are t w- 'we were are h- •you (pi.) were 'they were Narihiña aban huraraü. *I am seeing a game.' -Tense is determined by the context; it is sometimes defined more precisely by the use of: past time markers: buga (recent past); meha (remote past); or the future time marker me_.