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The Impact of Exposure to Chaozhou Xianshi Music on Preservice

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The Impact of Exposure to Chaozhou Xianshi Music on Preservice The Impact of Exposure to Chaozhou Xianshi Music on Pre-service Teachers’ Development as Music Educators Chun-Hoi Daniel NG B.A., M Phil. A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy 2006 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed___________________________ Date_____________________ Chun-Hoi Daniel NG i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Gary McPherson, for his unfailing support and advice by guiding my study all the way through from its inception to completion. I am really fortunate to have had Gary as my supervisor who is such an insightful educator and researcher. I am most grateful to my uncle, Mr. Ng Wing Wah whose artistry and enthusiasm in xianshi music has been a constant source of inspirations. He provided me with the ignition to learn and study xianshi music. He also helped me by introducing me to many xianshi musicians and friends with whom I could undertake my fieldwork and interviews. Mr. Yeung Siu Kwan and Mr. Law Man Chiu and all other informants whom I interviewed gave me valuable information on Chaozhou xianshi music. I would like to thank my students at the Hong Kong Institute of Education taking part in the Pilot (1997-1998) and the Main Study (1998-2001) who had made great contributions by providing the major data of the research through their participation, involvement and reflections in all the teaching and learning experiences during the course of the study. My sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Michael Dilena, my sister-in-law, Grace and my friend, Bruce who had assisted me by reading my thesis and helped me to improve my English expressions. I would also like to thank Prof. Jane Davidson, and my colleagues at the Hong Kong Institute of Education, especially Jane, Victor, Sam, Ruth, Eliza, Bo Wah, Paulina, May Tan, Allison, Rita, Raymond, Zerlina, Lawrence, Stefan, Sheung ii Ping and Annie for their support and encouragement during my study. I am deeply indebted to my beloved wife, Jenny, for her love, patience and encouragement without which I could not have completed the study, and to my son Tsz Ping and my daughter Tsz Kwan, for their sacrifices especially during the period of completing this study. My heartfelt thanks also go to my brother and sister who have always support and take care of me. Finally, this thesis is dedicated to my parents for their love and humanity. I was a bit late to discover and understand the joy they found in Chaozhou music. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of Originality ----------------------------------------------------------------- i Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii Table of Contents -------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv List of Tables ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x List of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ xi List of Map---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii Notes on the Use of Names--------------------------------------------------------------- xiii Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiv CHAPTER 1: NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY ------------------------- 1 Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Purpose of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 Need for the Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Research Design ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Part I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Part II ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Organisation of the Thesis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 9 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ----------------------------------------- 11 Nature and Scope of Chinese Music ------------------------------------------------------ 11 Traditional and Modern Genres ------------------------------------------------------ 12 Social and Regional Context of Xianshi Music ------------------------------------ 13 The Literati Tradition------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Chinese Philosophy and Aesthetics --------------------------------------------------- 14 Research and Scholarship on Xianshi Music --------------------------------------- 22 Musical Development in Modern China since 1912 ------------------------------- 24 iv The Context of Music Education in Chinese Culture ----------------------------------- 27 The Context of Music Education during the Zhou Dynasty ----------------------- 28 The Context of Music Education since the Qin-Han Era -------------------------- 33 The Movement of Westernization in the Late Qing Dynasty ---------------------- 38 The Context of Music Education during the Late Qing Dynasty ----------------- 40 Music Education in the Republican Period (1912-1949) -------------------------- 43 Music Education in China from 1949-1979 ----------------------------------------- 48 Music Curriculum from the 1980s to 1990s ----------------------------------------- 51 Music Curriculum 2000 ---------------------------------------------------------------- 51 Scholarships and Research in Chinese Music since 1980s ------------------------ 52 The Context of Music Education in Hong Kong ----------------------------------- 54 CHAPTER 3: CHAOZHOU XIANSHI MUSIC ------------------------------------ 65 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 Background of Chaozhou Xianshi Music ----------------------------------------------- 67 The Chaozhou Region ----------------------------------------------------------------- 67 Xianshi Music and Related Genres in Chaozhou----------------------------------- 69 Theory and Practice of Chaozhou Xianshi Music -------------------------------------- 70 Instruments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 70 Repertoire ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 Metre and Tempo in Chinese music ------------------------------------------------- 78 Transmission Process of Xianshi Music --------------------------------------------- 79 Temperament and Scales -------------------------------------------------------------- 89 Variations in Xianshi Music ----------------------------------------------------------- 93 Performance as Creativity ------------------------------------------------------------ 98 Aesthetics -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 Performance Context ------------------------------------------------------------------ 103 v CHAPTER 4: LESSONS FROM THE XIANSHI MUSICIANS ---------------- 108 Ng Wing Wah -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109 Master Musician of the Xiyue Tradition --------------------------------------------- 109 Yeung Siu Kwan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117 Versatile Musician of Chaozhou Music ---------------------------------------------- 117 Law Man Chiu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123 Lifelong Enthusiast of Xianshi Music ------------------------------------------------ 123 Legacy and Development ---------------------------------------------------------------- 130 Issues in the Transmission Process --------------------------------------------------- 130 Research Implications ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 133 Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134 CHAPTER 5: PILOT STUDY ---------------------------------------------------------- 137 Purpose of the Pilot Study ------------------------------------------------------------------ 137 Description of the Subjects ----------------------------------------------------------------- 138 Description of the Learning Experiences ------------------------------------------------ 138 Teaching Content------------------------------------------------------------------------ 139 Form of Data --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 142 Results: The Pre-module Questionnaire -------------------------------------------------- 143 Background Information of the Trainees -------------------------------------------- 143 Summary of the Results of the Pre-module
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