DOCSLIB.ORG

The Balkans: a Post-Communist History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Balkans: a Post-Communist History The Balkans The Balkans: A Post-Communist History is a country-by-country treatment of the contemporary history of each of the Balkan states: Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Kosova. This survey focuses on political and economic continuities and changes since the 1980s. It includes brief overviews of the history of each state prior to the 1980s to provide the background to enable readers to make sense of the more recent devel- opments. The book has a distinctive conceptual framework for explaining divergent patterns of historical change. This shifts the emphasis away from traditional cultural explanations, especially cultural and national stereotyping, and instead concentrates on the pervasive influence of strongly entrenched vertical power structures and power relations. The Balkans is an excellent companion volume to the successful A History of Eastern Europe, by the same authors. This is an invaluable book for all students of Eastern European history. Robert Bideleux is a Reader in the School of Humanities and Ian Jeffries is a Reader in the School of Business, Economics and Law at the University of Wales, Swansea. Their publications include A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change (Routledge, 1998). The Balkans A post-Communist history Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bideleux, Robert. The Balkans : a post-communist history / Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries. – 1st ed. p. cm. ISBN 0–415–22962-6 (hardback) — ISBN 0–415–22963–4 (pbk.) 1. Balkan Peninsula–History–1989– 2. Post-communism–Balkan Peninsula. I. Jeffries, Ian. II. Title. DR48.6.B53 2006 949.6–dc22 2006011073 ISBN 0-203-96911-1 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-22962-6 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-22963-4 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-96911-1 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-22962-3 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-22963-0 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-96911-3 (ebk) For Catherine Lee, with love from Robert and with heartfelt thanks from both of us for helping to make the completion of this huge project possible Contents List of tables viii Preface x List of abbreviations xv Map xx 1 Conceptual frameworks: ‘The Balkans’ and the nature of post-Communist democratization and economic transformations 1 2 Albania: between a rock and a hard place 22 3 Bulgaria: the Devil has all the best tunes 73 4 Romania: the road to the EU is paved with good intentions 125 5 Croatia: paying a price 183 6 Serbia: from Serbdom to pariahdom 233 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina: the travails of coexistence 329 8 Macedonia: towards a bi-national state? 405 9 Montenegro: to be or not to be? 471 10 Kosova: the forging of a nation and a state 512 11 The post-Communist Balkans, the West and the EU: major challenges and contradictions between rhetoric and reality 581 Bibliography 595 Index 609 Tables 1.1 Key economic statistics, 2004 6 1.2 The post-Communist Balkans: population and indicators of economic growth, economic recovery and privatization 20 2.1 Albania: selected economic indicators, 1990–2005 44 2.2 Albanian people’s assembly election, 22 and 29 March 1992 45 3.1 Ethnic and religious affiliation of population of Bulgaria 74 3.2 Bulgaria: selected economic indicators, 1990–2005 95 3.3 Bulgarian grand national assembly election, 10 and 17 June 1990 96 3.4 Bulgarian national assembly election, 13 October 1991 99 3.5 Bulgarian parliamentary election, 18 December 1994 103 3.6 Bulgarian parliamentary election, 17 June 2001 112 3.7 Bulgarian parliamentary election, 25 June 2005 120 4.1 Romanian assembly of deputies election, 20 May 1990 146 4.2 Romania: selected economic indicators, 1990–2005 148 4.3 Romanian assembly of deputies election, 27 September 1992 151 4.4 Romanian presidential election, 3 and 17 November 1996 155 4.5 Romanian house of deputies election, 3 November 1996 156 4.6 Romanian presidential election, 26 November and 10 December 2000, first round results 165 4.7 Romanian chamber of deputies election, 26 November 2000 166 4.8 Romanian municipal election, 2 and 20 June 2004 172 4.9 Romanian chamber of deputies election, 29 November 2004 174 4.10 Romanian presidential election, 28 November and 12 December 2004, first round results 175 5.1 Ethnic affiliations of population of Croatia, 1991 and 2001 183 5.2 Croatian house of representatives election, 2 August 1992 204 5.3 Croatian house of representatives election, 29 October 1995 207 5.4 Republic of Croatia: selected economic indicators, 1990–2005 209 5.5 Croatian parliamentary election, 3 January 2000 216 5.6 Croatian house of representatives election, 23 November 2003 225 6.1 Ethnic affiliations of population of Serbia, 2002 233 6.2 Serbian presidential election, 9 December 1990 244 6.3 Serbian parliamentary election, 8 and 23 December 1990 245 6.4 Federal parliament election, 31 May 1992 247 6.5 Skupstina (Serbian parliamentary) election, 20 December 1992 248 6.6 Serbian parliamentary election, 19 and 26 December 1993 250 6.7 Serbia and Montenegro: selected economic indicators, 1990–2005 251 List of tables ix 6.8 Federal parliamentary election, 3 November 1996 255 6.9 Serbian parliamentary election, 21 September 1997 259 6.10 Federal parliamentary election, 24 September 2000 270 6.11 (a) and (b) Federal presidential election, 24 September 2000 271 6.12 Serbian parliamentary election, 23 December 2000 279 6.13 Serbian presidential election, 29 September, 2002, first round 297 6.14 Serbian parliamentary election, 28 December 2003 309 7.1 Bosnia-Herzegovina parliamentary election, 18 and 25 November 1990 342 7.2 All-Bosnian parliamentary election, 14 September 1996 363 7.3 FBiH parliamentary election, 14 September 1996 363 7.4 Republika Srpska national assembly election, 14 September 1996 363 7.5 Republika Srpska national assembly election, 22–23 November 1997 369 7.6 All-Bosnian house of representatives election, 12–13 September 1998 373 7.7 FBiH house of peoples election, 12–13 September 1998 373 7.8 Republika Srpska national assembly election, 12–13 September 1998 374 7.9 All-Bosnian house of representatives election, November 2000 376 7.10 FBiH house of representatives election, November 2000 377 7.11 Republika Srpska national assembly election, November 2000 377 7.12 All-Bosnian house of representatives election, 5 October 2002 385 7.13 Bosnia and Herzegovina: selected economic indicators, 1993–2005 398 8.1 Ethnic affiliations of population of Macedonia, 1981–2002 406 8.2 Macedonian parliamentary election, 11 and 25 November and 9 December 1990 411 8.3 Macedonian parliamentary election, 16 and 30 October 1994 417 8.4 Macedonian parliamentary election, 18 October and 1 November 1998 420 8.5 Macedonian parliamentary election, 15 September 2002 450 8.6 Republic of Macedonia: selected economic indicators, 1990–2005 459 9.1 Ethnic affiliations of population of Montenegro, 1953–2003 472 9.2 Montenegrin parliamentary election, 9 and 16 December 1990 477 9.3 Montenegrin parliamentary election, 20 December 1992 478 9.4 Montenegrin parliamentary election, 3 November 1996 481 9.5 Montenegrin parliamentary election, 31 May 1998 484 9.6 Montenegrin parliamentary election, 22 April 2001 493 10.1 Kosovan parliamentary election, 17 November 2001 565 10.2 Kosovan parliamentary election, 23 October 2004 573 Preface This book has been over seventeen years in the making. Since 1989 we have both been deeply engrossed in the momentous and sometimes gruesome dramas which were being acted out by the formerly Communist-ruled peoples on the Balkan Peninsula – in an awesome Greek tragedy which unfolded in slow motion. These peoples have not only had to battle with the arduous challenges of post-Communist democratiza- tion and establishing more ‘horizontally structured’ liberal market economies and civil societies based upon the rule of law, but have also been engaged (for the most part involuntarily) in grim struggles to survive or to avoid getting sucked into the terrible vortex of Yugoslav disintegration. While the global media have mainly focused on the gore, the systematic killings, the ethnic cleansing and the profoundly cynical manipulation and exploitation of highly emotive issues and problems by the region’s ruthless, lethal, clientelistic and corrupt power-holders (usually for ill-gotten personal gains), we have been more impressed by the stoic courage, powers of endurance and determination to pull through and build new lives displayed by the 53 million inhabitants of the countries under consideration. This book has been written as a companion to our History of Eastern Europe (1998), which deals with the Balkans and East Central Europe more thematically – a panoramic view rather than the country-by-country treatment offered here in The Balkans. The country-by-country approach results in a very different ‘take’ on the region.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Implementing World Bank Projects
    0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rg t, ..O - -- WX.'bVIii.,I E,'IIIY"i' -;;' Public Disclosure Authorized %I1iIVE ; ~~~~~~~~~~~1 ''. CZW0'ISd:II' wB I C.-:: ;1344-. :0 Public Disclosure Authorized |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!:r ' I Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized IBRD25966 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA ¼ Kosovo - ShkodEr' EtEVAllON INCaaR.^iIk'< rn It I ALBANIA . r @ h~~~~~AnoLATL- ' ¼ ELEVATIONSIN METRSt BELOW200 200 '20f)~~~~~~~~~ FYR 20O.~~2043 tc~~, mACEDONIA SELECTEDTOWNS uil ® DtMCTaCENTERS El-)1 NATIOiNA CAPITALA C r ~ 4% INTER$ZATIONALAIRPOIRT~ ® --- INTERNAlIONAL.BOUNDARtE 0r t~~~~~~~~~~~t~ 42 " 0~ ~~~~l425a GREECEd ADR,iAft.C-ZCv& INIAN -GREEC SE Corfu ALBANIAAND THE WORLD BANK BUILDING THE FUTURE THE WORLD BANm Washington, D.C. The views and interpretations in this booklet are not necessarily those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the countries they represent. The map on the inside front cover was prepared exclusively for the convenience of readers of this booklet; the denominations used and the boundaries shown do not imply, on the part of the World Bank and its afiliates, any judgment on the legal status of any territory or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Albania and the World Bank was written by Mary Catherine Andrews and Gulhan Ovalioglu of the Central Europe Country Department or the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia Regional Office, with the assistance of numerous colleagues in the department and counterparts in Albania. Photographic credits Cover: Gisu Mobadjer Page 2: Gulhan Ovalioglu Page 10: Kemal Dervi Page 13: Gulhan Ovalioglu Page 25: Richard MacEwen Page 31: Gian Carlo Guarda Page 35: Maria Nowak Page 40: Maia Nowak P_age45: Matthew Vogel Page 57: Daniel Zelikow 'Page 62: Rory O'Sullivan Page 67: Gisu Mahadjer Page 80: M.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Guide Albania
    Information Guide Albania A guide to online information sources on the Republic of Albania. Contents Information sources in the ESO database ......................................................... 2 General information ....................................................................................... 2 Agricultural information .................................................................................. 2 Competition policy information ........................................................................ 2 Culture and language information .................................................................... 2 Defence and security information .................................................................... 2 Economic information ..................................................................................... 2 Education information .................................................................................... 3 Employment information ................................................................................ 3 Energy information ........................................................................................ 3 Environmental information .............................................................................. 3 European policies and relations with the European Union .................................... 3 Geographic information and maps ................................................................... 3 Health information ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Judicial Corruption in Eastern Europe: an Examination of Causal Mechanisms in Albania and Romania Claire M
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current Honors College Spring 2017 Judicial corruption in Eastern Europe: An examination of causal mechanisms in Albania and Romania Claire M. Swinko James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019 Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Swinko, Claire M., "Judicial corruption in Eastern Europe: An examination of causal mechanisms in Albania and Romania" (2017). Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current. 334. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019/334 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Judicial Corruption in Eastern Europe: An Examination of Causal Mechanisms in Albania and Romania _______________________ An Honors Program Project Presented to the Faculty of the Undergraduate College of Arts and Letters James Madison University _______________________ by Claire Swinko May 2017 Accepted by the faculty of the Department of Political Science, James Madison University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors Program. FACULTY COMMITTEE: HONORS PROGRAM APPROVAL: Project Advisor: John Hulsey, Ph.D., Bradley R. Newcomer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Political Science Director, Honors Program Reader: John Scherpereel, Ph.D., Professor, Political Science Reader: Charles Blake, Ph. D., Professor, Political Science Dedication For my dad, who supports and inspires me everyday. You taught me to shoot for the stars, and I would not be half the person I am today with out you.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria – the Difficult “Return to Europe”
    European Democracy in Action BULGARIA – THE DIFFICULT “RETURN TO EUROPE” TAMARA BUSCHEK Against the background of the EU accession of Bulgaria on 1st January 2007 and the first Bulgarian elections for the European Parliament on 20th May 2007, Tamara Buschek takes a closer look at Bulgaria’s uneven political and economic transition – at its difficult “return to Europe”. Graduated from Graz University (Austria) in 2003 with a Masters in Law [magistra juris] after finishing her studies in European and international law. After gaining a grant from the Chamber of Commerce in 2000 to complete an internship at the Austrian Embassy in London, she carried out research for her dissertation in criminal law – “The Prevention of Sexual Child Abuse – Austria/Great Britain” - in 2001 at the London School of Economics. She studied European and administrative law in Paris from 2001 to 2002 as part of an Erasmus year. She is quadrilingual (German, Bulgarian, English and French). « BULGARIA – THE DIFFICULT RETURN TO EUROPE » MAY 2007 Table of Contents Introduction P. 1 2.3 The current governmental coalition, 2005-2007 and the P. 21 presidential election in 2006 I – Background Information P. 3 III - The first European Parliament elections, 20 May 2007 P. 25 1.1 Hopes and Fears P. 3 Conclusion P. 30 1.2 Ethnic Minorities P. 5 1.3 Economic Facts P. 7 Annex P. 32 II – Political Situation- a difficult path towards stability P. 9 Annex 1: Key facts P. 32 2.1 The transition from 1989 till 2001 P. 9 Annex 2: Economic Profile P. 33 2.1.1 The legislative elections of 1990 and the first P.
    [Show full text]
  • There Has Been No Bulgarian Tradition of Any Long-Standing Resistance to the Communist Regime
    There has been no Bulgarian tradition of any long-standing resistance to the communist regime. There was neither any political opposition, nor any other kind of an influential dissident movement. Bulgaria never went through the purgatory of the Hungarian uprising of 1956, or the “Prague spring” of 1968. It is indeed difficult to find any counter arguments whatsoever against the cliché that Bul- garia was the closest satellite of the Soviet Union. The fundamental contradictions within the Union of Democratic Forces (SDS) coalition were present from the very first day of its inception. There were Marxists who were longing for “socialism with a human face”, intellectuals with liberal ideas, social democrats and Christian democrats, conservatives and radical demo- crats, monarchists and republicans. The members of the center-right coalition did not delude themselves about their differences; they rather shared the clear un- derstanding that only a painful compromise could stand some chances against the Goliath of the totalitarian Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP). It was this unani- mous opposition to the communist regime and its legacy that made the coalition possible. But only for a limited period of time. The United Democratic Forces (ODS) government under Prime Minister Ivan Kostov (1997-2001) completed the reformist agenda of anti-communism. At the end of the ODS term of office, Bulgaria was a country with a functioning market economy, stable democracy, and a clearly outlined foreign policy course towards the country’s accession to the European Union and NATO, which was accepted by all significant political formations, the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) included.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulations on Dwellings Passed Into State Property
    VOL 20-eng/bt 15/6/1998 11:34 Page 2 VOL 20-eng/bt 15/6/1998 11:34 Page 165 Regulations on dwellings passed into State property LAW on the settlement of the legal condition of some buildings designed for dwelling purposes, passed into State property * DECISION on the constitutionality of some provisions of the Law on the settlement of the legal condition of some buildings designed for dwelling purposes, passed into State property * METHODOLOGICAL NORMS with reference to the application of the Law No. 112/1995 on the settlement of the legal condition of some buildings designed for dwelling purposes, passed into State property VOL 20-eng/bt 15/6/1998 11:34 Page 166 VOL 20-eng/bt 15/6/1998 11:34 Page 167 LAW on the settlement of the legal condition of some buildings designed for dwelling purposes, passed into State property* CHAPTER I General provisions Art. 1. Ñ The former owners Ñ natural persons Ñ of dwelling-houses, passed as such into the property of the State or of other legal persons, after March 6, 1945, with title, and were in the State or other legal personsÕ posses- sion on December 22, 1989, shall benefit by the remedial measures provided under the present law. By the provisions of paragraph 1 shall also benefit the heirs of the former owners, according to the law. Art. 2. Ñ The persons provided under Article 1 shall benefit by the restoration in kind, by reacquiring the pro- perty right on the flats in which they live as lessees or of those which are not occupied, and for the other flats they shall receive indemnification as stipulated under Article 12.
    [Show full text]
  • REPUBLIC of ALBANIA PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 3 July 2005 OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report
    Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 3 July 2005 OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report Warsaw 7 November 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................1 II. INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................2 III. POLITICAL BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................3 IV. LEGAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................................................3 A. APPLICABLE LEGISLATION .....................................................................................................................3 B. ELECTION SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................4 C. ASSESSMENT OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK.............................................................................................5 V. ELECTION ADMINISTRATION........................................................................................................7 A. STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE ELECTION ADMINISTRATION ....................................................7 B. ASSESSMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ELECTIONS .............................................................................8 VI PARTY AND CANDIDATE REGISTRATION..................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Zornitsa Markova the KTB STATE
    Zornitsa Markova THE KTB STATE Sofia, 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or express written consent from Iztok-Zapad Publishing House. transmitted in any form or by any means without first obtaining © Zornitsa Markova, 2017 © Iztok-Zapad Publishing House, 2017 ISBN 978-619-01-0094-2 zornitsa markova THE KTB STATE CHRONICLE OF THE LARGEST BANK FAILURE IN BULGARIA — THE WORKINGS OF A CAPTURED STATE THAT SOLD OUT THE PUBLIC INTEREST FOR PRIVATE EXPEDIENCY CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS / 12 EDITOR’S FOREWORD / 13 SUMMARY / 15 READER’S GUIDE TO THE INVESTIGATION / 21 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND / 23 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BULGARIAN BANKING SECTOR THAT PRE-DATE KTB ..........................................................25 Headed for a Banking Crisis .................................................................................................. 26 Scores of Banks Close Their Doors................................................................................... 29 First Private Bank — Backed by the Powerful, Favoured by the Government ......................................................... 33 Criminal Syndicates and Their Banks — the Birth of a State within the State ...........................................................................35 A Post-Crisis Change of Players ..........................................................................................37 A FRESH START FOR THE FLEDGLING KTB ..................................................... 40 KTB SALE ..........................................................................................................................................42
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria Political Party '. Development Assistance Assessment & Program Design
    BULGARIA POLITICAL PARTY '. DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ASSESSMENT & PROGRAM DESIGN Preparedfor: U.S. Agency For International Development/Bulgaria Democracy & Local Governance Office Prepared by: Mark Hopkins, M.A. Sarah Birch, Ph.D. & John Mason, Ph.D. (Team Leader) Consultants for: Developmeut Associates, Inc. 1730 N. Lynn Street Arlington, VA 22209-2023 (703) 276-0677 April 29, 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acronyms 1lI Executive Summary iv Chapter 1: Introduction I A. Purpose I B. Background I C. Methodology and Research Perspective 2 D. Organization ofthe Report 4 Chapter 2: Constraints to Enhanced Party Electoral Competitiveness 5 A. The Setting 5 B. Cultural and Social Attitudes towards Political Parties 5 C. Legal Framework ofParties, Voting Systems and Elections 7 D. Impact ofLocal Elections on Party Behavior 8 E. Party Election Campaign Capacity 9 Chapter 3: Challenges to Formation of Effective Party Structures 12 A. Overall Organizational Status ofParties 12 B. Internal Organizational Development 13 C. Institutionalization ofParty Structure 15 D. Prospects for Party Reform IS E. The Needs ofWomen in Politics 16 F. Youth Needs 18 Chapter 4: Potential for Effective Party Governance 21 A. Outreach Capacity 21 B. Links to Advocacy Groups and the Media 27 C. Coalition-Building Experience 29 D. Role ofthe Opposition 29 Chapter 5: An Overview ofDonor Experience in Assisting Party Development 31 A. u.S. Experience in Direct Support ofParty Development 31 B. Other Donor Experience in Direct Support ofthe Political Party Process 34 C. USAID Experience in Indirect Support ofParty System Development.. 35 • D. Future Plans and Potential Donor Cooperation 38 PoliJical Party Deve1JJpment April 2002 in Bulgaria ....' Development Associates, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes and Transcript from Meeting of President Clinton and President
    Clinton Presidential Records Mandatory Declassification Review This is not a presidential record. This is used as an administrative marker by the William J. Clinton Presidential Library Staff. Documents from this Mandatory Declassification Review were released in full. 9516610 THE SECRETARY OF STATE WASHINGTON September 8, 1995 CONn DEMT IAL DECL: 9/12/05 MEMORANDUM FOR: THE PRESIDENT FROM: Warren Christopherj/^ SUBJECT: Your Meeting with Albanian President Sali Berisha Albanian President Berisha's September 12 White House visit offers a key opportunity to press forward our major policy goals for Albania. We want to use Berisha's visit to urge a continued responsible regional policy; offer our help in building democratic institutions to protect human rights for all Albanians; and signal our support for the ongoing development of a free market economy in Albania. Long a friend of the U.S., Berisha shares these goals in principle. However, he expects more practical economic assistance than we can offer, and our priorities on some democracy issues do not always coincide. As our development aid is limited, we need to use it to expand our assistance on law and democracy, which Berisha says he welcomes, and to promote other activities that support the building of democratic institutions that can help ensure human rights for all Albanians, regardless of ethnic origin. Bosnian developments and the resettlement of Serbian refugees in Kosovo will significantly affect the dynamics of Berisha's visit. While voicing strong support for U.S. peace efforts, Berisha urges that a peace settlement address the Kosovo issue, specifically the plight of its ethnic Albanian majority.
    [Show full text]
  • Raporti Perfundimtar I Vezhgimit
    – ELECTIONS FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF ALBANIA 25 APRIL 2021 INTERIM MONITORING REPORT - II 26 March – 23 April 2021 Tirana, on 24 April 2021! Elections for the Assembly of Albania Interim Monitoring Report – II 25 April 2021 26 March – 23 April 2021 COALITION FOR REFORMS, INTEGRATION AND CONSOLIDATED INSTITUTIONS (KRIIK ALBANIA) In cooperation with 33 partner organizations ELECTIONS FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF ALBANIA 25 APRIL 2021 INTERIM MONITORING REPORT – II* 26 March – 23 April 2021 *This Report is published in Albanian and in English. The Albanian version is the only official document. 2 Coalition for Reforms, Integration and Consolidated Institutions (KRIIK Albania) Interim Monitoring Report – II Elections for the Assembly of Albania 26 March – 23 April 2021 25 April 2021 KOALICIONI PËR REFORMA, INTEGRIM DHE INSTITUCIONE TË KONSOLIDUARA Prepared by: © COALITION FOR REFORMS, INTEGRATION AND CONSOLIDATED INSTITUTIONS All rights reserved. Parts of this material can be freely used. In that case, please cite the source. A: Rr. “Ymer Kurti”, Nd.4, H.2, Ap.3, Nj.Adm.5, Tirana, 1019 | Mailing Address: P.O.Box. 2396 Tirana, 1001, Albania; T: + 355 4 2245078 | M: + 355 673890174; + 355 682039297 | E: [email protected] | W: www.kriik.al. The Election Monitoring Action of KRIIK for the Elections for the Assembly of Albania of 25 April 2021 is financially supported by: • the Government of the United Kingdom; • Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC); • the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany; and • the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The opinions and views expressed in this Report and any other publication in the frame of this Monitoring Action are the sole responsibility of KRIIK and do not necessarily represent the official position or opinion of the donors.
    [Show full text]
  • Rehabilitation of Former Politically Persecuted
    1 | (NON) REHABILITATION OF FORMER POLITICALLY PERSECUTED In the process of Transitional Justice (1991-2018) www.idmc.al Institute for Democracy, Media and Culture (IDMC) | 2 © 2019 Institute for Democracy, Media and Culture (IDMC) Address: Rr. Bardhok Biba, Hyrja A, Kati 11, Tirana Email: [email protected], www.idmc.al All rights reserved (Non) rehabilitation of Former Politically Persecuted: in the process of Transitional Justice (1991 – 2018) is study was prepared by Erblin Vukaj in 2018. Responsibility of the content remains with the author. is publication was supported by the oce of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Tirana Graphic design and typeseing: Iceberg Communication Cover photo: LSA Printers: Gent Grak 3 | 3 | (NON) REHABILITATION OF FORMER POLITICALLY PERSECUTED In the process of Transitional Justice (1991-2018) A STUDY Institute for Democracy, Media and Culture (IDMC) Tirana, 2019 | 4 5 | Contents Introduction........................................................................ 9 1. A short history of the legal framework and the process of rehabilitation of formerly persecuted people in Albania ................................................... 11 1.1 e beginning of the process of rehabilitation (1991-1997)...................................................... 11 1.2 Interruption to the process of paying compensation (1998-2005) ........................... 15 1.3 e process of paying compensation begins again (2006-2013) .......................................... 16 1.4 Continuation of the process of rehabilitation with other
    [Show full text]