Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India Under GEF-6 Program Framework

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework

Project

Page | 2

The project was developed in cooperation with:

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

Consus Group Consus Carbon Engineering sp. z o.o.

Project Manager: Ms Justyna Wysocka-Golec

Team of authors: Ms Justyna Wysocka-Golec - Sustainability Expert

Mr Pawel Wiktor – Sustainability Expert

Mr Marek Wasilewski – Deputy Project Manager, Sustainability Expert

Mr Michał Trzeszczkowski – Project Manager Assistant

Mr Tomasz Pawelec – Sustainability Expert

Ms Maria Pawlak – Data Manager

Ms Anna Porzycka – Technology Specialist

Ms Hanna Baster – Transportation Systems Expert

Ms Natalia Półtorak – Project Support

Ms Agata Rojewska – Project Support

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 3

CONTENT Content ...... 3 Contents and Abbreviations ...... 4 1 Introduction ...... 5 2 India national and regional policies and strategies review ...... 6 3 Methodology ...... 6 3.1. Programmes and initiatives for SC-IAP India in the methodology context ...... 6 3.2. Tools and methodologies for SC-IAP India ...... 9 3.3. Sustainable cities strategy development methodology GEF-6 SC-IAP India child project ... 14 4 Tool for selection of pilot investment projects under GEF 6 SC IAP Child Project India .... 42 4.1 Screening and scoping methodology ...... 42 4.2 Results of pilot investment projects selection ...... 46 5 CITY ANALYSIS ...... 51 5.1 Bhopal ...... 51 5.2 Vijayawada ...... 75 5.3 Guntur ...... 91 5.4 Jaipur ...... 111 5.5 Mysore ...... 128 6 Sources ...... 147 7 List of Tables ...... 149 8 List of Figures ...... 152 9 Appendices ...... 154

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO

Page | 4

Contents and Abbreviations

AFOLU agriculture, forestry and other land uses BSI British Standards Institution CB consumption-based CH4 methane CO2 carbon dioxide CO2e carbon dioxide equivalent DPSC direct plus supply chain DM development methodology EEIO model environmentally extended input-output model GHG greenhouse gas GDP gross domestic product GPC Global protocol for community-scale greenhouse gas emissions GWP global warming potential HFC hydrofluorocarbon IO model input-output model ISO International Standards Organisation IPPU industrial processes and product use LPG liquified petroleum gas LUC land-use change N2O nitrous oxide PAS publicly available standard (from BSI) PFC perfluorocarbon SCS Sustainable Cities Strategy SF6 sulphur hexafluoride

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO

Page | 5

INTRODUCTION

The GEF Programming Directions of May 2014 devised a new approach – a pilot effort, which is proposed to support activities in recipient countries that can help them meet commitments to more than one global convention or thematic area, by tackling underlying drivers of environmental degradation by using an integrated, holistic approach. To test this initiative three pilot actions have been undertaken by Integrated Approach Pilots (IAPs). The IAP ‘Sustainable Cities – harnessing local action for global commons – an “integrated approach” focuses especially on three focal areas of GEF Programming Framework: Climate Change Mitigation – Program 1 and 3 (UNFCCC), Biodiversity – Program 1 and 9 (CBD) and Chemical and Waste – Program 2 thus it is in line with existing multilateral environmental agreements (incl. UNFCCC, CBD and others esp. on chemicals and waste). Desired outcomes of SC-IAP project should cover each of objectives set by these focal areas’ programs. The SC-IAP approach to support planning and implementation efforts in cities emphasizes:  that a thoughtful, evidence-based planning process is fundamental to urban sustainability, driving strategic decision-making and investments that will result in greater economic and resource efficiency, improved quality of life, and enhanced environmental performance;  a set of sustainability planning ideas, promoting broad topical coverage, engagement that reaches a wide set of stakeholders, and the formal integration of these ideas into local policy and institutional arrangements,  the development or nature of relationships of cities which are part of a complex web of stakeholders, and the reflection of this stakeholder environment in the design and implementation of a local sustainability strategy.  advancing the cause of urban sustainability in the current global policy discourse.

Cities participating in the projects will be expected to monitor GHG emissions and report them with new standardized global emissions inventory reporting methods (i.a. to Compact of Mayors). Also the IAP will link with other initiatives on urban sustainability (i.a. Cities Biodiversity initiative at ICLEI, clean air and clean water initiatives). For this reason, one of the key expected results of the programme for a participating city is to adopt performance frameworks for generating and monitoring environmental and socio-economic benefits1 which will integrate environmental sustainability in planning and management initiatives especially by enhancing the capacity of city leaders to develop and execute city-wide low-carbon plans together with finance for pilot projects in cities. The SC-IAP India child project is part of the Sustainable Cities Integrated Pilot Approach initiative. One of main objectives of the GEF SC-IAP is to work together and in line with other international and national organisations, initiatives and programmes, and to strengthen the outcomes of these projects (Compact of Mayors, C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, the International Council for Environmental Initiatives’ Cities for Climate Protection and others).

GEF-6 PROGRAMMING DIRECTIONS

1 Example of such benefits may include GHG emissions reduction from urban sources established and achieved (e.g., percent of renewable energy sources, percent use of public transit, and others); maintained or improved flow of agro-ecosystem and forest services sustaining the livelihoods of local communities; improved governance of shared water bodies, including integrated management of surface and groundwater through regional institutions and frameworks for cooperation, and others (GEF GEF-6 PROGRAMMING DIRECTIONS).

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 6

The GEF-6 SC-IAP India child project is also unique by bringing together two visions for city-wide development – the sustainable city concept and the smart city concept. By combining these two models UNIDO creates a more holistic approach to city planning and future development in a smart sustainable way. For that reason, the smart cities framework is combined with sustainability frameworks, thus strengthening the outcomes of the project and their usability. The GEF-6 SC-IAP India child project outcomes are in line with India’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and also contribute to reaching a new set of transformative and universal sustainable development goals (SDGs) at the local level. The project specifically contributes to realisation of 11th goal (among others): ‘Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’.

INDIA NATIONAL AND REGIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES REVIEW

Brief description of regional and local strategies and policies, which impact sustainable development (eg. City Development Plan) - focus on goals and measures, implementation status (Priyanka)

METHODOLOGY

Programmes and initiatives for SC-IAP India in the methodology context

Identified programmes which overlap with SC-IAP India’s scope are briefly described further on. These initiatives give their members unique opportunity of development both in intra-city, national and international context, along with networking possibilities and fostering of innovation in city management.

Compact of Mayors The Compact of Mayors is a global coalition of cities aimed at reducing local greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing resilience to climate change and tracking progress publicly. The Compact is a coalition uniting cities, networks and other global partners. The Compact puts a strong emphasis on standardization of city climate data and reporting by a universal approach to data collection process. Each member of the Compact is obliged to: make a commitment (on GHG reduction), compile an emissions inventory, create reduction targets, establish system of measurement and an action plan. Through the reporting process, the Compact collects data from cities, presents it in the Carbon Climate Registry database and on the UNFCCC NAZCA (The Non-state Actor Zone for Climate Action) website as input to the official UN climate negotiation process. The Compact uses the GPC GHG Protocol as their methodology for emission inventories.

C40 Cities C40 is a network of the world’s megacities committed to addressing climate change. C40 supports cities in collaborating effectively, shares knowledge and drives meaningful, measurable and sustainable action on climate change.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 7

The goal of C40 is to use knowledge-sharing and metrics-driven implementation to achieve measurable and meaningful reductions in both greenhouse gas emissions and risks associated with climate change, along with realising the local benefits of these solutions (cleaner air and water, lower energy costs, less congestion, improved quality of life, longer lifespans, green jobs and green businesses). Each C40 member should set actionable, measurable goals at the individual city level and at the organisational level to ensure actions and outputs equate to success. C40 applies the GPC GHG Protocol as a preferred methodology for emission inventories. C40 is a part of Compact of Mayors.

Cities for Climate Protection program (ICLEI) The CCP is one of the oldest initiatives involving local governments in climate protection. Its aim is to build a worldwide movement of local governments that achieve measurable reductions in local greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality and enhance urban living. To achieve this goal, each city has to use two complementary approaches: improve local government operations and set policies to change community’s habits. The CCP methodology follows 5 main steps to be completed by each city: 1. GHG baseline emission inventory and BAU forecast. 2. Setting a reduction goal. 3. Development of an action plan (identify measures). 4. Implementation of an action plan (implement measures). 5. Monitoring and evaluation.

The program encourages cities to adopt widely used methodologies and tools for development of a GHG inventory and action plan. Currently, ICLEI is actively involved in the Compact of Mayors.

Carbon Disclosure Project – Cities Program CDP Cities is a programme enabling cities to measure, monitor and manage their impact on the environment. Run by an NGO, the CDP enables cities to report their data on climate change mitigation and adaptation in a systemic way, compliant with Compact of Mayors and C40 initiatives. The CDP Cities does not require cities to set goals and create specific policies, it establishes a common disclosure framework on these issues. The CDP Cities applies the GPC GHG Protocol as a preferred methodology for emission inventories and it is also a part of Compact of Mayors.

Covenant of Mayors The Covenant is a European movement of cities declaring GHG emissions reductions as a commitment to EU climate and energy goals. Although primarily an European network, the movement has grown world-wide covering cities around the globe. Each Covenant member should compile an emissions inventory and set a minimum 20% GHG emission reduction target up to 2020. The revised version of the Covenant also includes climate change adaptation issues together with larger emissions reductions, energy efficiency and renewable energy goals. The Covenant developed its own methodology for an emission inventory and Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) development.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 8

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) The SBM is a national Indian governmental programme dealing with the problem of waste in India. Its main focus areas are: household, community and public toilets as well as solid waste management. All statutory towns in India are covered by SBM. The mission focuses on comprehensive sanitation planning and behavioural change strategy. SBM covers waste and wastewater sectors in cities’ sustainability strategy together with improvement of quality of life, therefore it is strictly connected with Smart Sustainable Cities India strategy development (GEF-6 SC-IAP India child project). Under SBM, cities are required to prepare a concept sanitation plan and specific projects (esp. in the PPP formula) to be financed. The SBM defines types of technologies to be used within the SBM and it also requires monitoring and reporting.

The Smart Cities Mission (SCM) The SCM is a national Indian governmental programme (developed by Ministry of Urban Development) focusing on development of core infrastructure and improvement of quality of life in cities with a clean and sustainable environment as well as application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The SCM looks at compact areas to create a replicable model and covers (among others): water and waste, transport, housing, governance, health and technology. The Mission covers 100 cities within a 5-year timeframe (2015-2020). The strategic components of city development in the SCM are:  city improvement (retrofitting),  city renewal (redevelopment)  and city extension (greenfield development)  a pan-city initiative in which Smart Solutions are applied covering larger parts of the city. Each participating city has to formulate its own concept, vision, mission and plan (proposal) for a Smart City, that is appropriate to its local context, resources and levels of ambition. The Smart City Proposal (SCP) must be prepared using principles of strategic planning process, contain area-based development plans and pan-city initiatives, therefore it is strictly connected with Smart Sustainable Cities India strategy development (GEF-6 SC-IAP India child project). Preparation of SCPs requires implementation of data gathering and management models in the context of measuring sustainability and quality of life. The MoUD will finance selected SCPs.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) AMRUT is a national Indian governmental programme (developed by Ministry of Urban Development) aiming at improvement of water supply, wastewater management, mobility improvement and green areas development. Participating cities have to prepare Service Level Improvement Plans (SLIPs) which will be included into the State Annual Action Plan (SAAP). The plan has to include investments improving services in the thematic areas of AMRUT, also including smart solutions in the water and wastewater sectors, the energy supply system, safety, clean environment etc. The SLIPs should be prepared in accordance with AMRUT Guidelines. Through preparation of improvement plans in the areas covered by SC-IAP and inclusion of smart solutions, AMRUT is strictly connected with Smart Sustainable Cities India strategy development (GEF-6 SC-IAP India child project).

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 9

Solar Cities Programme The programme has been developed by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2008 and was modified in 2014 for implementation during the 12th Five Year Plan. The solar city programme aims to consolidate all the efforts of the Ministry in the Urban Sector and address the energy problem of the urban areas in a holistic manner. The programme focuses on renewable energy development and energy efficiency measures in selected cities (sixty cities). Each of the cities, within 5 years, have to reach a minimum 10% reduction in projected demand of conventional energy (with RES and energy efficiency measures). For this purpose a Master Plan has to be developed by the city assessing current energy situation, future demand and creating action plan with involvement of the stakeholders. Each participating city receives financial aid for the development of the solar city framework. The Solar City Masterplan has a year 2008 baseline and covers the development period of 2013- 2018. The Municipal Corporation is obliged to take various actions in energy efficiency and renewable energy development in the city2. Therefore the SC-IAP project is strictly connected with the Solar City Programme, and it’s objectives should be included in the Sustainable Development Strategy.

Sustainable Habitat Mission The programme has been developed by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) in early 2010. The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat determines frameworks to build urban resilience to climate change (adaptation and mitigation). The Mission doesn’t set out specific targets, it mentions adaptation and mitigation strategies which require implementation of technical capacity buildings and urban institutional strengthens. Sustainable Habitat Mission implement measure in the various sectors e.g.: 1. Energy Efficiency 2. Urban Transport 3. Water Supply and Sewerage 4. Municipal Solid Waste Management 5. Urban Storm Water Management 6. Urban Planning

Tools and methodologies for SC-IAP India

Methodologies and tools, which should be used to allow the project to fully contribute to global disclosure of the SC-IAP are briefly described below.

The GEF methodologies GEF requires estimation of GHG impacts (and other environmental impacts) of projects funded by the GEF. For this purpose, some methodologies for projects in energy efficiency, transport, renewable electricity, and sustainable land management have been developed. In order to harmonise various

2 conduct energy auditing of public sector buildings and utilities in the city at regular interval and take necessary steps towards conservation of electricity; reduce electricity consumption in lighting by using energy conservation & renewable energy devices; amend building bye-laws for making the use of solar water heating systems mandatory in certain category of buildings; provide rebate in property tax in electricity tariff to the users of solar water heaters especially in domestic sector; construction of energy efficient solar buildings at least in public sectors in accordance with ECBC:2006; set up projects of suitable capacity for generating energy from the waste collected from the city; to inform broader public

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 10

methods the ‘Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounting and Reporting for GEF Projects’ have been released in 2014. Although there are some existing GEF methodologies (‘Calculating Greenhouse Gas Benefits of the Global Environment Facility Energy Efficiency Projects’ and ‘Calculating Greenhouse Gas Benefits of Global Environment Facility Transportation Projects’) it is proposed that WRI standards (GHG Protocol) should be used as a basic project approach. Specifically, for the SC-IAP the following Urban Project Methodologies for city GHG emissions estimations are recommended for use by GEF Agencies:  The WRI Standard;  Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC);  PAS 2070:2013, Specification for the assessment of GHG emissions of a city – direct plus supply chain and consumption-based methodologies;  Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories;  2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Guidelines).

IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories These guidelines prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a basic worldwide standard for GHG emissions accounting at the national level. The guidelines have been released in 1996 and in 2006 (updated version). It sets basic principles on developing emission inventories. It is regarded as a basic document applicable to the SC-IAP India project. GHG Protocol methodologies and The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol, developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD), sets the global standards for how to measure, manage, and report greenhouse gas emissions. GHG Protocol standards cover a wide range of themes including cities. GHG Protocol standards for cities developed to date are:  GHG Protocol for Cities – Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC). A basic guideline for compiling GHG emission inventories for cities. It is the most comprehensive standard, which is in line with the IPCC Guidelines and covers all GHGs and all activities (energy and non-energy related). It has been chosen by the Compact of Mayors as a required standard for GHG inventory.  Mitigation Goal Standard It provides a standardized approach for assessing progress toward national and subnational greenhouse gas reduction goals. The standard is applicable for cities to set emission-reduction targets, meet domestic and international emissions reporting obligations to groups like the UNFCCC, and ensure that efforts to reduce emissions are achieving their intended results.  Policy and Action Standard It provides a standardized approach for estimating the greenhouse gas effect of policies and actions. It enables cities to evaluate GHG impacts of specific policies to improve their effectiveness in reducing emissions, and informs where to invest resources to achieve the best results. The ‘Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounting and Reporting for GEF Projects’ recommends that “The WRI Standard provides the most suitable guidelines for the project proponents on how they define their projects. The WRI Standard serves the purpose of providing consistency and transparency for the estimation of GHG emission reductions that come about as a result of policies and actions. The WRI Standard is equally useful in helping to identify the full range of causal effects,

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 11

catalytic impacts and non-GHG effects (co-benefits) that GEF projects could measure and report more systematically”. The GHG Protocol for Cities (GPC), Mitigation Goal Standard and Policy and Action Standard are basic standards applicable to the SC-IAP India project.

BSI PAS 2070:2013 Specification for the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of a city This publicly available standard (PAS) has been developed to standardise completion of GHG inventories by cities. The standard is based on IPCC guidelines on GHG monitoring and covers all sectors of cities’ activities. This standard is generally consistent with the GPC, but extends it by including supply chain and consumption-based methodologies into inventory. The PAS 2070 is recommended by GEF for use in projects which have great influence on consumption patterns resulting in emission changes. This standard is considered important in the context of SC-IAP India child project.

ISO 37120 This standard is a set of indicators for measuring and benchmarking of city services and quality of life in the context of sustainable development. As the smart city concept emphasizes improvement of liveability in cities, the ISO 37120 is also regarded as a key set of indicators for measuring smart city development. It follows principles set in ISO/DIS 37101 Sustainable development of communities -- Management systems -- Requirements with guidance for resilience and smartness. ISO 37120 sets definitions and methodologies for indicators used to measure services offered by the city and quality of life in a city. Indicators are divided into core indicators and supporting indicators divided into 17 clauses (themes) covering economy, environment and social issues. Guiding concepts are sustainability and resilience in the development of cities. Cities using this standard should compile a set of indicators on an annual basis (all core indicators in Clauses 5-21). Individual (local) factors affecting these indicators should always been considered. The ISO standard is regarded as the most universal standard applicable to the SC-IAP India project.

SEAP The Sustainable Energy Action Plan methodology has been developed by the EU Joint Research Centre for the specific purpose of development of GHG emissions inventories and SEAPs in a consistent way. The methodology is primarily for EU countries, however specific adjustments have been made over time to allow inclusion of non-EU countries (Asia, South America). The emission inventory methodology is focused on the energy production and consumption sectors

with less coverage of other, non-energy related emissions. It focuses on CO2 emissions with other GHG regarded as of less importance. The methodology is generally consistent with IPCC Guidelines and covers scope 1 and 2 of the city’s emissions. The methodology also sets comprehensive principles for action plan development, which are of good guidance for cities and their development of climate action plans. These principles follow the rules of the strategic planning process and are universal, well designed and widely tested globally. The SEAP methodology requires cities to report both inventory and action plan in a specific template (online reporting). The methodology is regarded as useful and applicable to the SC-IAP India project in the context of general strategy development (excluding emission inventory development).

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 12

BSI PAS 181:2014 Smart city framework – Guide to establishing strategies for smart cities and communities This guide reflects current good practice in facilitating smart cities (in the United Kingdom country context). It is a framework to develop smart city strategies for cities. It is a detailed guide on strategy development for cities with relevant stakeholders’ involvement. As far as the smart city concept is incorporated into the SC-IAP India child project, the PAS 181 is an important guide to be used during the project implementation phase.

Carbonn Climate Registry (cCR) The cCR is a mechanism for cities for reporting of emissions data and policy action to achieve transparency and accountability of local climate actions, demonstrating leadership and initiating a process for direct access to global climate funds. cCR is compliant with international frameworks such as the Global Protocol for Community-scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC 1.0). It is a strictly connected data platform for the Compact of Mayors and C40. It is also the official reporting platform for the signatories of the Durban Adaptation Charter. There are four reporting areas in the cCR: City info, Commitments, Performance and Actions. Principals of reporting to cCR are applicable to the SC-IAP India project.

Figure 1 Tools and methodologies for SC-IAP India scheme

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 13

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 14

SUSTAINABLE CITIES STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY (SCS- DM) for GEF-6 SC-IAP INDIA CHILD PROJECT

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

1. SCS-DM provides a robust and transparent method of SCS development within GEF-6 SC-IAP India Child Project. It encourages a holistic approach to integrated city planning having in mind sustainability as a main development principle along with the concept of smartness (smart city). 2. SCS-DM is intended to allow compliance with main international and national initiatives focused on sustainable development and putting climate change mitigation at central place. It also stresses the importance of resilience. 3. This methodology incorporates selected existing methodologies and approaches to sustainable development planning into one universal methodology which is intended for application within SC-IAP India Child Project. It is assumed that its execution will be entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people. 1. SCS-DM is intended for existing cities but can successfully applied for greenfield investments – new city planning. 2.

METHODOLOGY SCOPE

3. This methodology focuses on sustainable development of cities in India in the environmental context within the GEF-6 framework, therefore the main determinant of strategy outcomes are climate change indicators3. 4. SCS-DM covers all sectors of a city (as defined in GPC and PAS 2070):  Stationary energy  Transportation  Waste  Industrial Processes and product use (IPPU)  Agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU)  other emissions (e.g. goods and services)

5. This methodology focuses primarily on GHG emissions, however, other emissions can also be included in the SCS development provided that specific calculation guidance for these emissions will be used. 6. Offsetting emissions (GHG emissions offset mechanisms) is excluded from use within this methodology. 7. Boundary – the SCS is a city level strategy, developed within city’s boundary but implications and effects can outreach administrative boundary (see casual chain mapping).

3 It is regarded that carbon intensity and resilience to climate change can be regarded as main determinants of sustainable development (in the context of environmental factors) [citation needed]

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 15

NORMATIVE REFFERENCES

1. This methodology is consistent (if not stated otherwise) with the following international guidelines, standards and methodologies for urban projects:  Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning (version 1.0) – UN HABITAT,  2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,  Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,  Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounting and Reporting for GEF Projects,  Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC),  WRI Mitigation Goal Standard,  WRI Policy Action Standard,  ISO 37120:2014 – Sustainable development of communities,  PAS 2070:2013 Specification for the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of a city,  SEAP Guidebook.

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS USED IN THIS METHODOLOGY

1. This methodology uses definitions in accordance with PAS 2070:2013 (Clause 3.1). 2. When referring to ‘causal chain’ a definition by WRI Policy and Action Standard should be considered. 3. When referring to ‘consequential GHG emission reductions’ a definition by GEF’s ‘Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounting and Reporting for GEF Projects’ should be considered.

SUSTAINABLE CITIES STRATEGY DEFINITION

Figure 2 General principles for Sustainable City Strategy development Source: UN-HABITAT (2015), Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning. Version 1.0

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 16

PURPOSE OF THE STRATEGY

1. To improve quality of life, resource efficiency and increase environmental performance of the city. 2. To enable thoughtful and evidence-based planning of urban sustainability in the strategic development of the city. 3. To involve wide set of stakeholders in sustainability planning ideals allowing of formal integration of these ideas into local policy and institutional arrangements. 4. To allow cities to exploit existing sustainability frameworks and networks worldwide.Description of the SCS purpose (why the strategy should be developed and implemented in Indian cities).

POLICIES AND MEASURES APPLICABLE

1. Development of a SCS according to this methodology allows for, but cannot guarantee compliance, with the following international initiatives for cities:  Compact of Mayors,  C40,  CDP Cities,  Covenant of Mayors.

2. This methodology allows for avoiding significant inconsistencies of SCS with the following India’s national programmes:  The Swachh Bharat Mission,  The Smart Cities Mission,  Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation,  Solar City Programme,

SCOPE OF THE STRATEGY

1. Territorial scope of the strategy is the administrative area of the city. 2. Time scope of the strategy covers 15 years (2016-2030) with the year 2010 as a baseline year. 3. Document scope should be as follows:

Table 1 Scope of the strategy

SECTION NAME DESCRIPTION (CONTENT)

Table of contents Table of contents, etc. Executive summary Summary of key elements of the strategy INTRODUCTION Purpose and scope of Definition of the document scope (area, sectors, time), a description of the strategy main objectives to be achieved by strategy implementation

Content of the Information on document structure, content logic document

Strategy development Description of key steps taken during elaboration of the strategy, process stakeholder involvement process; GENERAL INFORMATION

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 17

Brief description of city localization, climate, terrain, hydrography, city function (local/regional/national context), local government information General city information (wards, governing structures), population (pop. structure and distribution, population growth); city budget, main spending categories POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND STAKEHOLDERS

Brief description of regional and local strategies and policies which Regional and local impact sustainable development (e.g. City Development Plan) - focus policies and strategies on goals and measures, implementation status

Identified ongoing local investment projects in analysed sectors, Investments, foreseen investment projects and sectoral development plans. Brief development plans description focused on project type, scope, stakeholders involved, outcomes, budget & schedule Identified specific projects regarding Smart City development. Brief Projects concern Smart description focused on project type, scope, stakeholders involved, City development outcomes, budget & schedule Identified key stakeholders (stakeholder matrix). Stakeholder Stakeholders engagement process. SECTORAL ANALYSIS WITH GHG EMISSIONS Local government buildings and facilities (building types, numbers and characteristics, facilities operated by municipal companies, energy consumption and RES used, building maintenance, refurbishment Local government needs, new buildings development, energy efficiency measures taken)

GHG emission from LG buildings & facilities. Other identified environmental problems.

General description of commercial sector; buildings and facilities in the sector (building types, numbers and characteristics, commercial facilities, energy consumption and RES used, building maintenance, refurbishment needs, new buildings development, energy efficiency Commercial sector measures taken). Other special buildings/areas in the city (e.g. military, religious).

GHG emission from commercial buildings & facilities. Other identified environmental problems.

General description of residential sector; buildings and settlement types; energy consumption and RES used, refurbishment needs, new buildings development, energy efficiency measures taken Residential sector

GHG emission from residential buildings. Other identified environmental problems.

Public lighting types in use, energy consumption, maintenance issues

Public lighting GHG emission - energy use in lighting. Other identified environmental problems.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 18

Electricity distribution network characteristics, energy supply efficiency and safety, city energy demand and energy mix, main energy production installations, district cooling/heating networks, RES used; Energy production and energy efficiency in production and distribution networks distribution

GHG emission from energy production & distribution. Other identified environmental problems. Transport infrastructure (roads, railways, waterways, air transport), transport needs, congestion, safety; road transport - municipal, public, private (modal share, , vehicle park, fuel types used, mileage, vehicles efficiency; with special emphasis on public transport; non-motorized transport characteristics); rail transport (share, types of transport used, Transport fuels used); air transport - airport connections, no. of passengers; water transport (characteristics, potential).

GHG emission form sector. Other environmental problems. Waste management system (source and amount of waste generated, waste analysis, collection and removal processes, disposal sites, processing, recycling; RES); wastewater management (sources and amounts of wastewater, wastewater treatment, RES, residue); health Waste issues.

GHG emission form sector. Other environmental problems. General description of industrial sector, industrial zones, industry types, energy consumption, production types and output, perspectives Industrial production, of the sector; energy consumption and process emissions; product use processes and product (lubricants, electronics production, fluorinated gases). use GHG emission form sector. Other environmental problems. Land use by type, land use changes in recent years and in future; arable land (soil types, crops, use of fertilisers), livestock, use of machinery (types, fuels); forests (area, types), green areas within city Agriculture, Forestry (area, types). and Other Land Use

GHG emission form sector. Other environmental problems. GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY AND SCENARIOS Baseline Emissions Summary of GHG emission in GPC reporting format Inventory Definition and calculation of baseline scenario (BaU) and low emission Emission scenarios scenarios; identification of GHG reduction potential (energy efficiency, RES etc.) CROSS-SECTORAL ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (PROBLEM AREAS) Main factors driving city development and its constraints - population growth, main social issues (in the context of sustainable development: Society education, fire and emergency, health, safety, shelter). Social factors influencing GHG emissions.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 19

Main factors driving city development and its constraints - city budget, commercial and services sector, industry (in the context of sustainable Economy development: economy, energy, finance, telecomm & innovation). Economic factors influencing GHG emissions.

Main environmental problems identified, climate change mitigation and Environment resource efficiency, adaptation to climate change (resilience). GHG emissions. Trends and main challenges in urban development (in the context of Integrated urban sustainable development: governance transportation, urban planning); development smart cities context - use of IT systems.

Summary Summary of key conclusions from the analysis, problem definition

CITY VISION AND STRATEGY Vision of the city after implementation of the strategy, strategic and Vision and goals detailed SMART goals

Strategy Long term strategy and short term ACTION PLAN List of planned projects in the city scheduled in 5 years’ time incl. pilot Short term actions projects; for each action/project: scope, timeframe, budget, responsible bodies; expected results (environmental, social, economic) List of planned projects in the city scheduled in 5-15 years’ time; for Long term actions each action/project foreseen: scope, timeframe, budget, responsible bodies; expected results (environmental, social, economic) Other actions taken into consideration for the implementation of the Potential actions strategy but not well detailed at the moment of strategy development; estimated scope, cost and results Policy interaction matrix; summary of expected results in Summary of estimated environmental, social and economic dimensions; action scenarios, impact of actions priority actions IMPLEMENTATION Description of appointed LG structures for implementation of the Governing structures strategy Stakeholder Plan of stakeholder engagement process - for the realisation of engagement strategy

Budget and funding of Summary of expected spending required, CAPEX, OPEX, foreseen the strategy sources of capital and non-capital investment

Results of the ex-ante Expected outcomes of the implementation of the strategy, as a result of ex- assessment of the ante assessment. strategy MONITORING REPORTING AND EVALUATION Monitoring principles Action monitoring, strategy monitoring. Evaluation and revision Assessment of results, revision process of the strategy Communication guidelines (reporting to key stakeholders); key Reporting progress indicators APPENDICIES GHG inventory report Report on inventory development

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 20

Public consultation report Summary of input from public consultation process of the strategy

LOCAL COMMITMENT

POLITICAL COMMITMENT

1. Political involvement is critical to success of the SCS development and the implementation process. Without political engagement the process will be weak and will not allow for development of a successful strategy. 2. Key decision-makers of the city should form a Steering Committee or should at least be included in the Stakeholders Board. 3. Key decision-makers include the Mayor, Councillors representatives and the Commissioner.

For further guidance refer to “The guidance paper on Political Commitment” of the Managing Urban Europe-25 project.

ADMINITSTRATIVE STRUCTURES

1. For efficient preparation of the SCS, the city should form a SCS steering committee (SC) and a core team (CT) responsible for development and implementation of the SCS. 2. The Steering committee should consist of key decision makers in the municipal corporation responsible for city infrastructure (transport, energy), buildings and waste. 3. The role of the steering committee is to give a strategic direction to the SCS, improve the process of SCS development and encourage broader stakeholder involvement. 4. The steering committee should be responsible for obtaining stakeholders engagement in the SCS development and implementation process (see ‘STAKEHOLDERS’). 5. The core team should consist of staff directly responsible for development and implementation of the strategy. Involvement in the core team of all relevant departments of Municipal Corporation is crucial for the SCS success. 6. The Core Team should cover the vital areas of city operations and development especially in engineering and town planning area. 7. The core team should be responsible for stakeholders management. 8. Within the Core Team, a unit (engineers team), should be appointed as directly responsible for the document preparation. 9. Structures can be adopted according to specific city’s needs, however it is important to keep in mind, that broad involvement of different Municipal Corporation’s departments is vital to effective SCS development.

For more detailed guidance on adaptation of administrative structures refer to SEAP Guidelines, Chapter 3.

STAKEHOLDERS

1. Involvement of stakeholders is key element of successful SCS development and implementation. Views of stakeholders should be known before detailed plans are developed.

Refer to the GEF Guidelines for the Implementation of the Public Involvement Policy.

2. Stakeholder should be identified within groups, whose interests are affected by the SCS, activities affecting the SCS, who possess information, resource or expertise needed in SCS.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 21

Special focus should be put on existing groups of interest already engaged in sustainability planning in cities i.a. the “Solar City Stake Holders Committee”. 3. Usually stakeholders can be identified within the following groups (non-exhaustive list):  Citizens,  Entrepreneurs,  Industry,  Energy utilities,  National and regional authorities/institutions,  Universities.

For the role of stakeholders in the SCS development and implementation process refer to SEAP Guidelines, Chapter 4. 4. All identified Stakeholders should be analysed for the potential role and their interest and influence in SCS development and implementation. 5. A stakeholder matrix should be elaborated highlighting the possible impact (influence and importance) of each stakeholder in SCS development and implementation. 6. On a basis of stakeholder analysis, a group of key stakeholders should be identified (having the greater possible impact on SCS development and implementation). 7. Representatives of key stakeholders should form an advisory group (an SCS Stakeholder Board) for the Steering Committee and for the SCS Core Team.

For communication with stakeholders refer to SEAP Guidelines, Chapter 4.

GHG INVENTORY

ROLE OF GHG INVENTORY

1. GHG emission inventory is of critical importance. The inventory is a key element in mitigation action planning as the basis for detailed analysis of city in the context of emissions and resource efficiency. 2. The baseline emissions inventory is a foundation for impact assessment of the SCS. 3. GHG inventory is a tool for the development of emission scenarios for the city and estimating impact of actions on emissions. 4. GHG inventory is a base for assessment of SCS implementation results (by continuous monitoring) (see: MONITORING AND REPORTING)

GHG INVENTORY METHODOLOGY

5. The inventory should be developed according to GPC standard and PAS (where relevant).

SCOPE

6. The GHG inventory should be developed for the administrative area of the city – a geographically identifiable entity. 7. THE GHG inventory should cover a time period of one full year (12 months), preferably from January to December (the time period should be consistent with the time period commonly used by the city).

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 22

8. The GHG inventory should cover all GHG gases to maintain consistency with international monitoring principles:  carbon dioxide (CO2),  methane (CH4),  nitrous oxide (N2O),  hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),  perfluorocarbons (PFCs),  sulphur hexafluoride (SF6),  nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).

9. All GHG emissions in the inventory shall be classified in into six main sectors, sub-divided into sub-sectors and further into sub-categories (refer to GPC p.3.4 GHG emission sources for more detailed definition). The sectors and sub-sectors list is presented in the following table:

SECTOR SUB-SECTOR Residential buildings Commercial and institutional buildings and facilities Manufacturing industries and construction Energy industries STATIONARY ENERGY Agriculture, forestry, and fishing activities Non-specified sources Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage, and transportation of coal Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas systems On-road Railways TRANSPORTATION Waterborne navigation Aviation Off-road Solid waste disposal Biological treatment of waste WASTE Incineration and open burning Wastewater treatment and discharge IPPU (Industrial Processes and Industrial processes Product Use) Product use Livestock AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry Land and Other Land Use) Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emission sources on land OTHER SCOPE 3

Table 2 sectors and sub-sectors of the inventory

For comparison of GPC/PAS sectors with the IPCC emission sources refer to GPC table A.3. 10. The GHG inventory divides emission into scopes, according to GHG Protocol standards:

SCOPE DEFINITION Scope 1 GHG emissions from sources located within the city boundary. Scope 2 GHG emissions occurring as a consequence of the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or cooling within the city boundary.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 23

Table 3 Scope

Figure 2 Definition of emission scopes Source: GPC.

CALCULATION METHODOLOGY 11. Emission calculations are based on activity data and emission factors. 12. Activity data refers to a specific data on energy/fuel consumption or use of other resources and processes causing GHG emissions. 13. Emission factors allows for the calculation of emissions based on activity data. 14. All calculations should be made using methodology described in detail in the GPC and PAS. Reference to the methodology to be used is given below for each sector:

CALCULATION METHODOLOGY SECTOR REFERENCE STATIONARY ENERGY GPC section 6 TRANSPORTATION GPC section 7 WASTE GPC section 8 IPPU (Industrial Processes and GPC section 9 Product Use) AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry GPC section 10 and Other Land Use) OTHER SCOPE 3 PAS clause 7.7 Table 4 Sectors ACTIVITY DATA 15. All activity data for emissions calculation should be collected for the inventory year and for the defined territorial scope of the inventory. 16. Data should be adequately technology-specific to the activity, which it describes.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 24

17. As a minimum, data required to estimate emissions covered under BASIC reporting under GPC are required, however data for BASIC+ is highly recommended. 18. Special distinction shall be made for data regarding municipal corporation’s activities (buildings, transport, facilities). 19. It is preferred to use local than regional or national data, however, if local data is not available then the other data sources can be used.

For the list of data sources and collection methods refer to section SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND DATA. 20. The most reliable data sources are to be used for the completion of inventory. It is always up to the expert judgement of the team responsible for the inventory development, to determine which data sources are more reliable. 21. If data or necessary information is not available, then other data sources could be used, provided that they allow for proper estimation of GHG emissions. 22. Data gaps can be filled using extrapolation or other simulation data. Eventually, the gaps can be filled by making assumptions. Information on data gaps and methods used for their elimination should be recorded and reported.

For more information refer to GPC section 5.3.1 Adapting data for inventory use (scaling data). EMISSION FACTORS

23. The GHG emission inventory unit is one metric tonne (SI unit) of CO2 equivalent (CO2e). 24. Emission factors allow for calculation of specific GHG emissions based on activity data.

25. Conversion factors are used to convert emissions of GHG into CO2e. The factors used are global warming potential (GWP) of each greenhouse gas. For the inventory preparation purposes, the GWP values from IPCC Fourth Assessment Report should be used (refer to Table 5.2. of the GPC). 26. Standard emission factors should be used, LCA-based emission factors are not recommended. Only one type of emission factors have to be used in the inventory. 27. Emission factors sources to be used for the inventory are given in a table below

SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS INCLUDED - Standard solid fuels used for energy generation - Standard liquid fuels (transport and energy generation) - Natural gas - Default CH4 and N2O Emission Factors from Stationary Sources India specific power sector calculation - Average Fugitive CH4 emission factors for coal tool (WRI & TERI) – India GHG Program (post mining) - Grid specific emission factors for the different grids - GWPs of Common Greenhouse Gases and Refrigerants - Default Assumptions from IPCC Good Practice Guidelines* (for IPPU) India Specific Road Transport Emission - All commonly used in India vehicle types Factors (WRI) - India GHG Program India Specific Rail Transport Emission Factors for Passenger Travel and - Passenger travel and freight Material Transport (WRI) - India GHG Program India Specific Air Transport Emission - Passenger travel and freight

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 25

Factors for Passenger Travel and Material Transport (WRI) - India GHG Program (to be completed) Table 5 Emission factors sources

CONSIDERATION OF LOCAL FACTORS

1. The inventory should reflect the city’s specifics as much as possible, therefore it is important to adapt methods and factors used to a local situation. 2. Methods recommended in this methodology can be adapted, if necessary, according to specific situation in the city (e.g. city structure, available data, behavioural differences). 3. Deviations from recommended methodology can specifically cover activity data estimation in the transportation sector. 4. Every distinction made from recommended methodology should be precisely described in the inventory report (and included in the database, should this be developed). 5. Emission calculations other than prepared with factors sources recommended herein can also be used, provided that they reflect city’s specific more appropriately. Sources and rationale for different emission factors used have to be recorded.

RECORD KEEPING – EMISSIONS DATABASE

1. All information on applied detailed calculation methodology should be recorded and kept for further use. 2. The inventory should consist of completed inventory data and emission results followed by an emission inventory report describing:  Basic inventory data (year, scope etc.),  Methods used (referrals to the SCS or other methodology),  Data sources,  Data gaps and methods used for their filling,  Any distinctions made from recommended methodology and emission factors used,  Summary of emissions and activity data in selected format (see DISCLOSING EMISSIONS).

3. Due to significant changes within the city (e.g. territorial expansion, industry relocation etc.) there may be a need of recalculation of the inventory in the future. Refer to MONITORING AND REPORTING section for such case. 4. It is recommended that emission inventory would be developed in a form of emissions database. This would allow for completing inventories for following years in the same manner, using the same assumptions and calculation methods. 5. The database should allow for completion of future inventories and emission monitoring with reporting (in accordance with selected format see DISCLOSING EMISSIONS). 6. The database should allow for safe record keeping (backup of all emission data).

DISCLOSING EMISSIONS

1. Within the SCS, a GPC reporting format is required. Special distinction shall be made for the data and emissions for municipal corporation’s activities (buildings, transport, facilities, etc.). The disclosure should consist of data tables and inventory report. 2. Reporting emissions according to GPC and PAS:  As a minimum, a BASIC reporting according to GPC is required for each city.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 26

 BASIC+ reporting is preferred (it includes IPPU and AFOLU).  The reporting consist of emission and data tables, followed by brief inventory report as described in RECORD KEEPING – INVENTORY REPORT AND EMISSIONS DATABASE. General report content is given in PAS Table 2.  It is very important to avoid double counting of emissions – refer to PAS for details on double counting (Table 3).

For details on reporting according to GPC refer to GPC section 4 Reporting Requirements and PAS Clause 9 Communication. 3. Disclosing emissions in cCR:  Development of inventory according to the SCS methodology enables a city to disclose emissions to the carbon Climate Registry (online database).  The cCR covers both – BASIC and BASIC+ reporting scopes.  The cCR is a preferred form of reporting under Compact of Mayors.  If emissions are reported in cCR, then a summary report generated from the Registry should be included in the Inventory report. Refer to carbonn Climate Registry User Manual4 for details on reporting. 4. Disclosing emissions in CDP  Development of inventory according to the SCS methodology enables a city to disclose emissions to the Carbon Disclosure Project (online reporting), however it is only a part of the CDP reporting.  The CDP covers both – BASIC and BASIC+ reporting scopes. Refer to CDP guidance5 for details on reporting.

5. Other emission disclosures  The methodology applied for the SCS allows cities to disclose emissions in other formats consistent with the IPCC reporting, including the Covenant of Mayors reporting template, however specific adjustments of the results should be made to match GPC reporting with other formats. For adjustments needed, please refer to specific reporting guidelines.

SUSTAINABLE CITIES STRATEGY ELABORATION

SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND DATA

1. Information and data should be gathered for all sectors of the SCS. It is required to develop emission inventory as well as to properly describe and analyse current state of the city. 2. Available data sources which can be used cover:  Municipal Corporation databases and all information available within MC and its subsidiaries – covered by questionnaire  Local planning documents.  National and regional statistics.  National and regional offices.  Field surveys and questionnaires within specific sectors of the city.

Refer to Activity data collection section in the SEAP Guidelines.

4 http://carbonn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/cCCR/User_Manual/cCR_User_Manual_v4.1_Oct_2014.pdf 5 https://www.cdp.net/en-US/Pages/guidance-cities.aspx

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 27

3. Preferred sources of information should be the data available at local level in Municipal Corporation and other city related sources. If not available then regional and national data sources should be used. 4. Minimum required information in sectoral division is presented in the DATA COLLECTION QUESTIONNAIRE. 5. Presented below is an identified information scope needed for each of the sectors and potentially available data sources6

Sectoral data scope and sources 6. Stationary Energy – Residential sector (buildings) – GPC I.1

This sub-sector covers all dwellings within the city area, regardless the type of the dwelling (formal/informal). The data and analysis should be made with respect to the dwellings type. Main energy/emission sources: Electricity is the major source of energy for lighting and for powering home appliances (air- conditioning, refrigerators, fans, television, electric geysers, washing machines, water pumps, etc.), while, LPG, piped natural gas, kerosene, biomass fuels are used for cooking. Data scope Information on fuel and energy use, dwellings types, population, living standard, buildings types, buildings standard, area, development trends, etc. Potential data sources:

 Local electricity distribution company/electricity board/ State Electricity Regulatory Commission for data on electricity.  Oil marketing companies for data on LPG, natural gas.  PDS /oil marketing company for data on kerosene.  Firewood/biomass sellers for estimation of biomass fuels used for cooking.  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

7. Stationary Energy – Commercial and institutional buildings and facilities – Local government – GPC I.2 (a)

This sub-sector covers all buildings and facilities operated and owned by the local authority Municipal Corporation and its subsidiaries. For proper delimitation of the local government operations refer to GPC Appendix B and SEAP Guidelines section 4.2.1. point Main energy/emission sources: The major sources of energy are electricity and LPG. In addition, a variety of fossil fuels may be used for power back-up e.g. diesel generators. In some cases, biomass fuels are also used for cooking and water heating. Data scope:

6 Based on MNRE Programme on “Development of Solar Cities” - Guidelines for preparing master plan as per the prescribed format of MNRE and other sources.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 28

Buildings and facilities numbers and area by type, buildings standard, energy and fuel consumption, development needs, etc. Potential data sources:

 Buildings administrators,  Municipal Corporation databases, invoices,  Municipal Corporation’s Public Works Department and other relevant departments,  Local electricity distribution company/electricity board,  BEE data on electricity consumption in commercial buildings,  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

8. Stationary Energy – Commercial and institutional buildings and facilities – GPC I.2. (b) This sub-sector includes all offices, shops, shopping centres, multiplexes, hotels, restaurants, advertisement bill boards etc. and institutional buildings like hospitals, schools, colleges, hostels, jails, government offices, etc. excluding local government buildings and facilities.

Main energy/emission sources: The major sources of energy are electricity and LPG. In addition, a variety of fossil fuels may be used for power back-up e.g. diesel generators. In some cases, biomass fuels are also used for cooking and water heating. Data scope Buildings and facilities numbers and area by type, buildings standard, energy and fuel consumption, development needs, etc. Potential data sources:

 Buildings administrators,  Local electricity distribution company/electricity board/State Electricity Regulatory Commission for data on electricity.  Oil marketing companies for data on LPG, diesel and other petroleum fuels.  Firewood/biomass sellers for estimation of biomass fuels.  BEE data on electricity consumption in commercial buildings.  Local chambers of commerce and industries for data on distribution of different types of commercial establishments and typical energy consumption in commercial establishments.  CPWD, MES, State PWD, Municipal Corporation, etc. for data on energy use in government buildings.  State Pollution Control Boards for data on DG sets,  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

9. Stationary Energy – Public lighting (non-specified sources) – GPC I.6

This sub-sector includes all public lighting – street lights, traffic lights, external building lighting. Main energy/emission sources: The source of energy is electricity. Data scope

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 29

Lighting types and characteristics, power consumed, etc. Potential data sources:

 Municipal Corporation databases, invoices,  Municipal Corporation’s Public Works Department and other relevant departments,  Local electricity distribution company/electricity board,  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

10. Stationary Energy – Public lighting (non-specified sources) – GPC I.6

This sub-sector includes all public lighting – street lights, traffic lights, external building lighting. Main energy/emission sources: The source of energy is electricity.

Data scope Lighting types and characteristics, power consumed, etc. Potential data sources:

11. Stationary Energy – Industry (Manufacturing industries and construction & Energy industries) – GPC I.3 & I.1.4

This sub-sector includes all types of industries falling within municipal limits. It is important to maintain distinction between energy industries (electricity, steam, heat, petroleum refining and manufacture of solid fuels) and other manufacturing industry. For details refer to GPC section 6.3.2. and 6.3.3. Main energy/emission sources: Other than the electricity, other fuels that are used include petroleum products (diesel, natural gas, naptha, furnace oil, etc.), coal, biomass, etc. Data scope Industry characteristics, industrial zones, resources demand, energy consumption, emissions etc. Potential data sources:

 Local electricity distribution company/electricity board/State Electricity Regulatory Commission for data on electricity consumption.  Public sector oil marketing companies for data on petroleum products.  Firewood/ biomass sellers for estimation of biomass fuels.  Local chambers of commerce and industries, District Industry Centre, MSME Service Institutes for data on distribution of different types of industries and data on energy use.  State Pollution Control Boards for data on DG sets,

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 30

 Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

12. Stationary Energy – exclusions

It is recommended not to include “Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage, and transportation of coal” (GPC I.7) and “Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas systems” (GPC I.8) unless it’s potential share in the city’s emission would be significant. It is left to decision of expert staff working on SCS development. Refer to GPC for further guidance on these sectors. The sub-sector of Agriculture, forestry, and fishing activities is generally included in the AFOLU sector, described further. 13. Transportation – local authority and public transport (on-road, railways, waterborne, aviation, off-road transportation) – GPC II.1 - II.5

This sector includes all types transport a) used by Municipal Corporation and it’s subsidiaries and b) providing public transport services within the boundaries of the city. The transport sector is divided into sub-sectors by transportation mode. See GPC section 7 for further reference on transport. Main energy/emission sources: Fuel combustion in mobile sources: petroleum, diesel oil, CNG/LPG. Data scope Transport types, vehicle park, fuel consumption, mileage, public transport description, transportation demand, etc. Potential data sources:

 Municipal Corporation databases, invoices,  Municipal Corporation’s Public Works Department and other relevant departments,  Transportation companies,  Local electricity distribution company/electricity board,  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

14. Transportation – private transport (on-road, railways, waterborne, aviation, off-road transportation) – GPC II.1 - II.5

This sector includes all types of transport in private use (i.e. not providing public transport services within the boundaries of the city). The transport sector is divided into sub-sectors by transportation mode. See GPC section 7 for further reference on transport. Main energy/emission sources: Fuel combustion in mobile sources: petroleum, diesel oil, CNG/LPG. Data scope Transport types, fuel consumption, mileage, modal share, etc. Potential data sources:

 Municipal Corporation’s Public Works Department and other relevant departments,  Transportation companies,

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 31

 Local electricity distribution company/electricity board,  National/regional statistics,  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

15. Transportation – private transport (on-road, railways, waterborne, aviation, off-road transportation) – GPC II.1 - II.5

 Municipal Corporation’s Public Works Department and other relevant departments,  Transportation companies,  Local electricity distribution company/electricity board,  National/regional statistics,  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

16. Waste – Solid waste disposal, Biological treatment of waste, Incineration and open burning, Wastewater treatment and discharge – GPC III.1 - III.4

This sector includes all types waste and wastewater handling. It is divided into sub-sectors by type of processing of solid waste and wastewater. Generally both intra-city (scope 1) and extra-city (scope 3) processing sites of waste generated within city are included in the sector. See GPC section 8 for further reference on waste. Main energy/emission sources: Waste and wastewater decomposition and processing. Data scope Waste & wastewater generated and collected, waste & wastewater composition, processing types and facilities etc. Potential data sources:

 Municipal Corporation’s Public Works Department and other relevant departments,  National/regional statistics,  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

17. IPPU – industrial processes, product use – GPC IV.1 and IV.2

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 32

This sector covers non-energy related industrial activities See GPC section 9 for further reference on IPPU. Main energy/emission sources: Resources use in the technology processes (cement, lime glass industry), chemical processing, products used (lubricants, aerosols). Data scope Industry characteristics, product use statistics. Potential data sources:

 National/regional statistics,  Local chambers of commerce and industries, District Industry Centre, MSME Service Institutes for data on distribution of different types of industries,  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

18. AFOLU – Livestock, Land, Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emission sources on land – GPC V.1 – V.3 incl. I.5 (energy use) This sector includes agricultural and other land use activities. It is divided into three sub-sectors: livestock raising within city, land use and other aggregate sources (e.g. fertilizer use, forestry etc.). See GPC section 10 for further reference on AFOLU. Main energy/emission sources: Livestock and livestock management, land use changes, agricultural activities. Also fuel use in the AFOLU sector (classified into ‘aggregate sources’ subsector). Data scope Land use data, livestock data, agriculture – crops, fertilizers use, fuels used etc. Potential data sources:

 Municipal Corporation’s other relevant departments,  National/regional statistics,  Existing planning documents and strategies (e.g. City Development Plan, Masterplan, Solar City Masterplan, Swahch Bharat plans, AMRUT SLIPs, Smart City Proposal, etc.).

ANALYSIS

1. To prepare good strategy a sound analysis of current situation in the city is required. The overall goal of the analysis is to give answer to a “where are we” question. 2. The Initial analysis stage covers review of:  General city information,  Policies framework,  Investments and plans,  Ongoing and planned projects.

Refer to 2.3. Scope of the strategy for more detailed scope of the initial analysis.

3. The main analysis section is divided in two main parts: the sectoral analysis and the cross- sectoral analysis.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 33

4. The sectoral analysis assesses each of the sectors in terms of current situation and problems in the context of sustainable development stressing GHG emissions. As a result of sectoral analysis a brief description of current state of the city in each sector should be included in the SCS. Refer to 2.3. SCOPE OF THE STRATEGY for the scope of each sector’s analysis and description.

See SEAP Guidelines Annex I on a suggestion of detailed list of aspects to be covered in the analysis. 5. The cross-sectoral analysis is based on results of the sectoral analysis. It covers three aspects of sustainability in the city (society, environment and economy) together with integrated urban planning to give a holistic perspective for strategy planning. 6. Results of the cross sectoral analysis highlight key problems to be addressed by the strategy in the city for sustainable development. Refer to 2.3. SCOPE OF THE STRATEGY for the scope of cross-sectoral analysis results description. 7. Within the cross-sectoral analysis ISO 37120 indicators for the city should be included as they present a summary of current state of the city and allow for benchmarking on national and international level. Also key factors driving GHG emissions should be analysed. 8. The methods and tools for the analysis to be used vary depending on specific sector. Among other a SWOT/TOWS method can be used. 9. It is highly recommended to involve stakeholders in the process of analysis and/or review of the analysis results. 10. The analysis should be summarised by key conclusions on current state of the city in the context of sustainable development and definition of the problem(s) to be solved by the SCS.

Further reference on analysis step can be found in the “The Guidance paper on Baseline Review” of the Managing Urban Europe-25 project.

VISION AND GOALS

1. Based on results of the analysis, a sustainable development vision for the city should be developed. The vision as a mission statement should be developed in a participatory process that would provide a long-term orientation for a period up to 2030 (and further). 2. As a result of vision statement long term goals should be defined followed by short term goals (operational goals) for each of the long term goals. 3. The long term goals should cover time span up to 2030 and the short term goals should focus on shorter periods allowing after completion to reach long term goal. 4. Goals should follow the principles of the SMART framework – Specific, Measureable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound. 5. The long term goals should focus on identified key problems in the city within the environmental aspect of sustainable development. Each of the goals should cover GHG emission reduction and climate change adaptation. 6. The goals can address one or each of the sustainability spheres (environment, society, economy), but it is recommended not to set more than 3 long term objectives. 7. The role of the short term objectives is to divide large (long term) goals into more manageable and more easily achievable ‘steps’ towards the bigger goal. Therefore each of the long term goals can be divided into few short term goals (but it is recommended not to exceed more than 5 short term targets per long term goal). 8. All goals have to be measureable, thus allowing for continuous monitoring of progress towards the target. As for the GHG emission reduction target the recommended target types are the baseline scenario goals (preferred) or base year intensity goals (as per capita goal).

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 34

Refer to WRI Mitigation Goal Standard for detailed reference of setting a measureable GHG reduction targets. 9. The vision and goals have to be approved by the SC and the Stakeholders Board. 10. The vision and goals should be consulted during the consultation process.

Refer to SEAP Guidelines Chapter 6 and “The Guidance paper on Target Setting” of the Managing Urban Europe-25 project.

STRATEGY

1. Strategy is a general action plan for reaching defined long-term and short-term goals. The strategy describes general directions (options) in which the city will undertake actions and projects to improve sustainability by reducing GHG emissions. 2. The strategy defines a catalogue of actions (options) which are predefined for the city to reach SCS objectives. 3. The strategy should be developed using prioritised options - policies, programmes, projects and other actions. The priority should be given to options yielding the greatest effects to reaching objectives and with least risk of failure. 4. The strategy should be developed based on most probable and effective solutions to be adopted in the city. Therefore it should be developed based on the expert judgement of the consultants and CT staff taking into account the city’s specific situation and problems indicted in the analysis section. 5. The strategy have to be coherent with existing national and regional policy and strategy framework as well as with key strategic documents of the city. 6. The strategy should be agreed with the SC and the SB.

ACTION PLAN

1. Actions are a result of strategy – each of the actions should be coherent with developed strategy and allow for completion of the goals set within the SCS. 2. The Action Plan should be divided into three categories of actions: short term actions, long term actions and potential actions. 3. Short term actions reflect projects to be taken in the following years (approx. up to 5 years), which are in advanced planning stage. 4. Long term actions reflect projects to be taken in longer time perspective (5-15 years), which are not well planned at the moment. 5. The potential actions are the ones which are not yet planned but are regarded as important for the city in the context of sustainable development. 6. Each action, foreseen in the plan, depending on the project stage, should have defined scope, estimated budget, timeframe, responsible bodies. 7. Each action should be quantified in terms of GHG reduction as well as cost of implementation. Also the co-benefits of implementation (environmental, social and economic) should be qualitatively assessed.

STEPS IN ACTION PLAN DEVELOPMENT 8. Development of a long list of potential detailed actions reflecting the approved strategy which can be implemented in the city. Stakeholders should be included in the long list drafting process.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 35

9. Setting priorities, score and select actions for the action plan in three categories (short term, long term and perspective) using analysis tools taking into account other than GHG mitigation effects (see WRI Policy and Action Standard Appendix C and D). 10. In the action selection phase also risk analysis should be performed and its results should be taken into account in the action selection process, as well as in the final action plan. 11. Selection of actions is an iterative process – planned actions should be compared with the estimated impact of actions in the context of goal accomplishment. Different actions interactions should be considered in estimating impact of actions (see WRI Policy and Action Standard Appendix B).

Figure 3 Examples on non-GHG effects of actions (WRI Policy and Action Standard)

12. After having completed (selected) list of actions specify timing, clear responsibilities, budget and also possible financing sources for actions. 13. All actions should have defined monitoring indicators. 14. Developed action plan have to be adopted by the SC and SB.

Refer to SEAP Guidelines Chapter 7 for further details on the action plan elaboration process and WRI Policy and Action Standard section 5 and 6 as well as other relevant documents.

CONSULTATION PROCESS

1. To ensure that the SCS meets not only Municipal Corporations vision and needs for the city development, it is essential to include consultation of the strategy. 2. The consultation process should include identified stakeholders – the Stakeholder Board and broader public. The consultation process can include: open meetings, targeted meetings (specific target groups), public information on the process/document (via Internet) and other relevant methods to specific city. 3. The consultation process should be as comprehensive as possible, ideally comprising of three phases:

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 36

 Phase I – initial consultation – gathering needs and opinions on the development of SCS, identification of problem areas, gathering initial data for analysis.  Phase II – vision, goals and actions consultation – gathering input on SCS vision and goals, gathering ideas on actions to be taken within the SCS in the city.  Phase III – consultation of complete document – gathering opinions on the complete SCS document. 4. All the opinions and input from the consultation process should be analysed and taken into consideration for the final shape of the SCS. The SC and CT should decide on each of the consultation input whether it should or shouldn’t be included in the SCS. 5. CT should prepare a report from the consultation process. 6. As a minimum a Phase III of the consultation shall be undertaken within the SCS development.

For further reference on consultation process refer to Handbook on Stakeholder Consultation and Participation in ADB Operations the GEF Guidelines for the Implementation of the Public Involvement Policy or other relevant document.

ADOPTION

1. The Steering Committee and the Stakeholders Board should approve the SCS. 2. After completion the SCS should be formally adopted by the Municipal Corporation and continuously implemented.

IMPLEMENTATION

BUDGET AND FINACING

1. The SCS should have an estimated budget for the completion of the strategy up to 2030. The SCS budget cannot be regarded as a fixed one because of changing situation within the years of implementation of the strategy. 2. The implementation budget will consist of various types of national and international financial resources as the SCS is designed to enable city for applying for these resources (i.a. the GEF, international financial institutions etc.). 3. The budget would be divided into specific spending categories. With the distinction of already planned expenses and foreseen expenses. 4. Cost of each of the actions foreseen for the implementation should be estimated with highest possible degree of certainty. For the actions lacking detailed financial information data estimations should be made based on similar projects undertaken in India or internationally. 5. The budget should be divided into projected financial resources – own city’s budget, state budget, national budget and other sources (national and international). Type of funds allocated for the implementation should be described. 6. Potential sources of capital and non-capital investment should be identified for each of planned actions within the strategy. Where applicable a specific financial project indicators should be elaborated and included in the overall budget. 7. Financial mechanisms used in the implementation with their specific requirements should be described in the budget section of the SCS. 8. The budget shall cover all the expenses needed for the implementation of the strategy. 9. The budget should be re-adjusted on a regular basis, based on available financial resources and results of SCS implementation monitoring. 10. The budget should be approved during general body meeting with the municipal budget.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 37

STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

11. For successful implementation of SCS, active involvement of various stakeholders identified during SCS elaboration phase is needed (the Stakeholder Board). 12. Within the SCS, the CT should be responsible for providing necessary stakeholder engagement during the implementation phase. For this purpose, a plan of activities for the engagement is required. 13. Stakeholders’ engagement plan should specifically cover:  Regular meetings of the Stakeholder Board,  Information and dissemination actions for the broad stakeholders,  Training for the stakeholders,  Providing technical and organisational assistance. 14. The stakeholders should provide the CT with relevant data on actions taken within the SCS to allow comprehensive monitoring of SCS implementation. 15. The stakeholders should be regularly informed on SCS implementation status.

For information on information dissemination refer to the GEF Guidelines for the Implementation of the Public Involvement Policy and related documents.

MONITORING AND REPORTING

1. Continuous monitoring is a key element of successful strategy implementation. Monitoring consists of measuring performance of the strategy through defined set of indicators.

Figure 4 Overview of steps for monitoring performance over time (Source: WRI Policy and Action Standard)

Refer to WRI Policy and Action Standard section 10 on further guidance on monitoring. 2. GHG emissions should be tracked over time using constant methodology – the same as for baseline inventory. Refer to GHG INVENTORY setion of this document for further reference. 3. If the city undergoes significant changes which alter city emissions profile there may be a need for recalculation of the inventory and adjustment of the methodology. Refer to GPC section 11.1. 4. Reporting is performed mainly for internal purposes as a summary of monitoring results. Reports should be defined individually for each SCS according to city needs. 5. Reporting should follow any international or national requirements for which the city is obliged (specifically the CDP reporting or cCR) due to international or national agreements.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 38

IMPACT ASSESSMENT

SCENARIO ANALYSIS

1. Scenarios are foreseen changes in city’s development in the time frame of SCS implementation (up to year 2030). Each scenario assumes specific trends and changes in the city and outside the city, but affecting city’s development. Scenarios are tools for the assessment of effects of the strategy and actions (refer to section 8 of WRI Policy and Action Standard). Scenarios should be developed for ex-ante and ex-post assessments.

Figure 5 Ex-ante and ex-post assessments using scenarios (source WRI Policy and Action Standard)

2. BAU SCENARIO  The BAU scenario shall be developed up to 2030, taking into account current trends and projections in city development in all sectors.  The BAU scenario assumes, that no additional action in sustainability would be undertaken in the city apart from the actions currently being implemented.  The BAU scenario is a basis for estimations of SCS foreseen results in 2030, as well as a baseline for monitoring purposes.  For details on BAU scenario development refer to WRI Policy and Action Standard section 8.4.

3. POLICY SCENARIO  The Policy scenario shall be developed up to 2030 for the SCS taking into account all its actions.  The Policy scenario is represents the events or conditions most likely to occur in the implementation time of the strategy.  The Policy scenario provides information on future GHG emissions under SCS implementation.

For details on Policy scenario development refer to WRI Policy and Action Standard section 9.2.

4. ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO  Alternative scenario can be developed up to 2030 for the SCS.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 39

 Alternative scenario is a mix of Baseline and Policy scenarios – it assumes different events and conditions to be implemented in the city in the absence of the SCS, but assuming higher level of ambition in emission reduction than the baseline scenario.  Alternative scenario can be developed especially when there is a need to demonstrate additionality of some projects and actions to be undertaken in the SCS (e.g. SCS Policy scenario without actions foreseen for financing from international institutions requiring additionality).  Alternative scenario development is based on the same principles as Policy scenario.

EX-ANTE ASSESSMENT

1. Ex-ante assessment allows for estimation of SCS impact before its implementation. The assessment is made on a basis of scenarios developed for different policy options, quantifying effects of proposed actions in the SCS. 2. Ex-ante assessment defines the expected results of SCS implementation foreseen in the city. As for this, the ex-ante assessment results are a base for monitoring purposes of the SCS implementation. 3. Results of the ex-ante assessment should be included in the SCS.

For details on ex-ante assessment refer to WRI Policy and Action Standard section 9.

EX-POST ASSESSMENT

1. The ex-post assessment is carried out after implementation of the strategy, therefore it will be applicable after the year 2030. 2. The ex-post assessment is made on a basis of observed data – all information gathered during the monitoring process, therefore it is vital to keep an ongoing monitoring of the policy implementation and record all observations and perform regular GHG inventories. 3. The GHG effect of the policy or action (ex-post) is estimated by subtracting baseline emissions from policy scenario emissions

For details on ex-post assessment refer to WRI Policy and Action Standard section 11.

GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES

RULES ON DATA COLLECTING AND QUALITY

1. Establishing a robust, credible and continuous data management system for the SCS development and implementation (including GHG inventory) is a key factor of successful SCS development and implementation. 2. The CT with experts engaged in the SCS development should establish such a framework in the SCS development phase. 3. WRI Policy and Action Standard, GPC and PAS rules for data collection and quality management should be followed.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 40

Figure 6 Process for collecting data: Source: (GHG Protocol – Policy and Action Standard)

Refer to WRI Policy and Action Standard Appendix A, GPC section 12 and PAS Clause 6.

TOOLS AND METHODS FOR ESTIMATING EFFECTS AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

1. The following tools and methods have been identified as useful in development of GHG emission inventories in India’s cities (non-exhaustive list):  GHG Protocol7 Emission Factors from Cross-Sector Tools  GHG Protocol Allocation of Emissions from a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Plant  GHG Protocol GHG emissions from transport or mobile sources  GHG Protocol Global Warming Potential Values  GHG Protocol Measurement and Estimation Uncertainty of GHG Emissions  GHG Protocol Uncertainty Calculation Tool  GHG Protocol Sector Specific Tools (various tools),  FAO’s EX-Ante Carbon balance Tool (EX-ACT),

2. The following tools have been identified as a useful in estimating effects of the SCS actions (non-exhaustive list):  Project-Specific Guidance Produced by the GEF available at GEF website8  WRI Policy and Action Standard additional (sectoral) resources9  FAO’s EX-Ante Carbon balance Tool (EX-ACT),  RETScreen Software Suite

For more comprehensive list of all available tools and methodologies (not necessarily relevant to the SCS) refer to:

 WRI Policy and Action Standard List of Tools and Methods available at http://ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/Policy%20and%20Action%20Standard%20- %20List%20of%20tools%20and%20methods%20v2.xls  Collection of reference materials available at www.unhabitat.org/cop21-guiding-principles- for- city-climate-action-planning-annex/

1.1.1.1 USING THE METHODOLOGY FOR GREENFIELDS

1. The SCS-DM can be applied to greenfield projects – new city development plans. 2. For application of the methodology for greenfields the following principles should be followed:

7 All GHG Protocol tools can be found on http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools 8 https://www.thegef.org/gef/ghg-accounting 9 http://ghgprotocol.org/policy-and-action-standard

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 41

 The baseline emission inventory should be established as a projected emissions.  Emission goals should be established based on scenario analysis.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 42

TOOL FOR SELECTION OF PILOT INVESTMENT PROJECTS UNDER GEF 6 SC IAP CHILD PROJECT INDIA

Screening and scoping methodology

Introduction Purpose of this methodology is to allow for selecting best suited intervention projects, that would most fit objectives of the GEF 6 SC IAP Child Project India.

PROJECT SCREENING STAGE

Step 1 - Determining, whether a project contribute to a greenhouse gas emission reduction.

Aim of GEF 6 SC IAP project is to promote sustainable city development, and there are an endless number of activities contributing to that goal, however, this project primarily focuses on climate change mitigation activities. Projects, that do not influence, whether directly or indirectly, a greenhouse gas emission reduction, should seek support under other programs. Project activities, which do not contribute to achieving greenhouse gas emission reduction, shall be excluded from further assessment under this methodology.

Step 2 - Assigning to a project activity scope/scopes a project contribute to.

A project should be attributed to city activity sectors covered by GEF 6 SC IAP project methodology, namely:  Stationary energy  Transportation  Waste  Industrial Processes and product use (IPPU)  Agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU)  other emissions (e.g. goods and services) A project can have positive impact on more than one sector, therefore, all the sectors a project contributes to, should be noted. Preference under this methodology is given to multi-benefit activities. For covering 3 or more sectors, a project activity shall receive 3 points, for 2 sectors – 2 points and 1 point for 1 sector. Potential emission reduction sector matching shall be is subject of professional judgement at this stage of assessment.

Step 3 - Supporting most greenhouse gas emission intensive city sectors

Should a city have established a baseline greenhouse emission estimation under GEF 6 SC IAP, projects covering the most GHG emission intensive sectors have preference under this methodology. Additional points shall be added depending on a project contribution to most demanding sectors.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 43

Projects addressing sector with the highest emission in the city, shall be allocated 3 points. Second ranked sector shall receive 2 points and third one 1 point.

Step 4 - Contribution to national/local initiatives supporting sustainable city development.

Identification of a project programmatic support opportunities should be made under this step. The Smart Cities Mission (SCM), the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) are programs considered as complementary to GEF 6 SC IAP, therefore supported project activities should contribute to objectives of those missions. Apart from a synergy effect, selecting activities falling under aforementioned initiatives, will strongly increase chances of a project for successful implementation, through possibility to use co-financing from that mechanisms. Taking into consideration the above, special preference shall be given under this step, for projects eligible for being supported from SCM, SBM, AMRUT or other programs supporting sustainable city development. Eligibility for 3 or more programs shall be rewarded with 3 points, 2 programs - 2 points, 1 program – 1 point.

Step 5 - Local perspective

A list of 3 project categories considered by the city administration as most required for intervention, should be prepared. Should selected project activities fall under one or more of the categories, they shall receive additional preference under this step. For fitting into 3 project categories, a project activity shall receive 3 points, for 2 sectors – 2 points and 1 point for 1 sector.

Step 6 - Final project qualification

A list of project activities, which has passed through the steps 1-5 should be made stating total score received. Projects with the highest score shall qualify to the next project selection stage. Shall more projects receive a same score, selection will be made based on higher expected GHG reduction potential compared to total investment costs.

PROJECT SCOPING STAGE Having obtained most preferred project activities at general assessment process of stage I, a more detailed analysis is required to select the best project activity, which will receive direct support under GEF 6 SC IAP.

Step 7 - Estimating project indicators

This step require assessing of projects indicators, that will allow for comparing overall response of a project to GEF 6 SC IAP Child Project India objectives. Step 7a relate to quantitative parameters. 1. Total Lifetime Direct and Indirect GHG Emissions Avoided (Mg CO2eq) 2. Lifetime Energy Saved (MWh) 3. Increase in Renewable Energy Capacity and Production (MWh) 4. Number of Users of low GHG systems (Number, of which female) 5. Number of Hectares under Low GHG Management Practices (Ha.) 6. Time Saved in adoption of low GHG technology (Percentage)

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 44

7. Volume of investment mobilized and leveraged by GEF for low GHG development (co-financing and additional financing) of which: a. public b. domestic c. external d. private

For Indicators No. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 score shall be number equal of percentage of individual indicator compared to a sum of same project indicator for each of the analysed projects. Same formula shall apply for indicator 4 with regards to total number of users. Separate calculation shall be made for share of women and accounted for in the total score calculation as separate indicator. For score calculation of Indicator 7, only volume of investment mobilized and leveraged by GEF for low carbon development shall be taken. Total score for Step 7a for each project shall be calculated as a sum of points received. Step 7 b relates to qualitative indicators. 1. Identify contribution to specific GHG reduction target (percent), if any, under any national, sectoral, local plans 2. Degree of support for low GHG development in policy, planning and regulations 3. Quality of MRV Systems 4. Degree of strength of financial and market mechanisms for low GHG development

As generally intangible, Step 7b indicators shall receive score based on professional judgement, where high level of contribution/support/quality or strength shall be assigned 100 points, average level 66 points and only satisfactory degree 33 points.

Step 8 - Technical and economic project feasibility

Adequate technical and economic parameters of projects are of great importance to ensure, that projects will achieve expected effects over their lifetime. Proper assessment of technologies applied will increase chances for uninterrupted project operation. Additionally, promoting best available technologies will support technology transfer to India or development of environmental technologies locally. The following aspects shall be assessed:  Investment costs  Average yearly operation and maintenance costs

Score for investment costs indicator shall be equal to 100 minus number equal to percentage of individual project indicator in a sum of same project indicator for all of analysed projects. Score for average yearly operation and maintenance costs performance indicator shall be equal to 1 divided by number equal to percentage of yearly operation and maintenance costs in a total investment costs of the same project. Newest and highly efficient technologies are usually characterized by high investment costs. Additionally, sophisticated and high operating and maintenance costs could impair sustainability of the project taking into consideration local context, therefore a proper balance must be sought, between most advanced technological solutions and a project economy. The following aspects shall be assessed:  Compliance with best sector technologies used worldwide

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 45

 Successful implementation of same or similar type of projects worldwide (excluding pilot or laboratory scale projects)

Scoring methodology shall remain same as for Step 7b. Total score of step 7 b for each project shall be calculated as a sum of points received for each indicator.

Step 9 - Calculation of project efficiency

To achieve best possible effectiveness of intervention, a support shall be given to projects, which allow for best use of GEF 6 SC IAP support potential. Most obvious for project effectiveness assessment, a tCO2eq/USD indicator, does not allow for fully reflecting the idea of GEF 6 project objective, therefore two additional indicators have been applied to Step 8 of the assessment. Aim of approach is to promote projects, that are not most investment efficient in terms of greenhouse gas emission reduction, however allow for having direct impact on more population. Therefore 3 project activity effectiveness indicators shall be calculated: 1. Number of people that would benefit from implementation of a project activity [persons/monetary unit]. Average, per year of the whole lifetime of a project, limited to 20 years. Score shall be number equal of percentage of individual effectiveness indicator compared to a sum of same project indicator for each of the analysed projects and multiplied by 100. Result shall constitute 20% share of total step 8 result of each project.

2. Amount of greenhouse gas emissions avoided/reduced average per capita per year of project

activity [tCO2eq/person]. Calculation shall cover whole lifetime of a project, limited to 20 years. All greenhouse gases covered by the GEF 6 SC IAP methodology shall be covered, and converted to their CO2 emission equivalents according to global warming potentials of each GHG gas, as adopted in GEF 6 SC IAP methodology. Score shall be number equal of percentage of individual effectiveness indicator compared to a sum of same project indicator for each of the analysed projects and multiplied by 100. Result shall constitute 20% share of total step 8 result of each project.

3. Amount of greenhouse gas emissions avoided/reduced per monetary unit of total investment costs [tCO2eq/monetary unit].

Score shall be number equal of percentage of individual effectiveness indicator compared to a sum of same project indicator for each of the analysed projects and multiplied by 100. Result shall constitute 60% share of total step 8 result of each project.

Final score of step 8 shall be calculate by multiplying the result by an adjustment factor of 10, to increase its weight in the overall project score.

Step 10 - Final project selection

A project activity, that receive the highest cumulative score in stage II of the assessment methodology, shall be the one that is best responding to objectives of the GEF 6 SC IAP Child Project India.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 46

Results of pilot investment projects selection

The aim of the pilot project is to demonstrate a specific technology potential for each project city. The demonstration of technology should facilitate development of sustainable cities strategy and its implementation in each city. A specific methodology for the project was developed, which allow selection of the best suited intervention pilot projects, fitting objectives of the GEF 6 SC-IAP Child Project India. In order to facilitate intervention project selection from a large number of initiatives undertaken by the city, a two staged qualification methodology has been developed. Phase I is a screening process, which is designed to assist in limiting the number of projects from a city project pipeline list for a more detailed evaluation in stage two. Aim of this phase is to quickly select eligible project from often numerous list of activities planned by the cities. First, we exclude from further assessment projects, that do not contribute to greenhouse gas emission reduction. Next, projects are assigned to city activity sectors according to SC IAP methodology. Projects, that reduce greenhouse gas emission in more than one sector, get preference. stage three enable to give preference to projects, that support most greenhouse gas emission intensive city sectors. Moreover, assessment of project eligibility for support under Indian missions and programs, allow for assuring investment co-financing, while meeting Indian sustainability goals. Additionally, a local perspective is being taken into consideration, by giving additional score to activities considered as most demanding intervention by city administration and local stakeholders. Highest ranked projects are qualified to phase II. Having obtained most preferred project activities in general assessment process of phase I, a more detailed analysis is required to select the best project activity. Phase II is more complex and require supplementary data. GEF 6 environmental and social indicators have to be assessed for each project, both quantitative as well as qualitative. Technical and economic project feasibility is also addressed here. This is to ensure, that projects will achieve expected effects over their lifetime and increase chances for uninterrupted project operation. Final stage assess project efficiency related to the idea of GEF 6 project objective using three indicators:  Number of people that would benefit from implementation of a project activity;  Amount of greenhouse gas emissions avoided/reduced per capita per year of project activity;  Amount of greenhouse gas emissions avoided/reduced per total investment cost. A project activity, that receive the highest cumulative score in phase II of the assessment methodology, shall be the one, that is best responding to objectives of the GEF 6 SC IAP Child Project India. Screening and scoping methodology covers 9 stages for project selection: Stage 1 Determining, whether a project contribute to a greenhouse gas emission reduction. Stage 2 Assigning to a project activity scope/scopes a project contribute to. Stage 3 Supporting most greenhouse gas emission intensive city sectors. Stage 4 Contribution to national/local initiatives supporting sustainable city development. Stage 5 Local perspective. Stage 6 Final project qualification. Stage 7 Estimating project indicators. Stage 8 Technical and economic project feasibility.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 47

Stage 9 Calculation of project efficiency. Using such approach, allow for selecting eligible activities from a large number of projects of a city pipeline. Only limited number of multi-benefit investment opportunities is then assessed against sustainability indicators and project efficiency factors, allowing for selecting investments, that best utilize GEF support, meet global and local needs, but most of all, bring highest contribution to the sustainability objectives of the GEF and India. Phase I of the methodology has been used presently to select 3 investment activities at this Project Preparation Phase, however, the complete methodology, divided even further into individual steps, will constitute basis in a broader context, to assess every project to be implemented under SC IAP sustainable strategies. During project preparatory phase, cities have identified the following Indicative priority projects: City Indicative Priority Projects 1. solid waste management and sewage management Bhopal: 2. last mile connectivity to city public transport system 1. waste to energy plant; Jaipur: 2. common treatment plant for textile 1. underground drainage system Guntur: 2. waste to energy plan 1. waste to energy plant Vijayawada: 2. biomethanation from STP 1. compost plant Mysore: 2. biogas plant

In the course of site visits, identification of investment interventions has been conducted. This included stakeholder meetings as well as indicated sites inspection.

City Projects selected after Phase I of project selection methodology 1. Vegetable market waste biomethanation (biogas plant) Bhopal: 2. 200+100TPD compost plants 3. Last mile connectivity to city public transport system 1. Sewage treatment plant connecting to next part of the city, selling surplus biogas outside and auto rickshaw fuel switch to CNG from STP Jaipur: 2. Electric public buses for Jaipur’s city centre 3. Waste to Energy 1. Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS) “last mile” connectivity system Vijayawada: 2. Energy generation from STP biogas 3. Electric transportation system serving citizens and tourists 1. Sewage treatment plant upgrade for biogas collection and energy generation 2. Slaughterhouse and vegetable market waste biomethanation plant Mysore: 3. 300TPD compost plant

Collected during site-visits, received from local authorities and through internal research data, allowed for the following estimations: Project name Project assumptions Project results  Anaerobic digestion of 6tones Energy generation: Vegetable market per day (TPD) slaughterhouse 2 812MWh/year waste biomethanation waste and 14TPD vegetable GHG emission reduction: (biogas plant) and fruit market organic waste 18 146tCO2e/year  300kW biogas engine Number of project users:

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 48

 Project cost: 1 500 000USD 380 000  Construction of 200TPD compost plant in Kesare and GHG emission reduction: 100TPD in Rayanakere 200+100TPD compost 41 660tCO2e/year  RDF production plants Number of project users:  Project cost: 3 560 000USD + 700 300 2270 000USD; total: 5 900 000USD  Construction of 56km of footpaths  Construction of 78km of bike lanes GHG emission reduction: Last mile connectivity  Construction of 400 B&R (bike 2 520tCO2e/year to city public transport and ride) bike roofed stands (for Number of project users: system 10 bikes each) at bus stands 50 000  Construction ITS pedestrian prioritisation system  Project costs: 12 000 000USD  Construction of 15,6 MLD Sewage treatment plant (STP) Sewage treatment using USAB (Upflow Anaerobic GHG emission reduction: plant connecting to Sludge Blanket) technology 1 062tCO2e/year next part of the city,  Biogas electricity generation Number of project users: selling surplus biogas using 200kW gas engine 173 611 outside and auto  Raw biogas purification and Energy generation: rickshaw fuel switch to bottling option for CNG 1 095kWh CNG from STP production  Project cost: 10 500 000USD  Purchase of Energy generation:  20 electric buses 345MWh/year  Construction of electric Electric public buses GHG emission reduction: bus charging points for Jaipur’s city centre 2 550tCO2e/year  Construction of 1,5MW Number of project users: photovoltaic power plant 14 256 Project cost: 8 000 000USD  GHG emission reduction:  Construction of 15TPD solid 13 462 tCO2e/year Waste to Energy Waste to Energy plant Number of project users:  800kW electric capacity 79 545  Project cost: 9 000 000 USD Establishing Last mile connectivity from bus station to city centre/CBD and touristic places which includes:  Water tram connection Pandit Nehru Bus  Construction of 1km footpaths GHG emission reduction: Station (PNBS) “last (PNBS -city centre last mile 19 1 180tCO2e/year mile” connectivity connectivity) Number of project users: system  Construction of 100km 33 000 bikelanes (PNBS – whole city last mile connectivity)  Construction of 20 B&R systems  Project cost: 10 420 000 USD  Construction of biogas utilisation Energy generation: 1 for electricity production 095MWh/year Energy generation produced in UASBR installations GHG emission reduction: from STP biogas of Ajith Singh Nagar and 1 100tCO2e/year Jakkampudi plants Number of project users:

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 49

 Biogas generation at Ajith Singh 1 000 000 Nagar – 800+600m3/day; at Jakkampudi 1200 m3/day  Construction of 200kW and 450kW gas engines  Project cost: 1 000 000USD  Purchase of Energy generation:  10 electric buses 345MWh/year Electric transportation  160 electric bikes GHG emission reduction: system serving citizens  1800 electric rickshaws 12 980tCO2e/year and tourists  Construction of 1,5MW Number of project users: photovoltaic power plant 10 600 000  Project cost: 12 000 000USD  Construction of 15,6 MLD Sewage treatment plant (STP) using USAB (Upflow Anaerobic Sewage treatment Sludge Blanket) technology GHG emission reduction: plant upgrade for  Biogas electricity generation 1100tCO2e/year biogas collection and using 200kW gas engine Number of project users: energy generation  Raw biogas purification and 173 611 bottling option for CNG production  Project cost: 10 500 000USD  Anaerobic digestion of 6tones Energy generation: Slaughterhouse and per day (TPD) slaughterhouse 2812MWh/year vegetable market waste and 14TPD vegetable GHG emission reduction: waste biomethanation and fruit market organic waste 5 505tCO2e/year plant  300kW biogas engine Number of project users:  Project cost: 1 500 000USD 380 000  Construction of 300TPD GHG emission reduction: compost plant 41 660tCO2e/year 300TPD compost plant  RDF production Number of project users:  Project cost: 5 900 000USD 7000 300

Selected Projects: Project data have been then assessed according to phase II of the assessment methodology, which resulted in the following result: Projects selected after Phase I of project selection City Phase II score methodology 1. Vegetable market waste biomethanation (biogas plant) 954 2. 200+100TPD compost plants 731 Bhopal: 315 3. Last mile connectivity to city public transport system

Jaipur: 1. Sewage treatment plant connecting to next part of the 559 city, selling surplus biogas outside and auto rickshaw fuel switch to CNG from STP 2. Electric public buses for Jaipur’s city centre 334 3. Waste to Energy 1109 Vijayawada: 1. Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS) “last mile” 496 connectivity system 2. Energy generation from STP biogas 923 3. Electric transportation system serving citizens and 583 tourists Mysore: 1. Sewage treatment plant upgrade for biogas collection 278

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 50

and energy generation 2. Slaughterhouse and vegetable market waste 800 biomethanation plant 3. 300TPD compost plant 922

Selected projects, are estimated to jointly:

 save 857 587tCO2e  increase installed renewable energy capacity in India by 1750kW  generate 158 094MWh of renewable energy (569 138 400 Million Joules)  serve 2 259 845 users, of which 1 113 324 female  total projects cost 17 400 000 USD  feasible for implementation within 2 years compared to 6 years in baseline scenario allowing for saving 50% of time for adoption of low-GHG technologies

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 51

CITY ANALYSIS

BHOPAL

Snapshot basic data of Bhopal/Chapter summary

City Bhopal – State Capital Country India State Madhya Pradesh District Bhopal Bhopal Municipal Corporation Government Body (http://www.bhopalmunicipal.com) Metropolitan area (urbanized area, which can extend 413 sq km (2015) administrative boundaries but is strictly functionally connected with the core city) Administrative area 413 sq km (2015)

Green area per 1,000 population 77 sq mts

Informal settlement as % of city area 28% of the buildings within the city borders

1 795 648 (based on 2011 census) Population 1 923 879 (2015) 4 658- person/ sq km (based on 2011 census) Density Around 7 000 / sq km (2015) 2 212 461 (2020) Population prospects for the years: 2 544 330 (2025) 2020, 2025, 2030 2 887 450 (2030) humid subtropical (humid monsoon season) Climate City is known for scenic beauty (lakes, parks, temples, gardens, museums) Children (0-6) - 11% Demographics (age structure in %) Elderly (above 60) - 12% Electrical and medicinal goods, textile, cotton, chemicals, jewellery, handicrafts, tourism. Two industrial estates in proximity (engineering, Industry textile and pharmaceuticals) Groving service sector (housing, banking and insurance, education) Yearly budet Around 412.1 million of USD Rank 15 largest cities of India

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 52

State Language: Hindi, English and Marathi The main transport problems in Bhopal are: traffic accidents, air pollution and congestion (increased travel times). Main reasons for this situation are: 1) Suboptimal use of public transport (buses) which is further a consequence of poor last mile connectivity, congestion (which is also a consequence of high Transport issues: share of autorickshaws and tempos within the public transport mode division – vicious circle) and long time spent on boarding and alighting 2) Inadequate transport infrastructure and its suboptimal use 3) Mixed traffic, and lack of infrastructure for pedestrians 4) On-road selling of goods 5) Big share of old-design, highly polluting tempos. Unpaved and open collection site. Currently no SWM: waste segregation is performed and only 20% of waste is processed. Unscientific disposal technique. The percentage of city population served by wastewater collection reached 60%. However, a large area of the city, has no sewage network, either internal or trunk, and the raw sewage or septic tank Wastewater: outflows are discharged into open drains which flow into the watercourses. Ground and surface water contamination (chemical and microbal contamination). Per capita emissions for Bhopal have been Emissions: 0.31T/Year in 2007-08. Solid waste management and sewage management, Indicative Priority Projects: last mile connectivity to city public transport system Tabele 6 Snapshot basic data of Bhopal/Chapter summary

General city information

City profile Bhopal, the capital city of the state of Madhya Pradesh, and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal district and Bhopal division.

Madhya Pradesh District Madhya Pradesh (“middle province”) or MP is the 2nd largest state of India. MP is often called as the "Heart of India". According to the census of India 2011, approximately 72,6 million people reside there. The state is separated by its neighbouring states Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to West, Rajasthan to the North -West, Uttar Pradesh to the North East and Chhattisgarh to the East. Source: censusindia.gov.in Figure 7 Madhya Pradesh District

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 53

Bhopal is the second largest city in the state, after Indore. The city is located in the central part of India, on the Malwa Plateau spreading across the central part of India. Lies in hilly terrain, sloping towards the North and South East. At an average elevation of 576 m above mean sea level (MSL). The Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC) is responsible for the overall administration of the city. Its jurisdiction, extending over an area of about 413 sq. km10, is divided into 14 zones comprising 85 wards (administrative units). This is currently being expanded to include an additional 20 villages and 8 gram panchayats (local self-government organisation). With the expanded planning area of 463 sq km, Bhopal stands among 15 largest cities of India. Since 2005 City of Bhopal expanded its area by 130 sq km. Bhopal Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes, it has ten natural and artificial lakes, including the Upper Lake and Lower Lake, which are collectively known as the Bhoj Wetland. In 1965 between the Upper Lake and Lower Lake the Bhadbhada dam with the set of 11 sluice gates at was constructed. The gates are used to control the outflow of water from the lake to Kaliasote river, and are opened only when the city receives heavy rainfall during the monsoon season. It has a full tank level of 1666.80 feet.

Source: Bhopal Solid Waste Management Pre-Feasibility Study; April 2015 Figure 8 Area of Bhopal Municipal Corporation

From a development perspective, the city is classified into two parts, an older city of dense communities to the north, and newer, more modern developments to the south and west. These older areas are characterized by densely packed housing, narrow alleys and crowded markets, in contrast to the more modern areas with wider streets, planned communities and commercial centres.

10 Based on data given in Questionnaire

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 54

Bhopal is a large industrial centre, developed branches are: engineering and machinery, electrical and textile (cotton), chemical, wood and food. An important trade and commerce centre (corn, cotton, wood) and crafts (jewellery product). Railway and road junction. Airport. Bhopal is also important University centre. In 1984 an ecological disaster occurred in Bhopal. As a result of methyl isocyanate entering into the atmosphere, more than 3000 thousand people died and about 100 thousand have been infected. The tragedy caused long-term effects in healthcare, environmental rehabilitation, occupational and habitation rehabilitation, economic rehabilitation and as well other impacts.

Climate Bhopal has a humid subtropical climate, with cool, dry winters, a hot summer and a humid monsoon season. Summers start in late March and go on till mid-June, the average temperature being around 30 °C (86 °F), with the peak of summer in May, when the highs regularly exceed 40 °C (104 °F). The monsoon starts in late June and ends in late September. These months see about 40 inches (1020 mm) of precipitation, frequent thunderstorms and flooding. The average number of rainy days is approximately 40. The average temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F) and the humidity is quite high (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal). Winds are predominant from the west and southwest during the monsoon. The presence of the lakes and hillocks create numerous and varying microclimates.

Demography Bhopal is one of the most urbanized districts in India, with urbanization rate of around 80%. Bhopal is a medium-sized Indian city with 1,7 M inhabitants, with sex ratio 898 females for each 1000 males, which is close to India’s average. The population growth in the city is moderate as for India conditions, around 25% within the last 10 years, however, growth rate is smaller than expected: city reached 1,7 M in 2011, while expected to reach 2,1 M by this year. Current estimations shows growth 2,2 M by 2020 and 2,5 M by 2030. Growth is caused by natural increase plus migration from the rural areas and smaller towns to Bhopal (accounts for 14% of the growth). Age structure of the city’s inhabitants is characterized by a high pre-working age share (0-14 years: 40%) and high working age share (54%), which is though pattern common for the developing countries. City’s unemployment rate is 27%, however it is estimated that in reality a significant part from this number is employed, but in the informal manner. Majority of Bhopal’s inhabitants are employed in the industry sector (29%), the second largest sector is services (18%); however this numbers are highly unsure, since a large share of employment is categorized as non-specified (32%). A significant group of inhabitant are the seasonal construction sector workers (period: 8 months per year).

Economy Age structure of the city’s inhabitants is characterized by a high pre-working age share (0-14 years: 40%) and high working age share (54%), which is though pattern common for the developing countries. City’s unemployment rate is 27%, however it is estimated that in reality a significant part from this number is employed, but in the informal manner. Majority of Bhopal’s inhabitants are employed in the industry sector (29%), the second largest sector is services (18%); however this numbers are highly unsure, since a large share of employment is categorized as non-specified (32%). A significant group of inhabitant are the seasonal construction sector workers (period: 8 months per year).

Governance City is growing outwards, i.e. share of city’s population living in the city’s central district steadily decrease on expense of increase in number of inhabitants living in its outer parts. Major new urban

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 55

development areas are located in the south-east, north-east and east city’s outskirts. City is characterized by a low density; on average it is 4658 persons per squared km (taking into account density of the habitable area within the gross area of the Bhopal city). Bhopal is one of the greenest cities in India – 14% of the city’s area is covered with green. Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC) is responsible for the civil infrastructure and administration of the city of Bhopal. Among others BMC is responsible for the following issues:

 Coordination between all line departments and agencies involved in development.  Coordination between various department/sections of Bhopal Municipal Corporation.  Ensuring efficient delivery of basic services like drinking water, sanitation, Roads, Street lights, Fire mitigation including disaster management etc. using Clean Technologies, Cost Efficient Methods and other Smart Initiatives.  Conservation and Beautification of the lakes, and structural heritage.  Planning, Construction, Up-gradation and maintenance of Urban transport system which includes Public Transport, Parking, New Corridors (BRTS - Bus Rapid Transit System).  Work As Ex-officio Board of Directors, Bhopal City Link Limited (City Transport SPV) which ensures commercial operation of Public transport (Inter City Bus Service, Intra City Bus System, Intra City Public Taxi Service, etc.)  Implementation of projects sanctioned under JNNURM (The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) , ADB (Asian Development Bank) assisted Project Uday (Urban Water Supply and Environmental Improvement Project), Housing for All, and Implementation of DFID (Department for International Development – gov. of UK) assisted MPUIIP (Madhaya Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Investment Programme), Rajiv Awas Yojna (RAY)11- (Slum-free City Planning), Chief Minister Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme, Various PPP Projects (Multilevel Parking etc).  Regulatory works like Building permission, Development Permission, Encroachment removals.  Computerized Municipal Processes through SAP-ERP based Municipal Administration System.  Implementation of various social sector schemes, survey of Samagra Samajik Suraksha Mission(SSSM)  Support to District Administration in Municipal Area Expansion Mapping and  Demography based Regularization of Ward Boundaries  Support to District administration for Municipal and Local elections.

Current Bhopal development projects:

 Driverless Underground Metro;  Habibganj to be developed with modern amenities by Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation;  New Delhi-Bhopal Shatabdi Express extended to Habibganj;  upgrade of Bhopal-Sanchi, Bhopal-Biora and Bhopal-Jabalpur sections on NH-12;  Bhopal airport to be marketed;

11 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) is an Indian government program that attempts to help slum dwellers gain appropriate housing and address the processes by which slums are created and reproduced. It was introduced byThe Indian government's Ministry of Housing and urban poverty Alleviation. The programme is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, and will run from 2013 to 2022. This scheme aims to make India slum-free by 2022 by providing people with shelter or housing, free of cost. It began with a pilot project, before launching in mission mode. The government earmarked ₹32230 crore (US$4.8 billion) for implementation during India's 12th Five Year Plan. One million beneficiaries are proposed to be covered under Rajiv Awas Yojana.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 56

 available as point of call for designated carriers of Sri Lanka;  to be developed as a solar city;  water supply in gas-affected areas;  proposed All India Institute of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Design;  proposed development as a mega circuit in Madhya Pradesh;  development of cultural complexes;  architectural and landscaping planning at Raja Bhoj airport;  construction of 2,400 individual household toilets with twin leach pit under Mukhya Mantri Sahri Swachhta Mission;  construction of 300 LIG ﬂats under Atal Ashraya affordable housing scheme;  construction of works related to third track between Habibganj to Barkhera and Budni to Itarsi on Bhopal-Itarsi. Existing infrastructure: BRTS (Indore Bus Rapid Transit System)12 and non-polarimetric DWR (Doppler Weather Radar) systems13.

Land use development The land use in Bhopal is represented in seven broad categories of Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Public and Semi-public, Public utilities, Recreational and Transportation. The maximum share of land allocations in the Bhopal Development Plan (BDP) 1991, was under the residential category having 45% followed by recreational (15%) and transportation (13%).

12 The Indore Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) or Ahilya Path is the bus rapid transit system for the city of Indore, Madhya Pradesh by AICTSL also called i-Bus(Intelligent Bus), became operational from 10 May 2013. The Indore BRTS project started in 2007 under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). It involves the participation of the Governments of India and Madhya Pradesh, and the World Bank. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indore_BRTS); http://www.mybusbhopal.in/the-brts-bhopal/ ) 13 http://www.sgsweather.com/doppler-weather-radar

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 57

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Residential Commercial Industrial Public and Public utilities Recreational transportation

Semi-public Allocated Land in Thousand HectareinLandThousand Allocated

Land Allocation (BDP 1991) Land Allocation (BDP 2005_D)

Bhopal land use allocation

Source: Low Carbon Society Scenario Bhopal 2035 Figure 9 Bhopal land use allocation

Economic profile In recent years, Bhopal has seen a decline of traditional industries, especially engineering support and component manufactures that originally emerged around Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL). The service sector is becoming dominant and provides the majority of employment in Bhopal. Current basic economy factors GDP, employment rate and percentage of population living in poverty of Bhopal are given in table below:

Economy 2015

Country GDP per capita Rs. 82,274/- City GDP per capita Rs. 49,979/- Employment 32% (15% Govt. + 17% Private) Percentage of persons in fulltime City’s unemployment rate 27% employment Percentage of city population 28% BPL card holder living in poverty Source: Questionnaire Table 7 Current basic economy factors GDP

City budget The amount of Bhopal City budget for financial year 2015/16 is 274560,14 Rs. Lacs. (hundred thousands of ruppies) 4,1 billion of USD. Main group of expenses that are allocated for development works, capital works, administrative, operation & maintenance, and others (see table) are 122886,21 Rs. Lacs, 1,9 billion of USD. Current 2015 – 2016 Bhopal budget factors are given in table below.

Budget

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 58

City’s budget (avg. Financial Year 2015- In Rs. Lacs 274560,14 annually) 16 Tax income 22480,00 Main sources of tax Property Tax - 49% income (in % share of Water Tax - 20% total income) Others - 30% Development Works - 27 % Establishment - 10% Capital works - Main group of expenses 17% Administrative - (in % share of total 122886,21 3% Operation & city’s budget) Maintenance - 17% Central scheme contribution - 9% Annual spending on: - Public transport 120,00 - Energy for municipal 1570,65 buildings & utilities - Waste management 17728,94 - Water and wastewater 21539,74 management

Budget

City’s budget (avg. annually) Financial Year 2015-16 In Rs. Lakhs 274560,14 Tax income 22480,00

Main sources of tax income (in % Property Tax - 49% Water share of total income) Tax - 20% Others - 30% Development Works - 27 % Establishment - 10% Capital works - 17% Main group of expenses (in % share Administrative - 3% 122886,21 of total city’s budget) Operation & Maintenance - 17% Central scheme contribution - 9% Annual spending on:

- Public transport 120,00

- Energy for municipal buildings 1570,65 & utilities - Waste management 17728,94

- Water and wastewater 21539,74 management

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 59

Source: Questionnaire Table 8 Current 2015 – 2016 Bhopal budget factors

3 most important problems to solve in the city 1. Liquid and Solid Waste Management, 2. Drinking Water Supply, 3. Environmental Pollution.

Investments, development plans

Bhopal City Investment Plan; Strategies and Action Plan (based on Bhopal City Development Plan 2021). The following strategies have been identified: Urban Planning and Growth Management - Strategies & Action Plan

 Rapid and Rational Implementation of Development Plan  Development Restrictions in Specific Areas  Decentralized Planning and Increased Citizen’s Involvement in the Development Planning Process  Improved Co-ordination Between Various Sanctioning and Implementing Agencies  Optimum Use of Municipal Land and Inviting Private Sector to Actively Work with the Public Sector Urban Renewal Strategies & Action Plan

 Planned infrastructural development  Strengthening of road surface and traffic management  Redefining and revitalizing age-old city structures Water Supply - Strategies & Action Plan

 Water Supply Planning  Water Auditing  Water Supply Operation and Maintenance  Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building Sewerage - Strategies & Action Plan

 Augmentation and Rehabilitation of the System  Effective Operation & Maintenance  System Maintenance Plan  Awareness Campaign on Recycling/ Reuse Storm Water Drainage Strategies & Action Plan

 Drainage Rehabilitation Programme  Construction of Roadside Drains  Construction of RCC Wall for Protection of Nallah Side Protection.  Effective Operation and Maintenance Solid Waste Management Strategies & Action Plan  Increasing Collection Efficiency  Effective Positioning of Solid Waste Collection Facilities

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 60

 Proper Transportation  Waste Segregation and Reuse Transport System (Roads, Bridges, Traffic Management, Parking Lots, Goods and Mass Transport) Strategies and Action Plan

 Augmentation and Asset Rehabilitation  Widening and Strengthening of Road Structures  Construction of New Radial Roads, which are the Missing Links in the Transport Network. Traffic Management

 Preparation of Traffic and Transportation Master Plan  Improvement of Parking and Pedestrian facilities  Traffic Streamlining at Intersections  Decongestion of the CBD (Central Business District) Housing for Urban Poor and Slum Rehabilitation

 Slum Existing Condition Survey  Rehabilitation of Slums  Infrastructural Development Works  Community Development and Social Infrastructure  Regularization of illegal colonies and unauthorized layouts Environment – Strategies & Action Plan Urban Heritage – Goals, Objective of Development, Strategies & Action Plan Special Projects – Strategies & Action Plan

SECTORAL ANALYSIS WITH GHG EMISSIONS

Local government buildings and facilities

Municipal buildings: 151, which accounts for an insignificant share of the total number of buildings in Bhopal.

Commercial sector Commercial buildings: 30 007, which accounts for around 1% of the total number of buildings in Bhopal.

Residential sector Positive developments can be seen regarding indicators for the construction sector: 95% of the city population is currently covered by regular solid waste collection, the percentage of city population served by wastewater collection reached 60%, the percentage of city population with authorized electrical service equals 84%, and the percentage of city population with potable water supply service is 95%. Bhopal’s most significant problem within the construction sector is a large number of informal settlements (slums): 28% of all the buildings are sub-standard houses. Bhopal’s current buildings composition is as follows: municipal buildings (151), commercial buildings (30 007), residential buildings (297 518), other buildings (3 392). The most of inhabitants lives in

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 61

blocks of flats and small multifamily houses (together 45% of all the buildings), the rest in one family houses (27% of all the buildings) and in informal settlements (28% of all the buildings). Bhopal is one of the greenest cities in India – 14% of it is covered with green. Building details are given in tables below:

Municipal buildings

What types of building does the city have – which are governed by the city authority, esp.: - administrative buildings 110 - schools 77 - other public services buildings 6 - utilities 15 Number of municipal buildings (eg. schools, administrative buildings 151 etc.) Any characteristics of municipal buildings eg.:

- area (m2/sq.feets) 378400 Sq ft (apprx)

Ward Office, Zone Office, Project office, - building type (eg. town hall, castle, cathedral, prison, office Administrative Buildings, Town Hall, Multi building etc.) level parings, Fire stations

- energy source (if any – heating, cooling, warm water, Electricity cooking) Energy consumption (avg. yearly values or for specific year 2005- 2015) Average annually consumption - 14.17 - electricity Million Units - heat/cold nil - other fuels nil Renewable energy sources on municipal buildings:

- type (eg. solar thermal, PV, heat pump, wind turbine, etc.) nil - capacity (kW) nil - energy production (if known) nil Any relevant information regarding GHG inventory (recent changes nil in sector, developments, problems etc.) Source: Questionnaire

Table 9 Bhopal Municipal Buildings Details

Commercial buildinngs

Number of commercial buildings in the city or % share in total 33007 buildings number Area of commercial buildings (hectares/acres/sq feets/m2) 16804200 sq ft (apprx) Types of commercial buildings in the city (with numbers or % share – even rough estimation) - strictly commercial – shops 31996

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 62

- large shopping malls 6 malls and 34 departmental stores - office buildings 16347 Energy consumption of commercial sector (avg. yearly values or for specific year 2005-2014) - electricity

- heat/cold

- other fuels Source: Questionnaire

Table 10 Bhopal Commercial Buildings Details

Residential buildings

Number of residential buildings in the city or % share in total 297518 buildings number Area of residential buildings (hectares/acres/sq feets/m2) (102.8 km2) Types of residential buildings in the city (with numbers or % share – even rough estimation) - one family houses 27% - small multifamily houses 20% - large multifamily houses (block of flats) 25% - informal settlements (substandard housing - slums) 28% Types of fuels used in residential sector

- for electricity Thermal and Hydel power plant - for heat Electricity & Firewood - for cooking LPG, Kerosene & Firewood - for warming water Electricity & Firewood All fuel types are important. Fuel type share would be very useful. Energy consumption of residential sector (avg. yearly values year 2015 or for specific year 2000-2014) - electricity 1490 Million Units - heat/cold

- other fuels Source: Questionnaire Table 11 Bhopal Residential Buildings Details

Other buildings/areas

Types of other buildings/areas not characterized before (eg. military, religious). Their share in total 3392 buildings and other relevant information. Source: Questionnaire

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 63

Table 12 Bhopal Buildings Details

Public lightening

Street lighting – Bhopal has 40 200 lights positioned all over the municipal area. They can be divided into: Sodium Vapor Lamps-3 2766, LED- 6 000, Tube light-1 434. Capacity installed in street lighting equals 8 MW. The number of traffic light lamps in Bhopal is 68, this number includes 52 – Solar light signal, 16 – Electric light signal. Energy consumption of lighting sector (avg. annual values or for specific years 2005-2014) was 71 Million Units kWh. As per census 2001 – 97% of the households in Bhopal district have access to electricity as source of lightening. 443 households use solar energy for lighting.

Source of lightening Number of households

Electricity 323 091 Kerosene 11 152 Solar energy 443 Oher oil 200 Any other 158 No lightening 332 Total 335 376 Source: Low Carbon Society Scenario Bhopal 2035 Table 13 Bhopal district electricity access

Energy production and distribution

Energy and CO2 emissions Energy consumption in Bhopal is growing rapidly. The electricity consumption for the year 2007-2008 in Bhopal was about 940.83 million kWh (Divisional Planning and Statistics Office, 2008) with urban Bhopal consuming more than 580 million kWh. The share of the residential sector has been highest with 58% of the total electricity consumption, followed by commercial with 19%, and others with 18%. The industrial sector accounts for 5%. In the total final energy consumption, fuel wood, LPG and kerosene constitute almost 70%, and the balance is distributed amongst coal, petroleum, electricity, etc.

Sector Energy / Fuel Quantity

Electricity (M kWh) 340,1 LPG (MT) 49,240 Residential Fuel wood (MT) 1 275, 30 Kerosene (kL) 11 941 Electricity (M kWh) 112,9 Commercial LPG (MT) 2 184 Kerosene (kL) 2 388

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 64

Industrial Electricity (M kWh) 29,5 Diesel (kL) 59 369,8 Transportation Petrol (kL) 48 842,5 Waste MSW (tpd) 550 Others Electricity (M kWh) 103,8 Source: low Carbon Society Scenario Bhopal 2035; Energy and Carbon Emission Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities; ICLEI – South Asia

Table 14 Sector wise energy use (2007-2008)

In accordance with data received from Bhopal Municipal Council (Questionnaire) the amount of electricity supplied to different types of users, is as follows:

Energy grid characteristics. Amount of electricity supplied to the city (avg. in Milliion Units yearly values or for specific year 2005-2014) – amount of electricity supplied to (MU) kWh different types of users: Commercial 786 Institutional 41 Residential 1520 Transport

Industrial 295 Source: Questionnaire

Table 15 Amount of electricity supplied to different types of users

Current (2015) electricity infrastructure is give in table below:

Total electrical use per capita 1223 KWh Total residential electrical use per capita 790 KWh % of population with authorized electrical service 84% Source: Questionnaire

Table 16 Bhopal electricity infrastructure

A study carried out by ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) – Local Governments for Sustainability with the City Mayors Association, shows that for the year 2007 – 2008 the annual emissions contribution from various activities in Bhopal Municipal Corporation Area was about 0,74 million Tera CO2. Contribution of the Industrial sector in CO2 emissions is very small at only 3%, whereas the residential, commercial and transport sector contribute more than 80% to CO2 emissions.

Sector CO2 emission Residential 36% Industrial 3% Commercial 11% Transportation 39% Waste 2%

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 65

Others 9% Source: Low Carbon Society Scenario Bhopal 2035 Table 17 Bhopal – Carbon emission in urban area

Summary:

 Activities in Bhopal contribute to 0.74 Million TeCO2 annually  Per capita emissions for Bhopal have been 0.31T/Year in 2007-08  Corporation-level emissions comprise about 8.83% of the total city emissions.

Transport

One of the city’s top three priorities established for urban planning policy is included within the transport sector: an integrated public transport system. Nearly half of all residents of the city believe traffic is a serious problem where they live, especially the people living in the space-constrained Old City area. Most (about 57%) do not feel their commute will improve over the next three years, and nearly a quarter expect to spend more time commuting. Bhopal is covered by an extensive road system built of bitumen, cement concrete and road metal. The total road length increased from about 531 km in 1981 to about 800 km 1990-91 at the rate of 2.28 % per annum. There are 5 arterial roads of which three are national highways. Over 20% of land is used for transport infrastructure with plans to decrease this share to 14% by 2021. Two highways pass through the city. Bhopal has a decent public transportation system comprising of buses, mini-buses, three wheeled autos and tempos that are a major pollution concern for this growing city. Buses and minibuses serve 380 000 passengers per day. City has India's longest Bus Rapid Transit System, which became functional in 2013. A metro rail project is under implementation for the city and is expected to be completed in 2020. The traffic composition of Bhopal is as follows: 2-weels vehicles accounts for around 30% of number of vehicles in Indian cities. Buses and rickshaws which are public transport means in Bhopal is 6825 together, where 825 are buses. In addition, around 600 mini-buses are run by private operators. Metro or Radio Taxi and auto-rickshaws are another major means of transport. The chart below illustrates traffic composition in Bhopal, divided by transport mode: Figure 10

SOURCE: Share of passengers’ trips in Bhopal, T.S. Optimization, p.8.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 66

Figure 10 Traffic composition in Bhopal The most problematic area in regards to transport is the Old Town and its surroundings, where congestion is the most intense due to concentration of activities in core areas of the city. This is caused by a disconnection between land use and planning for transport demand needs – to a big concentration of activities in core areas of the city.

The main transport problems in Bhopal are: traffic accidents, pollution and congestion (increased travel times). The main reasons for this situation are: 1. Prevailing imbalance in modal share: a high share of para transit, which is responsible for a big part of traffic accidents and is characterized by high pollution emission; the latter especially in regards to tempos vehicles. 2. Suboptimal use of public transport caused by: public transport is uncompetitive compared to private vehicles: the average journey time is approximately 1 hour 25 min (which is caused mainly by congestion, too small share of public transport in traffic – vicious circle), whereas 50% of the time is spent either on boarding or alighting (approximately 14 people boarding at each bus stop). Therefore, net travel time is around 40 min and the average travel speed is about 40 km/per hour. 3. Inadequate transport infrastructure and its suboptimal use creates congestion, traffic accidents and pollution. Lack of adequate parking spaces in commercial areas cause many vehicles to park on the roads and narrow streets. 4. Mixed traffic, and lack of infrastructure for pedestrians. Mixed traffic also causes cars and trucks to drive more slowly transport, and more manoeuvrable vehicles cannot pass by the less manoeuvrable, big vehicles. 5. A significant problem are also hawkers and timber merchants selling their goods in the middle of the streets, as well as ribbon development consisting of shopping and commercial centres along the highways, which has resulted in congestion of the corridors.

Solid Waste Management

The exact quantity and characteristic of waste produce in Bhopal is unknown, but Bhopal Municipal Corporation reports that 550 tons/day of solid waste is generated in the urban area. Most waste is dumped on open land or outside the containers. The BMC reports that 60% of the city area is cleaned and swept daily, 30% twice per week and 10% fortnightly. At present, municipal waste is crudely dumped at the Bhanpur village trenching ground, near the road, and during the rainy season 16km from the city. There is no proper access, most vehicles cannot reach the disposal site. (Source: BHOPAL CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN) The results of MSW compositional analyses undertaken in Bhopal are the following:

 excessive amount of organic waste (largely food waste and green waste), of the order of 50 percent of the total waste stream;  inert materials (primarily street sweepings and fines) comprise a further 12 percent of MSW;  conventional recyclable materials, including plastics (10 percent), paper (7 percent), textiles (6 percent) and packaging materials (5 percent);  negligible amounts of glass and rubber (less than 1 percent combined);an apparent absence of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, wood, leather, ceramics or household hazardous waste, which would normally be present in smaller quantities

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 67

Paper Plastics 60 Rubber and Glass Textiles 50 Packaging Inerts

Others Organics 40

% 30 0% 7% 10% 6% 20 51% 5% 12% 10

9% 0

Source: Bhopal Solid Waste Management Pre-Feasibility Study; April 2015 Figure 11 Bhopal Estimated MSW Composition

The total daily generation of MSW for Bhopal “post source segregation” was estimated at 800 tons/day. Assuming a population for Bhopal at that time of 1.96 million, this therefore equated to an average per-capita generation rate of approximately 0.41 kg/capita/day. On the assumption that, for example, about 10 percent of the MSW is currently segregated at source and does not enter the municipal waste stream, then it follows that the total per-capita generation could be of the order of 0.45 kg/capita/day. Since the city population is currently being expanded to about 2.2 million, the generation rate of the city will be of the order of 1,000 tons/day.

Bhopal’s current annual MSW generation rate of 360 000 tons/year will increase to over 600,000 tons/year by 2030, accelerating to over 1.2 million tons/year by 2050. Assuming a recycling efficiency of 25 percent (by weight) is achieved and maintained from 2020 onwards, the cumulative amount of residual waste being generated nearly 2 million tons by 2020, nearly 6 million tons by 2030, and nearly 20 million tons by 2050. (Source: Bhopal Solid Waste Management Pre-Feasibility Study; April 2015.)

MSW Collection Mechanism

For an efficient waste collection management system, the city is divided into 14 zones, the work relating to primary collection of waste has been decentralized at the zone level where it is supervised by health officers with the assistance of ward level inspectors/Daroga, Sanitary supervisor. Primary collection involves waste disposal by households and commercial and institutional places. 70 percent of waste is generated from the households and is disposed by households either on streets society bins or organized collection points in the deferent parts of the city.

There are 1720 sweepers in 66 wards for sweeping work. The time of sweeping is 7.00 am to 11.00 am. In the afternoon, 2.30pm to 5.30 a sweeper is provided with a wheel barrow, 1 long broom an punzar, they have been given specified sweeping area called beat, which they clean and collect the garbage in the wheel barrows and take it to the waste storage sites commonly known as collection points (Source: Bhopal city development plan).

The Bhopal informal recycling sector provides livelihoods to at least 8,000 recyclers. They are active throughout the city and at all points along the waste chain. There is extensive segregation of economically viable waste components within households and other material for sale directly to rag pickers and small waste traders (known as kabariwala). These waste components, therefore do not even enter the municipal waste stream.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 68

MSW Transportation Mechanism BMC has 77 fleets of vehicles for collecting and transporting waste from collection points to the disposal site. Each of the vehicles is allotted specific area for collection and transportation to Bhanpur site. The collection vehicles attend collection point daily and the other location as per the schedule or as per the directions of Health officers.

Vehicles for SW transportation

Trucks 32 Tipper (with 4 dumpers) 01 Refuge Compactor 11 Sewer Cleaning Vehicle 03 Dumpers 9 Trolleys 12 Auto Rickshaw 11 Tractor Trolley 04 JCB 02 Mini Refuge Compactor 02 lader 01 Crane 01 Source: Bhopal City Development Plan Table 18 Vehicles for SW transportation

MSW Disposal Mechanisms Waste collected from city is disposed at Bhanpura trenching ground, an existing landfill site that is 15 km away from New Bhopal. Almost 230 to 280 trips are made to the landfill site by 77 Vehicles every day. Bhanpura landfill characteristics:

Waste

Waste disposal sites (landfills) – characteristics: Bhanpura Landfill - Area 37 acres - Amount of waste disposed 500 MT per day - Biogas capture nil

51% Organic waste, 7% paper, 10% plastic, Characteristics of waste collected (fractions – esp. bio 6% textile, 5% packaging, 12% inerts, 10% fraction) others Source: Project Questionnaire Table 19 Bhanpura landfill characteristics Baseline GHG Emissions The existing SWM practices in Bhopal broadly comprise 60% of collection and disposal at the Bhanpura dumpsite and potentially other dumping grounds, 20% open burning and the remaining 20% being scattered around the city. This is conjectured to result in GHG emissions of around 325,000

tCO2eq./year. However, because of the ongoing recycling program in which the daily waste collectors are allowed to sell the recyclable waste to informal recyclers, GHG emissions reduce. Hence, after allowing recycling to the extent of 10%, the baseline solid waste management practices in Bhopal

result in a net GHG emissions of 316,000 tCO2eq./year. In fact, fires have been reported to occur at the Bhanpura dumpsite on a regular basis (Source: Bhopal Solid Waste Management Pre-Feasibility Study; April 2015).

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 69

MSW Issues

 In absence of adequate facility of primary collection of waste, waste ultimately lands up on the streets, lames or back side of houses. People residing in low class or slums dispose the wastes on the street as and when generated, there is no system of door to door collection of waste nor is there any facility of community bins. The primary collection time is largely through streets sweeping.  Unpaved and open collection site  No waste segregation done. Currently no waste segregation is done by BMC and only 20% of wastes are processed (Composting process).  Unscientific disposal technique, the method of disposal is not scientific as per MSW rules 2000 for disposal of next 30 years (Source: Bhopal City Development Plan).

Wastewater Treatment

Following the information presented in BHOPAL CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN Under JNNURM, Bhopal does not have a planned and full-fledged sewerage system. A large area of the city, has no sewage network, either internal or trunk, and the raw sewage or septic tank outflows are discharged into open drains which flow into the watercourses. Ultimately most of the sewage flows into the upper lake and flow into the Patra, Halali, and Betwa River. Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC) area has about 210 Km of non-contiguous underground sewers in different catchments, and covers about 28-30% of city population. In the remaining areas of the city, large section of population discharge wastewater into open drains. BMC area has about 210km of non-contiguous underground sewer in three different catchments, with treatment facility of 80 MLD including the BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) industrial areas. Theoretically Sewage generated in the Bhopal city is around 118 MLD and around 39 MLD (30%) of sewage waste is collected through existing sewerage system and treated through oxidation ponds located at Bawani, Kalan and Lonkhedi. The remaining is allowed to flow in open streams (nullah) in the outskirts of the city. Rest of the city is either disposes sewage in septic tanks or people in informal housing opt for open defecation. Many of the septic tanks are in very bad condition. Part of this wastewater is used for agriculture. The wastewater of un-sewered area is conveyed through open drains and gets stagnated in the form of ditches and ponds. Sewer canals and pumping stations:  in Bairagarh Area – 16km sewer network with 2 pumping stations and one 4.5 MLD capacity Oxidation Pond.  in Old Bhopal Area – 24 km sewer line with 5 pumping stations discharging sewage to Patra nallah and STP’s in Bhoj Wet Land Project.  in New Bhopal Area – 108 km sewer network with 6 pumping stations and one 4.5 MLD capacity Oxidation Pond and 13.5 MLD STP.  in Bhoj Wet Land Project – 61.7 km sewer network with 11 pumping stations and 5 STP’s of 58 MLD capacities. Main problem: no proper sewerage system.

Industrial production, processes and product use

The city of Bhopal and its surrounding area is considered to be one of the most important industrial regions of the country of India. There are some of the most important industrial hubs of the country

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 70

located in this region. The major industries in Bhopal are engaged in producing cotton textile, jute and electrical products. Power generation is also very important to this city. Economically, Bhopal is largely dependent both on the services sector and its growing industrial sector. Its primary activities include housing, banking, insurance, education, electrical goods, cotton, chemicals and flour milling. Bhopal's old city is also famous for embroidery. Today Bhopal contributes significantly towards the economy of Madhya Pradesh. The foremost industries in the City are Automobiles, Soybean Processing, Cement, Fertilisers, Paper &Pulp, Tyre and Tubes, Gases, Jelly, Filled Telephone Cables, Electronic Goods. The primary industrial areas of the city include the BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) and the Govindpura industrial area, while its service industries are primarily located in the old town, the new market and around the MP Nagar area. Being a primary source of employment, the services sector includes 200 banks and insurance companies, 36 hotels and restaurants, 100 hospitals, over 1,500 educational institutions and over 30,000 shops. Being an administrative city also, the Government employs over 15 percent of the workforce.

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

As mentioned previously, Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes and also as one of the greenest cities in India. The green area of Bhopal city including forestry use for agriculture covers 413 sq km. The table below shows the percentage sharing of green areas:

Agriculture, forestry, and land use

Land use within city boundary (% or sq miles/km2): 413 km2 - Arable land (cultivated land) 14% - Grasslands 5% - Forest 7% - Waters 13% - Built area 47% - others 14% (Park, Public Utility & Green belt) Land use changes in 2005-2014, further prospects

11% (Soyabean, Paddy, Vegetables & Flowers Types of crops cultivated, area etc) Source: Questionnaire Table 20 Percentage sharing of green areas

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 71

GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY AND SCENARIOS

Baseline Emissions Inventory

Table 21 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector)

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 72

Table 22 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector and sub-sectors)

Figure 12 Bhopal GPC GHG summsry graphs

Figure 13 Bhopal GHG emissions (by subsector)

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 73

Figure 14 Bhopal GHG emisions (by scope)

Emission scenarios

BHOPAL Residential 507 056 Commercial 205 774 Industry 28 615 Lighting 16 975 Transportation 288 882 Waste 180 675 TOTAL 1 227 977 Population 1 795 648 Emission per capita 0,684

Table 23 Emission scenarios

Base parameters for 2030 Population 2 958 671 Population growth 164,77% GDP growth 361% Vehicle growth 197%

Table 24 Base parameters for 2030

BASELINE EMISSIONS BHOPAL Residential 835 471 Commercial 742 844 Industry 103 300

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 74

Lighting 27 970 Transportation 568 275 Waste 297 696 TOTAL 2 575 556

Table 25 Baseline emissions, Bhopal

POLICY SCENARIO BHOPAL Residential 584 830 Commercial 445 706 Industry 92 970 Lighting 20 978 Transportation 511 448 Waste 59 539 TOTAL 1 715 471 REDUCTION (BaU-P) 860 085 Reduction % 33% Table 26 Policy scenario for Bhopal

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 75

VIJAYAWADA

Snapshot basic data of Vijayawadal/Chapter summary

City Vijayawada – Interim capital of Andhra Pradesh Country India State Andhra Pradesh District Vijayawada Government Body Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (https://www.ourvmc.org/) Metropolis Area: 61.88 sq km Administrative area Lacking data 15 700 sq. m Green areas per 1,000 population Major tourist destination (pilgrimage and historical sites) Informal settlement as % of city 37% of buildings; 30% of households area Population 1 034 358 (based on 2011 census) Density 16 939 per sq km (based on 2011 census)

Population prospects for the years: 1 505 000 (2020) 2020, 2025 1 684 000 (2025) Climate tropical Demographics (age structure in %) Children (0-6) – 9.83% Industry Agro-based industrial activity predominant Tertiary (prevailing), Textile industry, Automobile industry, Cotton, Turmeric, Consumer goods, Virginia Tobacco, other industrial products. Two Industrial Estate in and around the city Economic drivers – agricultural market centre, major commercial centre to host of wholesale and retail activities Yearly budget 185 million USD Rank 100 Indian Smart Cities State Language: Telugu, Hindi, English Transport issues: Main problems: traffic accidents, air pollution and congestion. Main contributors to these problems: 1) A high share of para transit and two and three-motorized vehicles in traffic, which are responsible for a big part of traffic accidents and are characterized by high pollution emission (the later especially concerning tempos) 2) Small but rapidly growing share of private passenger vehicles 3) Lack of adequate parking space in commercial areas, narrow streets, improper planning plus execution of road intersections along the highways and missing linkages

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 76

especially through the river and canals; these create congestion, traffic accidents, and pollution 4) An important problem are also hawkers and timber merchants selling their goods in the middle of the streets, as well as ribbon development consisting of shopping and commercial centres along the highways, which has resulted in congesting of the corridors. 5) Lacking infrastructure for pedestrians. Expected rapid increase in waste production when new capital city, Amaravati is built, due to its high proximity to Vijayawada. Solid waste dumping on the drainage channels. SWM: Absence of waste segregation and recycling. 3 waste processing plants shut down within the last 15 years due to various reasons: malfunctions, weak management, non-compliance with the legal regulations. Wastewater: Sewage network serves around 22% of households.78% of households with septic tanks, where from 30% of a wastewater is send directly to the open drain. Discharge of untreated sewage into the water bodies Sewage Treatment Plants with utilizable capacity of around 20-40 MLD. There is present a separate sewerage network to collect sewage and storm water, and a network to dispose storm water. Pollution of surface water bodies – a key concern for the city Per capita emissions for Vijayawada have been Emissions: 0.90T/Year in 2007-08; 60 kg CO2 per capita per month (direct energy usage households only). Indicative Priority Projects: Waste to energy plant, bio-methanation from STPs Table 27Snapshot basic data of Vijayawadal/Chapter summary

GENERAL CITY INFORMATION City profile Vijayawada is the largest city located in the Andhra Pradesh State, in Krishna district on the banks of the Krishna River. It is a municipal corporation and the headquarters of Vijayawada mandal under Krishna district of the state. The total area of the city is 61,88 sq km (metropolitan area) and it is divided into 59 wards. Vijayawada is one of the suburbs of Amaravanti, the capital city of Andhra Pradesh State. The city is located 250 kms away from Hyderabad, 32 kms from Guntur, 65 kms from Machillipatnam and 55 kms from Elluru.

Source: www.ndtv.com Figure 16 Location of Vijayawada in India and Andhra Pradesh State

Vijayawada is situated at 16°30’ north latitude and 80°38’ east longitude. The average elevation of the city of Vijayawada is about 39 feet (12 meters) above the sea level. The landscape of Vijayawada is

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 77

characterized by undulating small and medium sized hillocks with extensive plain lands between them. Vijayawada hills are a continuation of the Eastern Ghat chains, but in general they have a low elevation compared to the rest of the Ghats. The southwestern, north and north-western parts of Vijayawada are surrounded by hills, whereas a central part (also north-western and southwestern) is covered by fertile agriculture lands. The Krishna River flows through the city. It’s a dominant part of Vijayawada’s landscape and geography. Vijayawada is surrounded by the Krishna river on the east and west and the Budameru River on the north. Owing to the Krishna river, there is a high fertility of the soil in the region. There are three canals: Eluru, Bandar and Ryves which provide water from Prakasham barrage reservoirs to Vijayawada. Source: Preliminary Proposals for Availing Financial Assistance from External Funding Agencies – Vijayawada General city description Vijayawada is a major railway junction connecting north and south India. The rail and road trunk route link Madras, Delhi, Calcutta and Hyderabad at Vijayawada, which is one of the largest railway, centres in South India. Vijayawada is a major tourist destination in the state having a number of pilgrimage and historical sites. The most prominent ones being Prakasham Barrage, Kanaka Durga Temple, a 56 feet Stupa on the Gandhi Hill, a Planetarium and the Mogalrajapuram caves, which are in the entire south India. Vijayawada is one of the educational centres in the state with large number of educational institutions including health universities and professional colleges. In recent years the industrial activities are increasing. The airport which is located at a distance of 25 kms is contributing to the city’s growth. Fact of great importance is that there is being built a new city right next to Vijayawada – Amaravati, a new capital for Andhra Pradesh region. This new city and Vijayawada will grow as twin cities in the future due to their close proximity, which will be a major factor for Vijayawada city future development. Climate The climate of Vijayawada depends on city’s geography: the Krishna River passing through and hills surrounding the city. The summers are hot and humid and the winters are moderate. During summers (April-June) Vijayawada’s climate is dominated by scorching heat, when every day is getting hotter and humidity rises. Then temperatures range between 17 °C and 45 °C. Average humidity in summers is approximately 68%. Winters are cool and pleasant, with temperature reaching values between 10°C and 30°C. Rainfalls are caused by south west and north east monsoons. Average rainfall is 965 mm per year.

Source: http://www.mapsofindia.com/vijayawada/geography.html Demography Vijayawada is a middle size Indian city with 1 M inhabitants, with sex ratio 971 females for each 1000 males. Children (0-6 years) constitute 9.83% of total population. The population growth in the city is moderate as for India conditions, around 20% within the last 10 years. The contributors to population growth are mainly the natural increase and the in migration from the surrounding villages. City is characterized by a high population density – on average it is 16 939 persons per km2 (a density indicator for Chennai, a city with the highest population density in India, is 25 854 persons per km2). Additionally, the density is rapidly growing: it grew by 20% within the last 10 years. City is growing outwards, i.e. share of city’s population living in the city’s central district steadily decrease on expense of increase in number of inhabitants living in its outer parts.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 78

Governance Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC) is responsible for the civil infrastructure and administration of the city of Vijayawada. VMC is responsible for delivery of variety functions like water supply, sewerage, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management, roads and transportation. Also VMC is responsible for public health regulations. Land use development Land use in Vijayawada’s urban area in 1996 is described in the picture below, which is much like the same as the current composition, according to the city’s official documents. With regards to existing land use (excluding the extension areas of the city) about 25.09% of the area is categorised as residential and a significant 20.95% is assigned towards transport.

2% 4% 7% 6% 28%

15%

11%

24%

Residential Commercial Industrial Traffic and transportation Agricultural Public utility Public open spaces Vacant lands Others

Source: Vijayawada City Development Plan Figure 17 Landuse Distribution (1996)

Vijayawada expands mainly along the main corridors: along the two high ways i.e. NH-5 and NH-9. City is growing outwards, i.e. share of city’s population living in the city’s central district steadily decrease on expense of increase in number of inhabitants living in its outer parts. Land use policies plan that until 2021 this land use distribution will significantly change its shape towards greener and more inhabitants’ friendly: the residential area is to cover over a half of the Vijayawada urban area, area dedicated to transport will be decreased from over 20% to 14%. There will be also put an emphasize on development of recreational areas, including parks and play grounds, which is planned to cover 12% of the city’s urban area. Economic profile Vijayawada economy depends largely on trade and commerce. Being one of the major agricultural market hubs of the Krishna Basin, Vijayawada boasts of several agricultural based industries. One of the most notable points about the Vijayawada economy is that the major chunk of the working population is involved in the service industry. About 72% of the working people are occupied in tertiary activities. Main industry in Vijayawada are:

 Textile industry  Automobile industry

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 79

 Cotton  Turmeric  Consumer goods  Virginia Tobacco  Other industrial products GDP for Vijayawada in 2010 was more than 3 billion USD, which is projected to grow to 17 billion USD in 2020.

The table below shows Vijayawada’s composition of employment in each economy sector:

Economic base Years

2005 Manufacturing (Units) 2001 (Estimated) Employment (Nos.) 3111 3828 Production (Rs. crore) 21301 24738 Value added (Rs. crore) 95 118 Services (IT. Etc.) 04 06 Employment 5838 6288 Production or quantum of business 107616 112765 (Rs. crore) Sources: Master Plan Vijayawada Table 28 Vijayawada’s composition of employment

City budget The amount of Vijayawada City budget for financial year 2014 / 15 is 1230.93 Rs.in Crs . (ten millions of ruppies) 45 million of USD and is 4 times higher than budget in 2005. In 2014 the highest expenditures in the amount of 32 Rs.in Crs. (4.7 million USD) were incurred for water and wastewater management maintenance and next for public transportation 15.15 Rs.in Crs. (2.3 million of USD). Current 2015 – 2014 Vijayawada budget factors are given in table below.

Budget 2005 2014

City’s budget (avg. annually) Rs.in Crs 300.58 1230.93 Tax income Rs.in Crs 44.2 150.08 Main sources of tax income (in % share of total income) % 30 43 Main group of expenses (in % share of total city’s budget) % 26 28 Annual spending on:

- Public transport Rs.in Crs 14,25 15,15 - Energy for municipal buildings & utilities Rs.in Crs 1 2 - Waste management Rs.in Crs 1,42 6,08 - Water and wastewater management Rs.in Crs 18,4 32 Source: Questionnaire Table 29 Vijayawada budget factors

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 80

3 most important problems to solve in the city

 Prevention of canal pollution  Disposal of solid waste  Transportation

Most important to less important development investments for the City

 Storm water drains,  Street lighting

LOCAL POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND STAKEHOLDERS

Local government buildings and facilities

Local authority buildings: 201, which accounts for an insignificant share of the total number of buildings in Vijayawada.

Commercial sector Commercial buildings: 20 232, which accounts for around 1% of the total number of buildings in Vijayawada.

Residential sector Positive developments can be seen in the indicators for the construction sector: the entire city population is currently covered by regular solid waste collection, percentage of city population served by wastewater collection grew within the last 10 years from 35 to 60 percent and the percentage of city population with potable water supply service is 95. Vijayawada’s largest problem within the construction sector is a big and steadily increasing number of informal settlements (slums). Even though a decreasing trend can be observed in the share of slums within the city’s area (from 20 to 15% within the last 10 years), it is still a significant part of the city, and the number of informal settlements is growing: by around 18 000 within this period. Currently slums are inhabited by 289 761 people, which accounts for 20% of households (57 955 out of 275 000 households). Vijayawada’s current buildings composition is as follows: municipal buildings (201), commercial buildings (20 232), residential buildings (172 991), other buildings (1507). Most inhabitants live in blocks of flats and small multi-family houses (together 48% of all the buildings), the rest in one family houses (15% of all the buildings) and in informal settlements (37% of all the buildings).

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 81

Land use in Vijayawada’s urban area in 1996 is described in the picture below, which is much like the same as the current composition, according to the city’s official documents.

2% 4% 7% 6% 28%

15%

11%

24%

Residential Commercial Industrial Traffic and transportation Agricultural Public utility Public open spaces Vacant lands Others

Source: Vijayawada City Development Plan Figure 18 Landuse Distribution (1996)

Land use policies plan that until 2021 this land use distribution will significantly change its shape towards greener and more inhabitants’ friendly: the residential area is to cover over a half of the Vijayawada urban area, area dedicated to transport will be decreased from over 20% to 14%. There will be also put an emphasize on development of recreational areas, including parks and play grounds, which is planned to cover 12% of the city’s urban area. Vijayawada expands mainly along the main corridors: two highways i.e. NH-5 and NH-9.

Public lighting

Street lightening – Vijayawada has 36 641 lights positioned all over the municipal area. Installed capacity equals 2904 kW. VMC is providing 21,000 Tube Lights, 5800 SV Lamps, and 50 Metallic Halide Lamps across the city. There are 31 km of central lighting on important roads in the city.

Public lighting 2005 2014

Type of public lighting in the city, general SV Lamps conventional in to LED

characteristics lights (Govt polocie:EESL)

Number of street lighting lamps Nos 30641 30641 Quantity : 30,641 Nos

LED : 20W, 36W, 70W , 130W, - number Nos 30641 30641 180W,200W, In place of SV Lamps - 2015

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 82

- types T.L/ SV(70 W,150 W,250 W,400 W)

- capacity installed (kW) KW 2300 2904 Source: Questionnaire Table 30 Street lightening – Vijayawada

Energy production and distribution

Energy production Electricity energy supplied to Vijayawada is produced by Dr. Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station. Formerly Vijayawada Thermal Power Station, it is a 1760-megawatt (MW) coal plant in Andhra Pradesh. An 800 MW expansion is being developed at the same location. The power plant is located on the left bank of river Krishna within a distance of 16 km of Vijayawada City. Energy consumption in Vijayawada is growing rapidly. The community electricity consumption for the year 2007-2008 in Vijayawada was 751,96 million kWh, corporation electricity consumption in the same period was 27,4 million kWh. (Energy and Carbon Emission Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities; ICLEI – South Asia). The share of the residential sector is 53% of the total electricity consumption, followed by commercial, with 25,40%, and industrial sector accounts for 21,60%.

Sector Energy / Fuel Quantity

Electricity (Million kWh) 398.88 Residential LPG (MT) 27,194.45 Kerosene (kL) 2,984.00 Electricity (M kWh) 190.72 Commercial LPG (MT) 1,511.11 Coal (Tonnes) 17,280.00 Electricity (M kWh) 162.36 Industrial Industrial oil (kL) 1,187.70 Coal (Tones) 16,014.00 Diesel (kL) 86,898.00 Transportation Petrol (kL) 22,445.00 Waste MSW (tpd) 350.00 Source: Energy and Carbon Emission Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities; ICLEI – South Asia Table 31 Vijayawada – Community Energy Consumption

A study carried out by ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives ) shows that for the year 2007 – 2008 the annual emissions contribution from various activities in Vijayawada was about 1,47 million Tera CO2. Contribution of the industrial sector in CO2 emissions is 7%, almost at the same level is commercial at 8%, whereas residential is 52%, and transport sector 27%.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 83

Sector CO2 emission Residential 52% Industrial 7% Commercial 8% Transportation 27% Waste 2% Others 4% Source: low Carbon Society Scenario Bhopal 2035 Table 32 Vijayawada – City Carbon Emissions 2007-08

Summary:  Activities in Vijayawada contribute to 1.47 Million TeCO2 annually  Per capita emissions for Vijayawada have been 0.90T/Year in 2007-08  Corporation-level emissions comprise about 1.2 percent of the total city emissions

Transport

A new capital city, Amaravathi, is being built for the Andhra Pradesh region, 40 km away from Vijayawada. This can greatly influence the development of a transport demand in Vijayawada. For this reason, the transport sector should be given high importance within Vijayawada’s policies for the next several decades. This process already began: improvements within the transport sector is one of the three priorities of the city for current urban planning policy. Vijayawada is covered with an extensive road system of 1250 km built of bitumen, cement concrete and road metal. Over 20% of land is used for transport infrastructure with plans to decrease this share to 14% by 2021. Two highways pass through the city. Total number of vehicles registered in the city is 517 448, public transport is based on buses, with a fleet of 480 vehicles. Public transport covers 17% of the city’s travel demand, para transit 45%. The city’s everyday traffic on the major corridors is dominated by two and three-wheelers, where para transit (auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws) constitutes 36.5% and individual private two and three- wheelers accounts for 22.3% of transport share. Cycles are contributing 16%, while four-wheeled passenger vehicles account for the smallest share: 1-6%. The modal composition on the corridors indicate that on average, motorized passenger vehicles constitute 69%, goods vehicles constitute 7% and non-motorized traffic constitutes 24% of the total traffic. Traffic volumes are up to 7 000 vehicles per hour in rush hours. The peak hour share on the various corridors range between 5% to 14% of the total traffic. The most problematic area in regards to transport is the Central Business District and its surroundings, where congestion is highest. Main transport activities connected problems in Vijayawada are traffic accidents, pollution and congestion (increased travel times). The main reasons for this situation are: 1. A large share of para-transit and two and three-motorized vehicles in traffic, which are responsible for a big part of traffic accidents and are characterized by high pollution emission. 2. Lack of adequate parking space in commercial areas, narrow streets, improper planning plus execution of road intersections along the highways and missing linkages especially through the river and canals; these create congestion, traffic accidents, and pollution.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 84

3. An important problem are also hawkers and timber merchants selling their goods in the middle of the streets, as well as ribbon development consisting of shopping and commercial centres along the highways, which has resulted in congesting of the corridors. 4. Lacking infrastructure for pedestrians.

Solid Waste Management

The SWM in the city is governed by Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC). The estimated waste generation in Vijayawada in 2015 is about 550 tons/ day from all sources. The waste generation rate is about 0.450kg/ capita/ day. This rate of generation is similar to other cities of India of similar size. Taking account the following assumption 2% per annum waste generation increment in accordance to more than 10% normal population floating, and as well due to proposed new capital city in the vicinity of Vijayawada additional growth of population (20% over and above the natural growth of the city) was estimated that waste generation in Vijayawada in 2020 will be 668 tons/day in 2030 – 1065 tons/day and in 2040 – 1698 tons/day. Ongoing SWM in Vijayawada includes: Primary collection of waste: door-to-door collection and source segregation, mixed waste are collected in bins, serviced by Dumper Place vehicles. Segregation of waste is carried out by ragpickers and kabariwalas as informal activity and directly delivered to recyclers points. Secondary Collection & Transportation: The mixed wastes (wet and dry after being collected) are transported to two existing transfer stations through dumpers, tippers, large trippers, hook loaders, tractors etc. Waste processing & treatment: current waste processing is not carried out in Vijayawda. In the period between 1995 to 2009, Vijayawada Municipal Corporation has commissioned three processing units: comprising a compost plant, a Waste to Energy plant and a Bio-Methanation Plant. The compost plant with a capacity 125 MT/day was in operation until 2006 (since 1995), after that it was shut down. The Waste to Energy plant with the required input 600 MT waste per day, generating 6 MW power per day was developed in 2003. Unfortunately, the WtE unit was not under regular operation and operated only a few hours a month. The WtE plant was closed completely in the subsequent period by 2009. The failure of this plant was cited to inadequate waste availability and also some problems of burning wet waste. The Bio-Methanation plant (20 MT waste /day) was constructed to process the dedicated waste from markets and slaughterhouses. The plant was commissioned in 2004 producing about 1000m3 of methane which was cleaned and utilized to run the 250 KVA power engine. The plant was in operation until 2009 and closed down due to various management problems. Waste disposal – there are two dumping yards in the city, one at Ajit Singh Nagar, which is about 10 acres (Already in possession of Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC)) and other is at Jakkam Pudi which is 1.94 acres. Presently, collected solid waste is mostly being dumped at Jakkam Pudi, which is about 10km from the city. The present dumping yard is an open site, very near to forest land. Waste burning is also observed at the dumping site. Currently in accordance with "Swachh Bharat Mission", the Government of Andhra Pradesh intends to develop a comprehensive SWM system covering collection, segregation, recycling, transportation processing and disposal including options for composting and Waste to Energy (WtE). System design for the next 25 years will cover Krishna and Guntur Districts including cities Vijayawada and Guntur.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 85

Wastewater Treatment

For the purpose of providing and maintaining the sewerage system, Vijayawada City is divided into four zones, central zone, western zone, eastern – south-eastern zone and northern zone. The existing Under Ground Drainage (UGD) system mainly covers the central zone of the city. The numerous natural and man-made canals along with the major railway lines traversing the city essentially determine the boundaries of each sewerage zone. The existing sewerage scheme serves 250 000 of the population, with 18000 sewerage connections, covering only around 10% of the population. However, in slum areas the access to sewerage connections is very low around 2%. And in case of surrounding zones, the sewerage network is practically non-existent. (Vijayawada City Development Plan, chapter IV). Number of households connected to the sewerage network are given in the table below:

Households Total No of Households with Households with without any Zone No Households Sewerage Network Septic Tank outlets for toilets I 92256 - 91164 1092 II 106324 29000 73824 3500 III 52569 18000 34369 200 IV 32448 15000 15348 2100 Total 283597 62,000 221597 6892 100% 22% 78% Source: Template For Service Level Improvement Plan (Sewerage) Table 33 Number of households connected to the sewerage network

VMC does not collect and treat waste from septic tanks. The public does this activity on their own. However, duration will be varied according to the size of the septic tank and number of users. Generally, septic tanks are cleaned, and then filled. Approximately, 30% of overflows of septic tanks are being let into open drains. Total sewage generation is estimated to be 148 MLD. Currently 4 Sewage Treatment Plants with utilizable capacity of around 20-40 MLD are under operation. The treatment plants have been devised based on the conventional method of treatment with oxidation ponds and digester.

Sr. Inflow in the STP Location Capacity (MLD) Efficiency in % No. (MLD)

1 Ramalingeswara Nagar 10 10 100%

2 Ramalingeswara Nagar 20 16 80%

3 Auto Nagar 10 10 100%

4 Singh Nagar 40 35 87%

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 86

Source: Template For Service Level Improvement Plan (Sewerage)

Table 34 Sewage Treatment Plants in Vijayawada

The final treated wastewater, after achieving the desired effluent standards, are let out into River Krishna and Budameru drains. There is a necessity to commission an additional STP in the city to treat the remaining 128MLD of sewage before disposal. In 2011 and 2021, the quantity of sewage generated is estimated to be 94 MLD and 131 MLD respectively. Additionally, VMC is planning to generate power by using bio gas generated from the STPs. Vijayawada City has a separate sewerage network to collect sewage and storm water, and a network to dispose storm water.

Industrial production, processes and product use

Vijayawada economic activities generated a GDP of approximately 3 billion USD in 2010, and it is projected to grow to 17 billion USD by 2025. Agriculture, commercial trade, tourism, industries, transportation and tertiary sectors etc., are the major sectors that contribute to the economy of the city. Vijayawada is famous for processing of agricultural products, automobile body building, hardware, textile, consumer goods and small scale industries. Vijayawada is a major center for processed Virginia Tobacco, cotton, turmeric and mangoes. More than 70% of the population is involved in service industry (tertiary sector) which speaks of the economic development the city has experienced. Agro base industrial activity located in the city area include solvent extract plants, rice mills, oil and dal mills etc. The city has more than 2500 small sale industries . There are two Industrial Estates (zones) in and around Vijayawada city. Auto Nagar Industrial Estate, located in the Eastern part of the city, is an industrial park dedicated to the automobile industry. The other estate is located about 16 km from the city at Kondapalli. The total extent of the estate is 439 acres and comprises of 620 plots. Kondapalli also houses Vijayawada Thermal Power Project (VTPP), a 768 MW gas-based LANCO power plant and Andhra Pradesh Heavy Machinery & Engineering Limited (APHMEL) factory. (Report Cities Development Initiative for Asia, CDM Smith, May 2013).

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

Agriculture around the Vijayawada is highly developed. Farms and plantations in the area are irrigated using water from the Krishna River and Prakasham Dam. The city is one of the largest exporters of mango in the state of Andhra Pradesh and earns revenue from the mango plantations. Other important crops include rice and sugarcane. Unfortunately, the area around the Vijayawada is not forested but the city is known to have 60 parks. The table given below displays data on forestry, agriculture and land use:

Agriculture, forestry, and land use 2005 2014

Land use within city boundary (% or sq miles/km2): Sq.Km 61,88 61,88 Arable land (cultivated land) N N

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 87

- Grasslands N N - Forest N N - Waters Sq.Km 7.92 (12.79%) 7.92 (12.79%) - Built area Sq.Km 37.74 (61%) 43.31 (70%) - others N N Land use changes in 2005-2014, further prospects N N Types of crops cultivated, area N N Livestock types with amounts within city: N N - non-milk cattle 3435 2334 - milk cattle 1980 2144 - swines 0 0 - pultry 11793 10367 - goats 722 476 - horses 0 0 - other (what kind) 7794 10 755 Types of fertilisers used with amounts N N Source: Questionnaire Table 35 Vijayawada forestry, agriculture and land use

GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY AND SCENARIOS

Baseline Emissions Inventory

Table 36 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector)

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 88

Table 37 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector and sub-sectors)

Figure 19 GPC GHG Summary graphs

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 89

Figure 20 GHG emissions BASIC/BASIC+ by subsector and scope

Figure 21 Vijayawada GHG emissions by scope

Emission scenarios

VIJAYAWADA Residential 475 370 Commercial 206 858 Industry 187 608 Lighting 15 151 Transportation 303 778 Waste 114 975 TOTAL 1 303 740 Population 1 034 358 Emission per capita 1,260 Table 38 Emission scenarios

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 90

Base parameters for 2030 Population 2 613 799 Population growth 164,77% GDP growth 361% Vehicle growth 197%

Table 39 Base parameters for 2030 BASELINE EMISSIONS VIJAYAWADA Residential 1 201 249 Commercial 746 757 Industry 677 265 Lighting 38 286 Transportation 597 577 Waste 290 539 TOTAL 3 551 673 Table 40 Baseline emissions POLICY SCENARIO VIJAYAWADA Residential 840 874 Commercial 448 054 Industry 609 539 Lighting 28 715 Transportation 537 819 Waste 58 108 TOTAL 2 523 109 REDUCTION (BaU-P) 1 028 564 Table 41 Policy Scenario

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 91

GUNTUR

Snapshot basic data of Guntur/Chapter summary

City Guntur Country India State Andhra Pradesh District Guntur Government Body Guntur Municipal Corporation (http://www.gunturcorporation.org/) Metropolis Area: 168.41 sq km Administrative area Missing data 5 800 sq. m; Green areas accounts for around 3% of Green areas per 1,000 population city’s area (hills/forests) Culture Strong heritage – historical significance Informal settlement as % of city 39.77% of population area Population 670 073 (based on 2011 census) 4 400 per sq km (based on 2011 census) 14 800 persons per sq. km (density of the core urban Density area) A large number of slum settlements Population prospects for the Missing data. Guntur localised next to emerging years: 2020, 2025 Amaravati city, the same as Vijayawada. Therefore, a similar population growth rate as it is estimated for Vijayawada is expected, which is taking as a basis year 2011: 46% (2020) 12% (2025). Climate tropical Demographics (age structure in %) About 53% of city’s population was in the working age group category, which is 20 to 59 years, with pre- working age prevailing over post-working age group. Children: 9.54%. The four pillars of the city’s economy are trade and commerce, the service sector, industries, health and the education sector. Guntur plays a role of district’s educational, political and commercial centre. The region around the city is identified as a major industrial corridor in India. Industry Marketing and distribution centre for agricultural product, important commercial centre for tabacco, chilies and cotton. Small-scale industry and agrobased industries. Important education centre. Yearly budget 87.476 million USD

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 92

Rank 100 Indian Smart Cities State Language: Telugu, Hindi, English Main problems: traffic accidents, congestion and air pollution. Main contributors to these problems: 1) Road network particularly in old areas with narrow streets suffers from capacity constraints and congestion. 2) Inadequate parking facilities. 3) Lack of pedestrian Transport issues: facilities. 4) Rapid growth of private vehicles and uncontrolled growth of auto-rickshaws leading to increase in emissions from transport sector 6) No public transport facilities within the city. 7) Lack of planning and facilities for NMT. SWM: Expected rapid increase in waste production when Amavarati, a new capital city will be built, since it lies in close proximity to Guntur. The present coverage of waste collection is about 82% of city’s area. Absence of waste segregation and recycling. Open dumping of waste, lack of scientific disposal of garbage. The city has 72% of the properties covered with toilet facility and 12% of the properties have sewerage network connectivity. About 28% of the properties are not covered with safe sanitation facility. Guntur city does Wastewater: not have a separate storm water drainage network. Flow of polluted sewage in the open drains, due to defucent STP Open defection Emissions: Per capita emissions for Guntur have been 0.71T/Year in 2007-08 Indicative Priority Projects: Underground drainage system, waste to energy plant Table 44 Snapshot of basic data of Guntur/Chapter summary

GENERAL CITY INFORMATION City profile Guntur is an Indian City located in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh State. Guntur (as the fourth largest city in Andhra Pradesh) is also an administrative headquarter of Guntur District. The total area is 168.41 sq km, which is divided into 52 wards. Guntur is situated about 270 kms in the southeast of Hyderabad.

Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041 (Final City Development Plan)

Figure 23 Guntur location in Andhra Pradesh state in India Source: www.ndtv.com

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 93

Source: web-grafix.in Figure 24 Location of Guntur in Guntur District

Guntur is surrounded by hills. Mountain hill ranges, which surrounds the city are: Nallamalasis (in Kurnool district), Venkataypalem, Kondavedu, Guttikonda, Mangalagiri and Undavalli. The average elevation of Guntur is about 33 metres above sea level. Some mineral resources, like: cement grade limestone, iron ore, cooper, quartz and lead minerals are discovered there. There are four types of soil founded in Guntur district: red gravelly soils, black cotton soils, sandy alluvial soils and saline swampy soils. The Krishna River is the main river flowing through Guntur with its channels and tributaries (e.g. Chandravanka, Dandivagu, Golivagu, Naaguleru, Gundlavagu, Guntur Channel and Guntur Branch Canal). The Krishna River flows through flat plains and carries large volume of sediment during rainy seasons. Guntur has four drainage facilities: Romperu drainage basin, the Repalle drain, the Tungabhadra drain and the Bhattiprolu drain. The Krishna River is a main source of surface water in Guntur. Groundwater’s level is varying across the city from 3 metres to even 18 metres. Guntur has 40 tanks which act as storm water drainage system. Tanks are used for irrigation purposes in newly merged areas. Guntur plays the role of district’s educational, political and commercial centre. The region around the city is identified as a major industrial corridor in India. The city is famous for education, business, e- commerce industry, and agriculture. Agricultural trade in chillies, cotton and tobacco form a significant portion of the urban economy. The city is famous for its exports, including Chilli pepper, cotton, and tobacco. Guntur is the largest producer of chilies in India. Fact of great importance is that there is being built a new city in a close proximity to Guntur, Amaravati, a new capital for Andhra Pradesh region. Amaravati will be a major factor for Guntur’s future development.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 94

Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041 (Final City Development Plan), http://www.guntur-online.in/city- guide/geography-of-guntur

Climate Guntur has a tropical climate. Due to proximity to the Bay of Bengal, Guntur experiences hot and humid climate. Average temperature is warm and event hot year round. Summers are hot – maximum temperature can reach 49,5 °C. Average city humidity ranges from 40% to 80%. Average minimum temperature during winter is about 28 °C. Mean rainfall in Guntur City is about 772 mm per year. Monsoon period starts lasts between June to December (a period from July to November is considered as the heaviest monsoon period). Southwest monsoons provide 59 % of rainfall and northeast monsoons contribute 26% of the rainfall. About 80% of rainfalls occur during June - September. Hurricanes and storms are frequent in monsoon period. In hottest months (April and May) wind blows in early day hours from south to southwest and in the evening hours from southeast to northwest. During warm months (October-March) wind blows mostly from northeast in early day hours and from southeast and east in evening hours. Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041 (Final City Development Plan)

Demography Guntur is a medium-sized Indian city with a population of 670 073, with equal sex distribution. Within the decade 2001-2011 it grew by 44%, mainly due to expansion of city’s administrative boundaries: the real migration value was 67 000 new inhabitants. The city has a population density of 4 400 persons per km2, spread across an area of 168 km2. This relatively low indicator is also caused by expansion of city’s administrative boundaries, which caused absorption of semi-rural areas; density of the core urban area is high: about 14 800 persons per sq. km. Guntur city accounts for 46% of the total Guntur district’s urban population, where the second largest city in the districts, Tenali, accounts for only 10% of urban population. Guntur city holds significant presence in the district.

Governance Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC) is responsible for the civil infrastructure and administration of the city of Guntur. The management structure of GMC consists of 7 departments: Administration and Education, Revenue, Accounts, Town Planning, Engineering, Public Health, and UPA (Urban Poverty Alleviation) Cell. GMC is responsible for delivery of variety functions like water supply, sewerage, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management, roads and transportation. Also GMC is responsible for public health regulations. The Guntur Municipal Corporation is (probably) one corporation in the country to have started and ecological/environmental budgeting. In this issue GMC is supported by the Italian Municipality from Bologna. GMC is one of the partners in the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) project. Project key issues consider implementation the improvement solutions and measures for water quality and quantity, solid waste, air quality, green city. In 2009 the city limits were expanded by merging ten surrounding villages into the corporation. Then municipal corporation is turned into Greater Guntur Municipal Corporation.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 95

Land use development 1991-2000 registered the lowest decadal change. Based on the discussions, it is revealed that during this decade rapid development was witnessed in the peripheral areas of the city. Hence, the peripheral areas were rapidly growing and witnessed good growth in terms of residential development. However, these peripheral areas were outside GMC’s jurisdiction. In the period 2001-2011 the surrounding 10 villages were merged within GMC limits, creating a huge city’s population increase. The density in Guntur is lower in comparison to other towns in the region. This indicates that there is scope for further development within the city as well as in the newly merged areas. The core city acts as the CBD and caters to a wide range of activities such as multipurpose markets, business houses, government and private offices, and health and educational institutions. A second CBD has been developed along the Grand Trunk Road which connects Chennai to Vijayawada. At the entry and exit points of NH5, industrial zones have emerged. There are only three city-level parks in GMC out of which Manasarovar and the Municipal Park at Vengayyapalem water works are theme-based and located on the outskirts of the city. Majority of the slums are concentrated in the core city. Residential areas expansion mainly in the north of the city, but also to the south and west.

Old Ankireddipal Venejed Perecha Nambu Share Parameter GMC Total em zone la Zone rla zone ru zone (%) limits Developed 22.87 Residential 20.50 3.64 0.41 5.16 3.53 33.24 % Commercial 2.70 0.94 0.04 1.03 0.64 5.35 3.68% Industrial 1.13 1.25 0.02 1.03 0.32 3.75 2.58% Public and 2.70 0.62 0.04 1.16 1.82 6.34 4.36% Semi Public Transportatio 13.56 6.75 3.95 0.10 4.52 4.39 19.71 n % Total 47.05 33.78 10.4 0.61 12.9 10.7 68.39 Developed % Undevelope

d Agricultural/V 46.51 10.80 30.81 9.02 13.48 3.49 67.60 acant % Hills/Forest 0.54 1.93 0.10 1.29 0.04 3.90 2.68% Water 0.41 3.37 0.48 1.03 0.17 5.46 3.76% Bodies/River Undevelope 52.95 11.75 36.11 9.60 15.80 3.70 76.96 d % 145.3 100.00 Total 45.5 46.5 10.3 28.7 14.4 5 % Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041, documents provided by local authorities. Table 45 Guntur Land use development

Old Ankireddipale Venejedl Perecharl Nambur Parameter Total % GMC m zone a Zone a zone u zone

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 96

limits Developed Residential 30.94 13.62 0.82 12.88 10.20 68.46 47.04% Mixed 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.32% Residential Commercial 2.73 0.79 0.11 2.12 0.41 6.16 4.23% Industrial 3.19 4.72 0.21 0.14 8.26 5.68% Public and 2.28 0.26 0.15 0.74 0.82 4.25 2.92% Semi Public Recreational 0.46 1.31 0.19 0.09 0.14 2.19 1.50% Transportation 4.64 5.50 0.42 2.58 1.90 15.04 10.33% Total - 104.8 44.70 26.20 1.90 18.41 13.61 72.02% Developed 2 Undeveloped Agricultural/Va 0.00 14.41 7.99 8.78 0.71 31.89 21.91% cant Hills/Forest 0.00 2.84 0.00 0.84 0.02 3.7 2.54% Water 0.91 3.05 0.41 0.70 0.07 5.14 3.53% Bodies/River Total Undeveloped 0.91 20.30 8.40 10.32 0.80 40.73 27.98% 145.5 100.00 Total 45.61 46.50 10.30 28.73 14.41 5 % Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041, documents provided by local authorities. Table 46 Future planned land use in Guntur

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 97

Economy The four pillars of the city’s economy are trade and commerce, the service sector, industries, health and the education sector. The number of households in 2011 was 191 000. About 53% of city’s population was in the working age group category, which is 20 to 59 years, with pre-working age prevailing over post-working age group. An average yearly per capita income for Guntur district in 2009-2010 was Rs. 49 543 and it grew from Rs. 31 963 in 2006-2007 (data for Guntur city was not available). The workforce (39%) is low as compared to the working group population (52%) in the city. Seasonal/temporary workers do not account for a large share of people employed in Gundur: they constitutes only 9%. In the years 1991-2001 outside migration occurred, mainly due to industry’s development on the city’s outskirts. In the next decade 2001-2011, migration reached a positive development.

SECTORAL ANALYSIS WITH GHG EMISSIONS

Local government buildings and facilities

Residential sector Building plans approved (within the due date) in 2011: 1520 The coverage of water supply connections in the city is 73%. The city has 72% of the properties covered with toilet facility and 12% of the properties have sewerage network connectivity. About 28% of the properties are not covered with safe sanitation facility. Guntur city does not have a separate storm water drainage network. The present coverage of waste collection is about 82% of city’s area, with segregation at source which has still not been achieved in the city. It must be noted that peripheral areas, which were merged into city’s area in the period 2001-2011 lower down statistics for water supply, sewerage network connectivity and waste collection for the city.

Public lighting

According to City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041, there are total 21 573 streetlights in the whole Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC) area. 34 of them are high mast lights and the remaining are other lights. Average streetlight spacing is about 28,7 meters whereas total length of road network in GMC area is 754 kilometres.

Types of lights (with Number of lights Wattage wattage) 40 15 753 630,10 70 1 569 109,80 125 435 54,60 150 1 989 298,35 250 1 205 301,25 35 LED 300 10,50 T-5 288 27,64 20m 4 19,20

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 98

12m 14 33,60 Mid mast 16 16,00 TOTAL 21 573 1 501,04 Table 47 Public lightning in Guntur Municipal Corporation Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041

Energy production and distribution

Electricity energy supplied to Guntur is produced by Dr. Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station. Formerly Vijayawada Thermal Power Station, it is a 1760-megawatt (MW) coal plant in Andhra Pradesh. An 800 MW expansion is being developed at the same location. The power plant is located on the left bank of river Krishna within a distance of 16 km of Vijayawada City. Energy consumption in Guntur is growing rapidly. The community electricity consumption for the year 2007-2008 in Guntur was 608,78 million kWh, corporation electricity consumption in the same period was 13,82 million kWh. (Energy and Carbon Emission Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities; ICLEI – South Asia). The share of the residential sector is 41,9% of the total electricity consumption, followed by commercial, with 41,06%, industrial sector accounts for 15,40% and other source 1,65%.

Sector Energy / Fuel Quantity

Electricity (Million kWh) 255,00

LPG (MT) 645,293,87 Residential Kerosene (kL) 1,733

Fuel wood (MT) 14,888.00 Electricity (M kWh) 250,00

Commercial LPG (MT) 19,929.13

Kerosene (kL) 174.00

Industrial Electricity (M kWh) 93.75

Diesel (kL) 20,200.00 Transportation Petrol (kL) 25,700.00

Waste MSW (tpd) 356.00

Others Electricity (Million kWh) 10.03 Table 48 Guntur – Community Energy Consumption Source: Energy and Carbon Emission Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities; ICLEI – South Asia

A study carried out by ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives ) shows that for the year 2007 – 2008 the annual emissions contribution from various activities in Guntur was about 0,56 million Tera CO2. Emission contribution of the residential sector is the highest and is 37%,

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 99

followed it is commercial with 28%, and transportation sector with contribution 21%, next industrial sector CO2 emissions is 11%, waste 2% and others sources 1%.

Sector CO2 emission

Residential 37%

Industrial 11%

Commercial 28%

Transportation 21%

Waste 2%

Others 1% Source: low Carbon Society Scenario Bhopal 2035 Table 49 Guntur – City Carbon Emissions 2007-08

Summary:  • Activities in Guntur contribute to 0.56 Million TeCO2 annually  • Per capita emissions for Guntur have been 0.71T/Year in 2007-08  • The Corporation Level Emissions are about 1.72 per cent of the total city emissions

Transport

Guntur is also grown as a radial city and it has developed outwards from the city centre and along the major corridors. The city is well connected by national and state highways. NH-5, the four lane national highway, which pass through eastern side of the city as bypass is the major connectivity along with other state highways like SH-48, 50. The total length of road network in the city is approximately 1104 km. Average daily traffic distribution and values are depicted in the following graphics:

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 100

Traffic values on the main Guntur's corridors.

Figure 25 Traffic values on the main Guntur's corridors Source: Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041, documents provided by local authorities.

Trips by auto rickshaws, motorized two wheelers and walk accounted for 18.52%, 19.23% and 22.74% shares respectively, while cycle trips accounted for 24.06% share in total travel demand. 2013, a total of 4.6 lakh vehicles were registered. It is estimated that by the end of 2014, the city would have around 6 lakh vehicles. The motorized passenger vehicles accounts for 73%, the goods vehicles accounts for 4% and non-motorized traffic accounts for 23% of the total traffic. Two wheelers and auto rickshaws have higher share as compared to other modes; in the range of 31.64% and 29.53% respectively. Whereas, cycles accounts for 17% and other passenger vehicles accounts for 1% to 8% of total traffic across all the major corridors. Main problems:

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 101

 Road network particularly in old areas suffers from capacity constraints and congestion in the old areas with narrow streets;  Inadequate parking facilities;  Lack of pedestrian facilities;  Rapid growth of private vehicles;  Uncontrolled growth of auto-rickshaws;  No public transport facilities within city; and  Lack of planning and facilities for NMT

Solid Waste Management

In Guntur city about 71% of the households are covered with SWM services. Around 97% waste is being collected in the city, but waste are not segregated at source. Waste segregation system is not functioning in Guntur. Value chain in SWM service includes the following:

Value chain SWM service 350 MTPD (metric tons per day) waste generated; per capita waste generation is about 0.40 kg/person/day; sources of waste generation are: households, commercial shops, institutions, and markets; the city generates about 113 tonnes of wet waste, 20 tonnes of fuel waste, 5 tonnes of paper waste, and 4 tonnes of plastic and other waste on a daily basis Generation on an average (45% of wet waste and 9% of fuel waste; GMC is responsible for collection, transportation, and safe disposal of solid waste (except biomedical waste); GMC carries out street sweeping, twice a day from 5 am to 7.30 am in the morning and from 4.30 pm to 6.30 pm in the evening

250 MTPD is collected Under Oorante Gunture programme (door – to door waste collection programme developed by GMC with support of welfare associations, business organizations, and community organizations, GMC procured pushcarts and Collection tricycles and engaged contractual labourers to take up 100% door-to-door waste collection) Door –to –door in 48 wards Pushcarts – 402 Transportation Waste are transported to transfer point at Etukuru road Waste processing plants in place at Etukuru point (south of Guntur) – yet to initiate the operation (waste collected through the door-to-door collection system is transferred to the Etukuru collection point for treatment. The MSW processing and power Treatment generation plant at Etukuru has the capacity to generate 6000 KW of power annually)

Biogas plant under construction at Sudapallidonka place Dumping yard at Naidupel – 70 Acres (waste from Etukuru collection point is transferred to a dumping yard at Disposal / Naidupet, 17 km away from the city. The site covers about 70 acres in the Recovery Kondaveedu hills. At present, there is no secured mechanism for disposal of the waste). Recovery of waste from transport points by Rag pickers Table 50 Guntur. Value chain in SWM service Thus the key challenges in SWM are inadequate segregation of waste at the source, treatment of solid management, SWM recovery mechanisms, and lack of a scientific landfill site in the city.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 102

As per the gap analysis, the city requires around 973 pushcarts and 2500 community bins by the end of 2041. Also, for the immediate requirement, the city should require a 173 MT solid waste treatment plant and around 147 MT of fleet capacity for transportation of the waste to the treatment plant by 2021. The MSW processing and power generation plant at Etukuru has the capacity to generate 6000 KW of power annually) (City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041). Guntur SWM key issues (based on City Development Plan for Guntur – 2014):  GMC has effectively initiated the door-to-door collection programme in the city. However, the present coverage is about 82% and the collection efficiency of solid waste is 71%.  The majority of the peripheral areas lack coverage under the door-to-door collection system  The share of wet waste is high and this calls for effective segregation, to retain the calorific value of dry waste and other recyclables. However, segregation at source has still not been achieved in the city.  The MSW processing and power generation plant at Etukuru (with a capacity of 6,000 KW annual generation) is not operational.  The MSW collected at this site is again transferred to the Naidupet dumping yard which is further increasing the number of trips.  There is no scientific landfill site and the leachate disposal mechanism developed at the Naidupet site affects the ground water quality.  GMC is not collecting user charges for SWM services which is affecting the recovery of O&M services.

Wastewater Treatment

Based on based on City Development Plan for Guntur – 2014 - The key issues in case of sewerage and sanitation are lack of underground drainage (UGD) system and sewerage treatment facility. Only 10% of the GMC areas is covered with UGD network; however, the system is not operational. GMC has a 9 MLD sewerage treatment plant at Suddapalli Donka is not in operation due to technical issues and needs to be restored. Sanitation system, 61% of the city’s households are covered with individual toilets. The rest of the population is dependent on community toilets, constructed by GMC; a small proportion of the slum population defecate in the open. Value chain of sewerage system includes the following:

Value chain Sewerage system 72 MLD (which includes sullage, grey water, and night soil.)

Generation The total number of individual toilets in GMC is 88,569. Of the individual toilets, 71,130 are connected to septic tanks and the remaining 17,239 are connected to sewer lines. Sewerage network coverage – 10% parts of the core of the city) Guntur city does not have a separate sewerage and drainage system. The underground sewerage system is available in 13 sanitary divisions out of Network 52 sanitary divisions. About 12% of the properties are connected to sewer lines. As the city does not have a sewerage system, the storm water drains carry sullage from toilets and grey water from the properties. Out of the 1.48 lakh properties, only 17,919 properties have sewerage connections.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 103

Sewage collected from the main drains is discharged into Peekalavagu, and other drains discharge into Suddapalli Donka at the south-west of the city. 9 MLD Sewage Treatment Plant is located at Suddapallidoka, nevertheless Treatment STP is not operating at the moment due to chocked up the outfall sewer, screening chambers, and grit channels

Disposal / Reuse Discharged in to Pikalavagu and Suddapalli Donka Table 51 Value chain of sewerage system

Sewerage key issues:  About 28% of the properties are not covered with safe sanitation facility and has 72% of the properties are covered with toilet facility  The newly merged area lacks both sewerage network coverage. The majority of the households in these areas have on-site disposal mechanisms such as soak pits and septic tanks.  The 9 MLD STP at Suddapallidonka is presently not operating;  The untreated sewage from open drains and effluent channels is disposed into agricultural fields.  In the wards, along the south-east direction, kutcha trenches are found carrying stagnant waste water. The situation worsens in the monsoons when the sewage overflows into roads.  The existing sewage disposal system is emerging as an environmental threat for the city and the neighbouring villages.  As per the gap analysis, the city requires 202 MLD capacity of sewerage treatment plan by the end of 2041. Also, for the immediate requirement, the city should require 132 MLD STPs and 903 km of branch sewers lines.

Industrial production, processes and product use

Industries in Guntur Region are: textile mills, silk, dairy, cement, chemical and Biotechnology, fertilizers, jute, granite, diamond and other ore processing (Hindustan Zinc Limited). Also there are many small to medium scale industries such as Bharathi Soap Works, Tulasi Seeds, Crane Group, Nuziveedu Seeds Limited under the name NSL Textiles with spinning mills at Edlapadu, Ginning mills at Gurazla and Garmenting at Budampadu. In Eastern part of Guntur the Chillies processing centre is located and Textile Hub is being developed on the southwestern side of the city. Guntur government is interested in new industries development in the city: ongoing project of IT Park and large scale Biotechnology Park. Guntur is known as developed research and academic center (Guntur is one of the medical hubs in India) has a large skilled and educated workforce. Guntur region has minimal industrial and related pollution as compared to other major cities in the country

Source: http://ca.wow.com/wiki/Guntur_City.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 104

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

Andhra Pradesh State is the largest producer of rice in India. Owing to it, this state has been called the “Rice Bowl of India”. This region is also the leading producer of cotton, tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, groundnut, jute, sugar and some exotic fruit (e.g. guava, sapota, papaya, graped, bananas). Guntur is a major agriculture centre (marketing and distribution) for crops such as onion, chilly, cotton, tobacco, coriander, turmeric and cereals. Andhra Pradesh Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Guntur shows surfaces of individual gricultural land use pattern in Guntur district, which is presented into the table below:

Land use pattern in Guntur Surface [sq km] district’s agriculture Land under non-agricultural use 1568 Permanent pastures 189 Cultivable wasteland 310 Land under misc. tree cropes and 323 groves Barren and uncultivable land 344 Current fallows 415 Other fallows 384

Table 52 Types of landuse in agriculture in Guntur District Source: Andhra Pradesh Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Guntur Andhra Pradesh Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Guntur stores also information about livestock in Guntur district and production of some crops (average of 5 years: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 I 208) what were collected into following tables:

Livestock Total number [thousands] Non descriptive cattle (local low 127,5 yielding) Crossbred cattle 4,9 Non descriptive buffaloes (local low 1 200,1 yielding) Goat 282,7 Sheep 722,3 Others (Camel, Pig, Yak etc.) 24,4 Commercial poultry 4 527,5 Backyard poultry 1 532,5

Table 53 Livestock breed in Guntur district Source: Andhra Pradesh Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Guntur

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 105

Production [thousands Productivity Type of crops tonnes] [kg/ha]

Paddy 1188 3 520

Cotton 515 578

Blackgram 18 659

Maize 537 5 612

Redgram 29 917

Banana 166,91 30 000

Lemon 35,679 14 667

Orange&Batavian 30,21 13 300

Papaya 91,832 78 667

Mango 9,73 8 267

Chillies 148,89 2 750

Bhendi 24,63 14 333

Gourdes 22,731 13 667

Cucumber 25,1212 16 000

Brinjal 26,78 18 667

Turmeric 26,51 6 200

Table 54 Total production of some crops in Guntur District [average values from years: 2004-2008) Source: Andhra Pradesh Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Guntur A percentage of forests in total GMC area is 2,68 %. The highest percentage of forestration is in Nallapadu, Chowdawaram and Agarthavarappadu. Guntur city is predominantly surrounded by agricultural crops, which are mainly use to gardens, cultivating citrus fruit and mangoes. The following table provides information about industrial profile in Guntur City, relating to the production activities and employment generated through these industrial estates.

Scale Number Activities No. of employees Food processing, cotton yarn, jute Large Scale Industry 5 twine, pre-stressed concrete 975 (LSI) sleepers Rice mills, packaging, tobacco Medium and small 18 drying and processing, soaps and 884 industry detergents Registered household 770 Demand-based (assorted) 27 000 industry

Table 55 Industrial profile of Guntur City Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 106

There are five large-scale industries in Guntur, within 1 000 workers are involved. The industries are related to jute twine, food processing; pre stressed concrete sleepers and cotton yarn. Further, the city has 18 medium-scale industries (tobacco drying and processing, soaps and detergents, rice mills and packaging), where more than 880 workers are employed. Moreover, the city has 770 household industries which are involved in assorted activities based on demand. The number of employees involved in household industries is 27,000. The density in Guntur is lowest in comparison to other towns in the region. This indicates that there is scope for further development within the city as well as in the newly merged areas. The core city acts as the CBD and caters to a wide range of activities such as multipurpose markets, business houses, government and private offices, and health and educational institutions. A second CBD has been developed along the Grand Trunk Road which connects Chennai to Vijayawada. At the entry and exit points of NH5, industrial zones have emerged. There are only three city-level parks in GMC out of which Manasarovar and the Municipal Park at Vengayyapalem water works are theme-based and located on the outskirts of the city. Majority of the slums are concentrated in the core city. Residential areas expansion mainly in the north of the city, but also to the south and west.

Old GMC Ankireddipalem Venejedl Perecharl Nambur Share Parameter Total limits zone a Zone a zone u zone (%) Developed Residential 20.50 3.64 0.41 5.16 3.53 33.24 22.87% Commercial 2.70 0.94 0.04 1.03 0.64 5.35 3.68% Industrial 1.13 1.25 0.02 1.03 0.32 3.75 2.58% Public and 2.70 0.62 0.04 1.16 1.82 6.34 4.36% Semi Public Transportatio 6.75 3.95 0.10 4.52 4.39 19.71 13.56% n Total 33.78 10.4 0.61 12.9 10.7 68.39 47.05% Developed Undeveloped Agricultural/V 10.80 30.81 9.02 13.48 3.49 67.60 46.51% acant Hills/Forest 0.54 1.93 0.10 1.29 0.04 3.90 2.68% Water 0.41 3.37 0.48 1.03 0.17 5.46 3.76% Bodies/River Undeveloped 11.75 36.11 9.60 15.80 3.70 76.96 52.95% 145.3 100.00 Total 45.5 46.5 10.3 28.7 14.4 5 % Table 56 Current land use in Guntur Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041

Old GMC Ankireddipal Venejedla Perecha Nambu Parameter Total % limits em zone Zone rla zone ru zone Developed Residential 30.94 13.62 0.82 12.88 10.20 68.46 47.04% Mixed Residential 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.32% Commercial 2.73 0.79 0.11 2.12 0.41 6.16 4.23% Industrial 5.68% 3.19 4.72 0.21 0.14 8.26 Public and Semi 2.28 0.26 0.15 0.74 0.82 4.25 2.92% Public

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 107

Recreational 0.46 1.31 0.19 0.09 0.14 2.19 1.50% Transportation 4.64 5.50 0.42 2.58 1.90 15.04 10.33% 104.8 Total -Developed 44.70 26.20 1.90 18.41 13.61 72.02% 2 Undeveloped

Agricultural/Vacant 0.00 14.41 7.99 8.78 0.71 31.89 21.91% Hills/Forest 0.00 2.84 0.00 0.84 0.02 3.7 2.54% Water Bodies/River 0.91 3.05 0.41 0.70 0.07 5.14 3.53% Total Undeveloped 0.91 20.30 8.40 10.32 0.80 40.73 27.98% 145.5 Total 45.61 46.50 10.30 28.73 14.41 100.00% 5

Table 57 Future planned land use in Guntur Source: City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041

GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY AND SCENARIOS

Baseline Emissions Inventory

Table 58 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector)

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 108

Table 59 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector and sub-sectors)

Figure 26 GPC GHG Summary Graphs

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 109

Figure 27 GHG emissions by subsectors

Figure 28 GHG emissions by scope

Emission scenarios

GUNTUR

Residential 444 383 Commercial 307 037 Industry 90 938 Lighting 5 131 Transportation 12 334 Waste 116 946 TOTAL 976 769 Population 670 730

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 110

Emission per capita 1,456

Table 60 Emission scenarios for Guntur

Base parameters for 2030 Population 1 081 425 Population growth 164,77% GDP growth 361% Vehicle growth 197%

Table 61 Base parameters for 2030

BASELINE EMISSIONS GUNTUR Residential 716 483 Commercial 1 108 404 Industry 328 286 Lighting 8 273 Transportation 24 263 Waste 188 553 TOTAL 2 374 262

Table 62 Baseline emissions

POLICY SCENARIO GUNTUR Residential 501 538 Commercial 665 042 Industry 295 457 Lighting 6 205 Transportation 21 837 Waste 37 711 TOTAL 1 527 790 REDUCTION (BaU-P) 846 472 Reduction % 36% Table 63 Policy scenario for Guntur

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 111

JAIPUR

Snapshot basic data of Jaipur/Chapter summary:

City Jaipur - state capital of Rajasthan Counry India State Rajasthan District Jaipur Government Body Jaipur Municipal Corporation (http://jaipurmc.org/) Metropolis Area: 467 sq. km Administrative area 380 sq. km Green areas per 1,000 population 0.153 sq. km Informal settlement as % of city Total no. of Slums in Jaipur city numbers 61,858 in which area population of 323,400 resides. This is around 10.62% of a total population of Jaipur city. Population 3 046 163 (based on 2011 census) Density 8 016 per sq km (for the administrative area) 6 523 per sq km (for the metropolis area) 3 867 000 (2020) Population prospects for the 4 298 000 (2025) years: 2020, 2025, 2030 Missing data for 2030 Climate subtropical

Demographics (age structure in Children (0-6): 26.49% %) Elderly (+60): 4.91% Industry Economic drivers – trading, administration and tourism activities and local handicrafts industries Cultural and touristic centre, heritage site, State centre for education & employment opportunities Yearly budget Total expenditure: around 162.7 million USD Rank 100 Indian Smart Cities; One of 12 Indian cities with the biggest population growth in the last decade; Within 10 biggest Indian Metropolitan Areas. State Language: Hindi, English Transport issues: Main problems: traffic accidents, congestion and air pollution. Main contributors to these problems: 1) Existing parking patterns: e.g. on street parking is present on majority of Jaipur roads (57%) 2) Suboptimal land use, i.e. extremely high number of shops and offices concentrated within a small area.3) Upward trend for development in pollution generated by transport: as the city’s population explodes, number of fossil fuel driven vehicles also increases, which further induces large increases in greenhouse gases 4) Unfeasible

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 112

public transport: Public transport is inconvenient due to the existing bus route system spatial distribution. Potentially problematic can be also relatively low frequency of connections: for 67% of the routes waiting time exceeds 10 minutes. Waste generation per capita rate decreased from 0,48 kg/capita/day to 0,44 kg/capita/day in period 2001-2010 (total waste production increased by 16%, while population increase by 28%). The main problems connected with solid waste management in Jaipur are: 1) Door-to- door waste collection system is not common practice in the city. The predominant system of collection is through communal bins placed at various points along the roads, and key points of SWM: the city, which causes that only around 20% of population is covered with a regular waste collection. Waste from the rest of settlements is dumped at an open land or into water canals, causing drain clogging. 2) Absence of at source waste segregation 3) No scientific method of waste disposal was adopted at Jaipur’s landfill sites. JMC has a RDF plant of installed capacity 15000 Tons/Month, where from 4800 Tons/Month capacity is utilised, mainly due to at source lack of segregation. Wastewater: The existing sewerage system covers about 65 % of total area of Jaipur. The septic tanks cater to about 25 % of the population in Jaipur. According to the census of India 2001, the percentage of households connected to open drainage system is 41.9% and those connected to closed drainage system is 37.7 %. 20.5 % households are not connected to any drainage system. This situation contributes in a great extend to ground and surface water contamination: most slum dwellers resort to open defecation along the roads and open drains, polluting the surroundings, which also results in risks to human health. 2) 48% of waste water from all types of buildings receives no treatment. Per capita emissions for Jaipur have been 1.63T/Year in Emissions: 2007-08. Indicative Priority Projects: Waste to energy plant, common treatement plant for textile Table 64 Snapshot basic data of Jaipur/Chapter summary

GENERAL CITY INFORMATION Location Jaipur is the capital City of Rajasthan state. Rajasthan is India’s largest state by area (almost 342 239 sq km), what represents about 10,5% of India’s total area. This state shares the international boundary with Pakistan on the western side.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 113

Figure 29 Jaipur Location in India Source: https://cherishasha.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/jaipur_map_11.jpg

Jaipur is located about 260 km from Delhi. The total area of the city is 467 sq. km (metropolis area), while the administrative area under jurisdiction of Jaipur Municipal Corporation is 380 sq km. Source: http://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/location---area.html

Figure 30 Jaipur Location in Rajasthan State Source: www.topnews.in

Climate Jaipur is located in a humid subtropical climate area, where annual precipitation is over 650 millimeters. Most amount of rain occurs in the monsoon moths (from June to September).

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 114

Temperature remains relatively high throughout the year. The summer average temperature (from April to early July) is about 30°C. Rainfalls and thunderstorms appear frequently during the monsoon. The winter months of November to February are mild, when average temperature ranges from 15– 18°C (59–64°F) and with little or no humidity. However occasional cold waves leading to near freezing temperatures are rarely noticeable. Source: http://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/geographical-and-physical-features.html

Terrain&Hydrography The average elevation of city is about 431 m. Jaipur is positioned at an altitude of 1417 feet above the sea level. The city is enclosed on three sides by the Aravalii, what protects city from the rough desert. Jaipur is surrounded by:  Sikar and Mahendragarh district (in the north);  Tonk (in the south);  Alwar, Dausa and Sawai Madhopur (in the east);  Nagaur and Ajmer district (in the west). The city is located in the eastern border of Thar Dessert (semi-arid area). The total extension of Jaipur from north to south is about 110 km, whereas the width from east to west is about 180 km. Bangaga and Sabi are main rivers flowing through the city. Total Jaipur’s ground water resources are estimated at the level of 28,65 million cubic meter. The Ramgarh Dam on the River Ban Ganga provides drinking water to the old city. Moreover Sambhar Lake, that is located about 100 km south west of Jaipur, is the only natural salty water lake, which makes it the leading source of good quality source in the Rajasthan State as well as in whole India. Source: http://jaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaipur/en/about-jaipur/location---area.html.

Average climate data for Jaipur, India

Average high Average low Average Average rainy Month temperature [°C] temperature [°C] rainfall [mm] days number January 23 8,1 6,8 1,2 February 26 11 9,6 1,7 March 32 16 4,9 1,3 April 37 22 8,4 1,3 May 40 26 18 2,9 June 39 28 60 5,1 July 34,3 25,8 203 14,1 August 32,4 24,5 202,5 14,6 September 33,7 23,2 67,6 6,3 October 34 19 23 1,3 November 29 14 4 1 December 25 9,2 3,2 1 YEAR 32 18,79 50,76 4,308 Source: http://www.easytoursofindia.com/us/images/weather/jaipur_weather.jpg Table 65 Average climate data for Jaipur, India

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 115

Demography According to the latest available census (2011), Jaipur has 3 046 163 inhabitants, where the population growth exploded within the last 10 years: there have been observed 35% growth from 2001 to 2011. Jaipur is one of 12 Indian cities with the biggest population growth in the last decade and it is not expected to fall out from this track: it is projected that in 2025 population will almost double its size from 2001, reaching 4 298 000 inhabitants (85% growth). Natural growth is expected to decrease and the migration rate is expected to increase by 2025, as shown in the figure below: Changes in Jaipur's population for 2001-2025

Addition by Increase by Year Natural Net Increase Migration Growth Population % Population % 1981 2.08 55.47 1.67 44.53 3.75 1991 3.00 59.64 2.03 40.36 5.03 2001 5.45 67.78 2.59 32.21 8.04 2011 6.77 52.93 6.02 47.07 12.79 2021 9.14 50.30 9.03 49.70 18.17 2025 5.40 50.00 5.36 50.00 10.76 Source: Master Development Plan - 2025, https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=201&mid=31 Table 66 Changes in Jaipur's population for 2001-2025

Sex ratio indicator for Jaipur is close to the Indian average: 900 females per each 1 000 males. The same can be observed in regards to age distribution pattern: prevailing share of population in pre- working age, strong share in working age and very small in post-working age, as shown in the table below: Changes in age distribution 2001-2025

Year Eldery +60 Year Children (0-14) year Population % Population % 2001 1.38 5.90 7.89 33.70 2011 1.77 4.91 9.54 26.49 2021 4.39 8.04 10.90 20.11 2025 6.89 10.60 12.90 19.90 Source: Master Development Plan - 2025, https://www.jaipurjda.org/page.aspx?pid=201&mid=31 Table 67 Changes in age distribution 2001-2025

City’s density is 8 016 per sq km per 2011 census.

Economic profile and city functions Jaipur is positioned about 260 km from Delhi and 240 km from Agra. These three cities form The Golden Triangle of Delhi, Agra and Jaipur. Jaipur is bustling capital city and a business centre. Jaipur was ranked at the 31 among the 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing cities. Moreover Jaipur Stock Exchange is one of the most important regional stock exchanges in India.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 116

Jaipur is also a cultural and touristic centre. This city is a major tourist destination in India forming a part of the Golden Triangle. In the 2008, Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the 7th best place to visit in Asia. Buildings in The Old City are painted into pink colour. That’s why Jaipur is also known as the Pink City of India. A lot of museums and traditional shops operate there. Jaipur is also popular for its festivals (like e.g. Jaipur Literature Festival) organized in city. An average household income is 175 USD per month, where an average household size is 4.1.

Governance Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) is responsible for the civil infrastructure and administration of the city of Jaipur. JMC is responsible for delivery of variety functions like water supply, sewerage, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management, roads and transportation. Also JMC is responsible for public health regulations.

Land use development The general trend for Jaipur in land use development is that people are moving out from the Walled City (city centre) to outer located districts. Commercial usage is replacing residential usage of the buildings in the centre of Jaipur: the walled city of Jaipur acts as a Central Business District for the city with over 60% of the commercial activities concentrated here. Jaipur city is growing at a very fast pace, growing outwards to the south and to the east.

Local government buildings and facilities

Local Government The total number of the public buildings in Mysore city is 815, which includes: schools, administrative buildings etc.

Residential sector According to direct information from city authorities, the city of Jaipur has a total of 603 148 residential buildings. These are inhabited by population of 323 400, which accounts for 10.62% of total population of Jaipur city. As per 2001 census, the city of Jaipur (M.Corp.) has a total of 408 888 households out of 375 021 households have a house to live. It means that 8.3% of the households are houseless. Total number of slums’ buildings in Jaipur is 61 858. 70.6 % of city’s population is provided with potable water supply service.

Commercial Sector According to Jaipur’s Master Development Plan, the total number of commercial buildings in city is 68 000, where from 23 500 are strictly commercial – shops; 3 are large shopping malls and 108 are office buildings. The area around the old city has evolved into a commercial hub: The walled city of Jaipur acts as a Central Business District for the city with over 60% of the commercial activities concentrated here. 45 879 buildings, which makes 15.4% of the total number of buildings in Jaipur, are used for commercial purposes; they are utilized as shops and offices.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 117

Public lighting

Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) operates and maintains over 218 340 public lighting within the city (tube light, sodium light, cfl). However, the public lights system was facing problems owing to old, energy – intensive technology and a lack of capacity to operate such a large network. This resulted in low lighting levels in several parts of the city and about one in three lamps not functioning at all. Under the umbrella of a Knowledge Partnership between the Government of Rajasthan and IFC, JMC engaged IFC as the transaction advisor to structure a PPP for financing, upgrading, operating and maintaining the public lights system in Jaipur. As a result, a consortium led by a large Indian energy services company and manufacturer of LED lights won the bid for a 10 - year energy performance contract. The agreement was signed in December 2014. The winning proposal included a commitment to invest approximately US $12 million for retrofitting at least 70,000 street - lamps with energy efficient LED lamps. Once completed, the project is expected to benefit 1.65 million people with improved street lighting and a reduction of GHG emissions by 36,750 metric tons/year. It will also result in $1 million per year in fiscal savings accrued to the Government due to reduced energy consumption. Based on: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP STORIES India: Rajasthan Public Street Lighting

Energy production and distribution

Energy consumption in Jaipur is growing rapidly. The community electricity consumption for the year 2007-2008 in Jaipur was 2,296.7 million kWh, corporation electricity consumption in the same period was 142,61 million kWh. (Energy and Carbon Emission Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities; ICLEI – South Asia). In corporation energy consumption the highest energy consumption was concerned Water supply and STP sector 109,61 million kWh. The share of the residential sector is 40,0% of the total electricity consumption, followed by commercial, with 21,9%, industrial sector accounts for 32,2% and other source 5,8%.

Sector Energy / Fuel Quantity

Electricity (Million kWh) 919.06 Residential LPG (MT) 86,965.00 Kerosene (kL) 16,932.00 Commercial Electricity (M kWh) 504.11

Industrial Electricity (M kWh) 740.24

Diesel (kL) 145,224.00 Transportation Petrol (kL) 137,881.00 Waste MSW (tpd) 621.00 Electricity (Million kWh) 133.21 Others Coal (Tonnes) 13,200.00 Source: Energy and Carbon Emission Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities; ICLEI – South Asia Table 68 Jaipur – Community Energy Consumption

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 118

million Tera CO2. Emission contribution of the residential sector is 28%, followed it is industrial with 21%, and commercial 14%. The highest emission came from the transportation sector with contribution 31%. Other sources CO2 contribution is 5% and waste 1%.

Sector CO2 emission Residential 28% Industrial 21% Commercial 14% Transportation 31% Waste 1% Others 5% Source: low Carbon Society Scenario Bhopal 2035 Table 69 Jaipur – City Carbon Emissions 2007-08

Summary:  Activities in Jaipur contribute to 2.41 Million TeCO2 annually  Per capita emissions for Jaipur have been 1.63T/Year in 2007-08  The Corporation Level Emissions are about 4.22 per cent of the total city emissions

Transport

The city is a major transportation hub in Rajasthan, where 3 national highways intersect. Jaipur is located on National Highway No.8 which connects Delhi and Mumbai. National Highway No. 12 links Jaipur with Kota and National Highway No. 11 links Bikaner with Agra passing through Jaipur. Local railway station is well connected to all major cities in India (e.g. Delhi, Mombai, Kolkata, Bengaluru). Jaipur is the headquarters of North Western Zone of Indian Railways. Jaipur has its own Jaipur Metro System, run on June 2015. It links Mansarovar with Chandpole Bazaar. Jaipur International Airport is located 10 km from city centre. Jaipur city has around 10 major arterial spines that criss-cross the entire city. Total road length for Jaipur is 751 km. There is planned to be built of a ring road around the Jaipur Metropolitan Area. Jaipur’s road transport is characterized by a strong share of non-motorized types of movements: walking and cycling (32%). The motorized road traffic in Jaipur (remaining 68%) is dominated by two- wheelers: they contribute to 32% of traffic; one third of vehicles registered in Jaipur city are two- wheelers (300 out of each 1 000), which is within the Indian average range: 300-400 two-wheelers per each 1 000 vehicles. Besides of two-wheelers considerable share of motorized road transport is constituted by public transport (19%). The other modes are Cars (8%), Auto Rickshaws (6%) and Taxi (4%). Low share of cars is typical for Indian big size cities, where cars are replaced by more manoeuvrable two-wheelers. The variation in traffic between the working day and holiday for the city centre is 0.5% only. Modal split for road transport in Jaipur.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 119

Modal split for road transport in Jaipur

19% 31% 4%

32%

Public Transport Taxi Car Auto Rickshaw Walk&Cycle Two Wheeler

Figure 31 Modal split for road transport in Jaipur Source: Presentation on Mobility Plan for Jaipur, http://cseindia.org/userfiles/comprehensive_mobility.pdf.

There is expected a significant increase in emissions as people shift from non-motorized transport to two-wheelers and two wheelers to cars. The rate of growth for two wheelers has slowed down and rate of growth of cars is increasing rapidly, which is also negative, since cars’ fuel use and emission is 3-4 times higher than for two-wheelers. Public transport accounts for 18% of modal share. Informal public transport (rickshaw, tempo) contributes with a rather small share compared to other Indian cities: 2% only. In 2015 there became operational metro line, 12 km length. Other important characteristics of public transport operating in Jaipur: an average bus occupancy is 45 passengers, an average distance to bus stop < 2 km (49%). There operates 1440 buses on 46 bus routes. Bus Rapid transport system is under planning; it is to be undertaken within the JnNURM programme. Main problem area is Central Business District located within the City Centre (the Walled City).  Existing parking patterns: Parking situation in the city centre is very problematic: parking spaces are not efficiently utilised, parking on roads creates congestion (on street parking is present on majority of Jaipur roads, 57%). One of the major causes for this situation is suboptimal land use, i.e. extremely high number of shops and offices concentrated within a small area. Moreover, roads in both the markets lack proper lining demarcating road lines and parking lines.  Upward trend for development in pollution generated by transport: As the city’s population explodes, number of fossil fuel driven vehicles also increased, which further induced large increases in greenhouse gases. There was taken action against this negative trend: the Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate is being issued for gasoline/petroleum and diesel based vehicles driving on Jaipur’s roads. Vehicles which comply with prescribed compliance standards are awarded with this certificate for 6 month period. Currently, there are 149 848 vehicles awarded with this certificate in Jaipur. Additionally, in order to decrease number of motorized vehicles on roads there are planned bicycle routes built-up throughout the whole city, north-east arteria.  Traffic accidents: Jaipur is a city with third largest number of traffic accidents in India. Number of traffic accidents has noted only a small decrease, but compared to the growth of population within this period (2004-2008) development in number of traffic accidents can be regarded as positive.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 120

 Unfeasible public transport: Public transport is inconvenient due to the existing bus route system spatial distribution. Potentially problematic can be also relatively low frequency of connections: for 67% of the routes waiting time exceeds 10 minutes.  Congestion: There are being taken steps to fight this problem: there have been installed an Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) in Jaipur which aims to improve urban traffic flow: decrease time and number of stops through optimization of traffic signal settings. Average speed in non-commercial areas is 30 kmph only and it is additionally reduced within the commercial areas: speed decreases to 16 kmph.

Solid Waste Management

Jaipure Municipal Corporation is responsible for the management of solid waste generated in the city. The city administration has been decentralized in 8 zones. There are in all 77 wards in the city. According to JMC data, around 1024 TPD of solid waste is collected every day which is around 80% of the waste generated, the estimated quantity of waste generated in the entire city is around 1280 TPD. Since from 2001 (waste generated in 2001 was around 1100 TPD) to 2010 the total municipal solid waste generated has increased by 16%. In period 2001 to 2010 population of the city has increased by 28%, however, the waste generation per capita rate decreased from 0,48 kg/capita/day to 0,44 kg/capita/day. Waste physical structure of MSW in Jaipur (% by weight) is as follow:

Paper Textile Plastic Glass Ash, fine Compostable earth matter Jaipur 6.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 47.0 42.0 Source: Municipal Solid Waste Management in Jaipur: Current status and way forward Table 70 Waste physical structure of MSW in Jaipur

Waste collection: Main responsibility of handling waste management in zone wise is of chief health inspector. In each zone there are appointed 11 chief health inspectors. At the ward level cleaning is to be done by sweeper under the supervision of 51 health inspectors. According to JMC, there are 5644 permanent and 1392 temporary street sweepers for the sweeping complete road length purpose. Door-to- door waste collection system is not common practice in the city. The predominant system of collection is through communal bins placed at various points along the roads, and key points of the city. JMC has installed 1794 communal bins throughout the city with the different carrying capacity i.e. 1.1cum, 3cum and 7cum. Waste segregation at source is not functioning. In accordance to information from JMC the city is unable to provide waste collection services to all part of the city. Generally, overcrowded low-income settlements do not have MSW collection and disposal services. The reason that these settlements are often illegal and the inhabitants are unwilling or unable to pay for the services.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 121

Transportation: Transportation of MSW is carried out completely by JMC which covers whole 77 ward. The MSW collected from the dustbins and collection points is transported to the disposal sites using a verity of vehicles. For waste transportation to the disposal sites JMC used 159 vehicles. The trucks used for transportation of MSW are generally of an open body type and are usually kept uncovered. Major role in the transportation plays Dumper Placer and Compactors. Waste are transported into 5 transfer stations. Transfer station capacity is around 200 TPD. Waste disposal: The three main sites for land filling are Mathuradaspura, Sewapura and Langadiawas areas having an area of 176, 200 and 483 bighas14 respectively. No scientific method of waste disposal was adopted at these landfill sites. All the waste is disposed at the landfill site with no scientific treatment method: 60% of solid waste disposed in a sanitary landfill, 40% disposed in an open landfill. There is a only one SWM processing plant functioning. Plant was established in village Langadiawas. The processing plant designed to handle about 400-500 TPD of MSW and generation of 130- 140 TPD Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in the form of fluff. The composition of waste was expected to contain moisture 25%, inert material 20% and the balance RDF of 30%. Final product, RDF contains mostly cotton fibre, plastic pouches and other light density material. At present there is no waste to energy project in Jaipur, also composting/ vermi composting is not practiced. JMC has a RDF plant of installed capacity 15000 Tons/Month, where the waste quantity input in RDF plant is 12000 Ton/Month. At intake point 7200 Ton/month waste is rejected by processing facility while, 5850 Tons/month waste is rejected after processing. Hence only 4800 Tons/month waste is processed in RDF plant. This happens due to 20% waste segregation at source and collection point. Based on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Jaipur: Current status and way forward and Master Development Plan 2015 Jaipur Region, Vol.1. and questionary Jaipur SWM key issues: Segregation of waste needs to be enhanced to improve efficiencies at the processing levels:  SWM is inefficient, only 80% of waste are collected and 20% waste are collected in door-to-door collection programme  Waste are simply dumped at the landfilled - no MSW processing and power generation plant.  JMC has a RDF plant of installed capacity 15000 Tons/Month, where from 4800 Tons/Month capacity is utilised, mainly due to at source lack of segregation.

Based on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Jaipur: Current status and way forward.

Wastewater Treatment

Jaipur municipal area is divided into 8 zones for administrative purposes, which includes 77 wards. Laying of sewer lines in the Jaipur city is done by Jaipur municipal corporation, RUIDP, JDA and Rajasthan housing board. Maintenance of sewer line is done by JNN. The city has a capacity of sewage treatment of 202 MLD, and is currently expanding this to add another 60 MLD. The existing sewerage system covers about 65 % of total area of Jaipur. In the areas uncovered by sewerage system septic tanks are used to dispose night soil. According to the studies

14 Bighas - is a traditional unit of measurement of area of a land, commonly used in Nepal, Bangladesh and in a number of states of India. there is no "standard" size of bigha.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 122

conducted by Safage in 1998, the septic tanks cater to about 25 % of the population in Jaipur. Roughly about 1,20,600 septic tanks were in use in Jaipur. According to the census of India 2001, the percentage of households connected to open drainage system is 41.9% and those connected to closed drainage system is 37.7 %. 20.5 % households are not connected to any drainage system. Basic sanitation facilities are absent in most of the slums and katchi bastis (shacks or non-permanent structures). Most of these places have neither sewerage systems nor septic tanks. There are about 76 community latrines throughout Jaipur catering to the slums and general public, which is much below the requirement. As a result, most slum dwellers resort to open defecation along the roads and open drains, polluting the surroundings, which also results in risks to human health.

Figure 32 Sewerage Network Coverage in Jaipur City

The entire Jaipur area is served by the wastewater collection network and two wastewater treatment plants in the north at Brahampuri and Jaisinghpura Khor on Delhi road, and at Delwas in south Jaipur. Wastewater Treatment Capacity in Jaipur City: Jaipur JDA Nagar Jurisdiction Nigam Jurisdiction Barhampuri – 27 MLD Ralawata – 30 MLD (under construction) Jaisinghpura – 50 MLD Gajadharpura – 30 MLD (under construction) Delawas – 125 (62.5 + 62.5) MLD

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 123

Table 71 Wastewater Treatment Capacity in Jaipur City

Jaipur Nagar Nigam is also planning to provide 20 MLD of treated water from Delwas STP to Mahindra Special Economic Zone (SEZ) for non-drinking uses, such as irrigation forgardening, firefighting, etc. Based on Municipal Water Use Efficiency Guideline Jaipur, USAID India, 2013, and Master Development Plan 2015 Jaipur Region, Vol.1.

Industrial production, processes and product use

Mahindra World City, Jaipur is a multi-product Special Economic Zone based on the concept of an “Integrated Business City”. It comprises SEZs, Industrial Parks, Retail and Social Infrastructure. The basic idea behind the development of Mahindra World City, Jaipur is to bring forth overall industrial development across different segments of the industry. The business zone is classified into a Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) for several industries and multi-product services with specific zones SEZs which include: IT/ITES, Engineering and Related Industries, Handicrafts, Apparel, Gems and Jewellery, Warehousing and Logistics. The software and IT industry is also growing in Jaipur. Many BPO companies have already set up their operations in the city. IT parks have also come up in Jaipur owing to the initiatives of the government. As the BPO and software industry is poised to grow further, this sector offers lots of scope for foreign investment. Jaipur is also famous for its textile industry. The mining industry is also a potential investment sector for foreigners. Base and noble metals are found in Jaipur. Last but not least, Jaipur offers a great potential in the gem and jewelry industry. It is a world- renowned city for fine-cut semi-precious and precious stones and gems.

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

About 5% of the total area of the district was under forest. Subsidiary edaphically types of dry tropical forest are found in the district where Dhok or Dhokra is the most common tree. Other species found are Adossa, Gurjan, Salar, Jhingha, Babul, Siris, Bar, Gular, Pipal, Shisham Peelu, Hingota, Karaya, Khejra, Kair and Jamun.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 124

GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY AND SCENARIOS

Baseline Emissions Inventory

Table 72 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector)

Table 73 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector and sub-sectors)

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 125

Figure 33 Jaipur GPC GHG Summary Graphs

Figure 34 Jaipur GHG emissions by subsectors

Figure 35 Jaipur GHG emissions by scope

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 126

Emission scenarios

JAIPUR Residential 1 193 880 Commercial 614 072 Industry 718 033 Lighting 28 955 Transportation 751 314 Waste 203 999 TOTAL 3 510 253 Population 3 046 163 Emission per capita 1,152 Table 74 Jaipur emissions scenarios

Base parameters for 2030 Population 4 884 841 Population growth 164,77% GDP growth 361% Vehicle growth 197% Table 75 Jaipur Base paremeters for 2030

BASELINE EMISSIONS JAPIUR Residential 1 914 511 Commercial 2 216 800 Industry 2 592 099 Lighting 46 432 Transportation 1 477 948 Waste 327 134 TOTAL 8 574 924 Table 76 Jaipur baseline emissions

POLICY SCENARIO JAIPUR Residential 1 340 158 Commercial 1 330 080 Industry 2 332 889 Lighting 34 824

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 127

Transportation 1 330 153 Waste 65 427 TOTAL 6 433 531 REDUCTION (BaU-P) 2 141 393 Reduction % 25%

Table 77 Policy scenario for Jaipur

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 128

MYSORE

Snapshot basic data of Mysore/Chapter summary

City Mysore – administrative seat of Mysore District Country India State Karnataka District Mysore Government Body Mysore Municipal Corporation (http://www.mysorecity.mrc.gov.in/) Metropolis Area: 132 sq. km Administrative area 128,4 sq km Green areas per 1,000 0,012 sq km population Informal settlement as Total number of slum settlements in Mysore is 8 843 in which resides % of city area population of 39 029, which is 4.37% of the city population. 893 062 (city population, based on 2011 census) Population 920,550 (city population with outgrowths, based on 2011 census) 990 900 (metropolitan area population, based on 2011 census) Density 6,700 per sq km 1 179 000 (2020) Population prospects for the years: 2020, 1 322 000 (2025) 202, 2030 Missing data for 2030 Climate tropical wet and dry Demographics (age Children (0-6): 9,56% structure in %) Culture Cultural capital of the State Important tourist and heritage centre Tourism centre around numerous attractions and the Dasara Festival. Information Technology Research and Development Centers Electronics and Engineering Industries Industry Agro and Food Processing Industries Growing Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS) industry Important educational,commercial and administrative centre Yearly budget Total expenditure: 106.33 million USD 100 Indian Smart Cities; Holds a title of the “Cleanest City’ in India, Rank awarded by the Union Urban Development Ministry in 2014; One of the fastest growing Indian cities. State Language: Kannada, Hindi, English

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 129

Main problems: traffic accidents, congestion and air pollution. Main contributors to these problems: 1) Upward trend for development in pollution generated by transport: as the city’s population explodes, number of fossil fuel driven vehicles also increases, which further induces large increases in greenhouse gases 2) Very small number of footpaths and cycle routes – there is present mixed traffic 3) Public transport is unorganized and of poor quality 4) Inadequate road Transport issues: transportation infrastructure. There is also no proper airport, which could be a key reason why Mysore’s development has been so different from that of Bangalore. Traffic accidents is a severe and, what is even more important, strongly developing problem in Mysore: even though number of fatalities did not significantly increased during period 1990-2006, the total number of accidents almost doubled and the number of injured in accidents grown by 100% (from 517 to 1011 per year). SWM: The cleanest Indian city of year 2014, recognised for aggressive waste management efforts and effective sanitation programme Mysore. Segregation at source is not present, though there is conducted a pilot project addressing this issue. Waste is collected from 72% of all the households. City Development Plan for Mysore lays down the following significant issues affecting the efficient execution of current SWM:  lack of manpower and infrastructure,  lack of community awareness,  staff requires proper training,  lack of residents' interest and support,  lack of planning. Recommendations for establishing efficient municipal solid waste management system are as follow: Achieving 100% efficiency in collection of municipal waste. Implementation of source segregation. Development of an efficient treatment and disposal system.

Minimal open defecation: 90% of the total population in the city is Wastewater: covered by the sewer system. Pollution of lakes

Emissions: Per capita emissions for Mysore have been 0.72T/Year in 2007-08 Indicative Priority Compost plant and biogas plant Projects: Table 80 Snapshot basic data of Mysore/Chapter summary

GENERAL CITY INFORMATION Location Mysore City is situated on the southern part of Indian State of Karnataka (geographical coordinates: 76◦ 12’ east longitude, 12◦ 18’ north latitude). It’s a capital city

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 130

of Mysore District, which is one of the largest districts in Karnataka. Mysore is located about 135 km from Bangalore (the capital city of Karnataka state), at 770 m about sea level. Whole city is spread across an area of 128,4 sq km. Source: City Development Plan for Mysore

Figure 36 Mysore location in India Source: http://www.ferrotiger.com/img/india_map.jpg

Figure 37 Mysore location in Karnataka State Source: Karnataka – The knowledge hub of Asia: Mysore District Profile

Climate Throughout the year, Mysore has a warm and cool climate. The climate of Mysore is moderate and salubrious. The city's average annual rainfall is 804.2 mm. Mysore gets most of its rains during the monsoon between June to September. The main seasons are: summer (from March to June), the monsoon season (from July to November) and winter (from December to February). The weather in winter is cool. The summers are bearable. The minimum temperature in winter is around 15 degrees Celsius and in summer the maximum

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 131

temperature is around 35 degrees Celsius. The highest temperature recorded ever in Mysore was 39.4 C on 4 April 1914, and the lowest was 7.7 C on 16 January 2012.

Source: City Development Plan for Mysore Monthly average climate data (temperature and rainfall) upon 1901-2000 data from Mysore meteorological station

Minimum average Maximum average Average rainfall Month temperature [ C] temperature [ C] [mm] January 16,2 28,6 4,8 February 17,9 31,1 5,1 March 19,9 33,6 11,6 April 21,2 34,3 62,4 May 21,0 32,9 145,7 June 20,1 29,2 67,3 July 19,6 27,7 74,3 August 19,5 28,0 78,6 September 19,3 28,9 117,6 October 19,5 28,8 158,7 November 18,2 27,9 63,8 December 16,5 27,5 14,3 Source: India Meteorological Department (http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf) Table 81 Monthly average climate data - Mysore

Terrain The area, where Mysore is spread, is fairly flat with some undulations. The city is surrounded by Rocky Mountains, lakes and waterfalls. Lakes (like Karanji Lake and Kukkarahali Lake) and other water reservoirs are located on flat, low regions, adjoining to the city. There are three major lakes in Mysore City: Kukkarahalli Lake, Lingambudhi Lake and Karanji Lake. Generally, Mysore is situated between the two famous rivers: the Kabini River, which flows to the south and the Kaveri River, that flows through the north of the city. These rivers provides drinking water to city’s inhabitants. There is one major Dam in Mysore City. It’s called the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam (known as the KRS Dam) and built over the Kaveri River. It was the first irrigation Dam built in India, what revolutionized the agricultural world there. The KRS Dam is located in the north-western part of Mysore. Its part is the Visvesvaraya Canal built alongside the KRS Dam. Thos canal extracts water to irrigate land around the dam. Chamundi Hills are the most important hills in Mysore. They are located about 13 km away from the city, with the average height about 335. B R Hills are another significant hills situated 90 km from Mysore. Both hills are famous for religious significance. They constitute a place visited by plenty of pilgrims every year. Source: http://www.mysoreonline.in/city-guide/physical-features-of-mysore

Hydrology

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 132

Generally, Mysore is situated between the two famous rivers: the Kabini River, which flows to the south and the Kaveri River, that flows through the north of the city. These rivers provides drinking water to city’s inhabitants. There is one major Dam in Mysore City. It’s called the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam (known as the KRS Dam) and built over the Kaveri River. It was the first irrigation Dam built in India, what revolutionized the agricultural world there. The KRS Dam is located in the north-western part of Mysore. Its part is the Visvesvaraya Canal built alongside the KRS Dam. Thos canal extracts water to irrigate land around the dam. Source: http://www.mysoreonline.in/city-guide/dams-and-canals-in-mysore

Figure 38 River map of Mysore District Source: www.mysorenature.org

Economy and city functions Mysore is a historical and tourist centre. It’s also a centre of education as well as administration and trade. The city is popular for its palaces, proximity to several attractions and Dasara Festival (a hallmark of the Old Kingdom of Mysore), which lasts 10 days and it’s organised every year in early September-October. Tourism is the major industry in Mysore: the city attracted about 3.15 million tourists in 2010. Further, city benefits from its proximity to Bangalore, which industry seeks to expand out, due to congestion problems. Median household income is 96 USD per month, which is below the average household income in India. Only 33 % of the population in Mysore city belongs to working class, which is 261 523 people. Source: City Development Plan for Mysore Demography Mysore is a middle size Indian city with 887 000 inhabitants, with sex ratio 999 females for each 1000 males, number of households is 206 372. The population growth is very high as for Indian conditions and it is expected to explode within the next decade, reaching by 2021 double size of population

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 133

number in 2001. City is characterized by a moderate population density, which is on average 6 700 persons per km2.

Economy Mysore main industrial and business sectors:  Information Technology  Research and Development Centers  Electronics and Engineering Industries  Agro and Food Processing Industries  Mysore is the second largest exporter of software next to Bangalore. It ranks no.1 for the promotion of the IT Industry in India. Mysore developed its own Software Park with the International Gateway; Company Infosys has established one of the largest technical training centres in the world and Wipro firm has established its Global Service Management Center (GSMC) at Mysore.  Mysore has the Central Food Technological Research Institute, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Government tool room and training center, Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology and Central Sericulture and Training of Plastic Engineering and Technology and Central Sericulture and Training institute emphasizing the potential for Research and Development.  There are 7774 Forest Based units in Mysore reiterating the fact the potential for Forest Based Industries  Inustrial sector is also playing an important role, most of the major industries are located in and around Mysore taluk and Nanjagud taluk, Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has established six industrial areas in and around Mysore. These are located at Belagola, Belawadi, Hebbal (Electronic City), Hootagalli, Nanjangud, Thandya. Some of the major industries located in Mysore are BEML, J. K. Tyres, Wipro, Falcon Tyres, L & T, Infosys, TVS, Cadburys etc.,  The agriculture sector constitutes around 20% to district GDP. Agriculture occupies an important place in district economy as it provides employment to the large group of rural people. Irrigated area constitutes to around 22% mainly through canals, tanks, wells, borewells and lift irrigation. Industrial development of Mysore city is ensured by the Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB). KIADB has established four industrial areas in and around Mysore, in the Belagola, Belawadi, Hebbal and Hootagalli areas. Source: MYSORE DISTRICT PROFILE and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_district

Land use development The total area of Mysore city, which was 7 569 hectares in 1995, has increased to 9 221 hectares in 2001, representing a growth rate of 22%. Slum population is distributed among 22 slum-clusters located within the whole city area. Tables below present changes in land use within a decade 2001-2011.

Area in % Area in Category % Area 2011 hectares Area2001 hectares Residential 2,849.91 39.9 6,097.87 43.45 Commercial 215.95 3.02 344.07 2.45

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 134

Industrial 962.61 13.48 1855.05 13.22 Park and open spaces 981.7 13.74 1055.05 7.52 Public and semi-public 639.69 8.96 1180.78 8.41 Traffic and Transportation 1,150.27 16.1 2,380.56 16.96 Public utility 36.48 0.51 43.35 0.31 Water sheet 143.99 2.02 178.95 1.27 Agricultural 162.33 2.27 898.99 6.41 Nehru Loka 2,078.14 - 1,634.82 - Total 9,221.07 15,669.49 100

Table 82 Changes in land use within a decade 2001-2011

The total area is further expected to increase to 15 669 hectares by 2011. City is expected to expanse along the currently under construction expressway, which is going to connect Mysuru with Bangalore. Buildup of this road, would create new Mysuru’s satellite townships, which are planned to be self- contained. The growth in recent years is skewed towards Southern Mysore i.e towards Nanjangud. MUDA/ private developers have developed new layouts in the area like, Vijayanagar and J.P. Nagar. Besides, the residential layouts the private developers have lined up an array of proposals to develop malls, convention centres and golf course etc.

Governance Mysore INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY:  Mysore City Corporation (MCC)  Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA)  The Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWSDB)  Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)  Public Works Department  Zoo Authority  Department of Archaeology  Lake Development Authority  Role of Private Sector The civic administration of the city is managed by the Mysore City Corporation, which was established as a municipality in 1888 and converted into a corporation in 1977. Mysore Citi Corporation is responsible for overseeing engineering works, health, sanitation, water supply, administration and taxation. The corporation is headed by a mayor, who is assisted by commissioners and council members. The city is divided into 65 wards. Urban growth and expansion is managed by the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA). One of the important projects undertaken by MUDA is the creation of an Outer Ring Road in Mysore which is expected to ease traffic congestion in Mysore. The electrical supply to the city is managed by the Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Company (CHESCOM). Mysore is designated as the cleanest city in India by ministry of urban development, government of India. Drinking water for Mysore is sourced from the Kaveri and Kabini rivers.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 135

source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore and http://www.mysoredasara.gov.in.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES

Local government buildings and facilities The total number of the public buildings in Mysore city is 1495, which includes: schools, administrative buildings etc.

Residential buildings The total number of residential buildings in Mysore city is 214 520. Mysuru’s has relatively good housing conditions, compared to other middle size Indian cities: it is characterized by a low slum population, which is below 10%. Another prove showing that Mysuru’s residential sector is developing in a sustainable direction is that it got a title of the “Cleanest City’ in India, awarded by the Union Urban Development Ministry in 2014. Reasons for this are, that firstly, all households and commercial establishments are covered under door to door collection of waste. Secondly, because of high waste segregation indicator: it is present at 150 000 households, which constitutes 72% of all the households in Mysuru. Last but not least, open defecation is very minimal in the city. There can be also seen a positive trend in drinkable water supply: today 85% of Mysore’s residents receive drinking water from a piped supply system. The total length of distribution network is around 1600km. Mysuru’s electricity demand is exploding followed by an enormous population growth.

Commercial buildings The total number of commercial buildings in Mysore city is 68 000, where from 23 500 are strictly commercial – shops; 3 are large shopping malls and 108 are office buildings.

Public lighting

The following type of lamps and fixtures are being used in street lighting in Mysore. All Street lights are maintained by Mysore City Corporation only. Type of lamps / year 2010 -2011 Tube light Fitting 40W 34942 Tube light Fitting 80W 7348 Sodium Vapour fittings in Nos (70 W) 265 Sodium Vapour fittings in Nos (250 W) 10812 Hi ‐ Mast Light fitting in Nos (30 mts) 5 Hi ‐ Mast Light fitting in Nos (20 mt) 66 Hi‐ Mast Light fitting in Nos (Mini Himast) 8 MH Fitting in Nos (250 W) 4137 CFL in Nos (20 W) 545 Total 58128 Table 83 Public lighting in Mysore

The electricity consumption for street lighting at 100 % operating load is estimated to be 5.4 MU (M Units /MWh/). However, according to Street Lighting Department of Mysore City Corporation Mysore, the annual consumption of electricity for street lighting is 3.2 MU at operating load of 60%. This

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 136

difference may be due to the fact that some of the streetlights not in working condition and some of the lighting points are not metered. Considering the fact that the population growth for Mysore city will not lead to city’s expansion, the number of streets and hence street lighting electricity consumption will increase in the business as usual scenario and the load is taken to be constant till the year 2018. (based on: Solar City Master Plan MYSORE, 2009).

Energy production and distribution

Energy and CO2 emissions The major energy consuming categories in Mysore are residential, commercial/ institutional (offices and shops), municipal services, industrial and transport. Within the selected sectors i.e. residential commercial and municipal services, the major energy sources are electricity, LPG and Kerosene. The petroleum products are mainly used in transportation sector followed by industries. The community electricity consumption for the year 2007-2008 in Mysore was 608,78 million kWh, corporation electricity consumption (building and facilities; street lightening; water supply and STP) in the same period was 62,71 million kWh. (based on Energy and Carbon Emission Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities; ICLEI – South Asia). The share of the residential sector is 24,9% of the total electricity consumption, followed by industrial with 38,7%, commercial, with 9,4%, other source 27,7%. In the total final energy consumption, fuel wood, LPG and kerosene constitute almost 70%, and the balance is distributed amongst coal, petroleum, electricity, etc.

Sector Energy / Fuel Quantity

Electricity (M kWh) 237.70 LPG (MT) 2,398.00 Residential Fuel wood (MT) 12,400.00 Kerosene (kL) 32,604.00 Electricity (M kWh) 92.23 Commercial LPG (MT) 8,348.68 Others NA Electricity (M kWh) 380.38 Industrial LPG (MT) 1,056.58 Others NA Diesel (kL) 51,000.00 Transportation Petrol (kL) 30,800.00 Waste MSW (tpd) 300.00 Others Electricity (M kWh) 272.71

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 137

Source: low Carbon Society Scenario Bhopal 2035; Energy and Carbon Emission Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities; ICLEI – South Asia

Table 84 Sector wise energy use (2007-2008)

A study carried out by ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) shows that for the year 2007 – 2008 the annual cemissions contribution from various activities in Mysore was about 0.94 million Tera CO2. Contribution of the industrial sector in CO2 emissions is 26%, the same as residential, almost at the same level is transportation at 23%, whereas commercial is 6%. Contribution of other source is quite high at 18%.

Sector CO2 emission Residential 26% Industrial 26% Commercial 6% Transportation 23% Waste 1% Others 18% Source: low Carbon Society Scenario Bhopal 2035 Table 85 Mysore – City Carbon Emissions 2007-08

Summary:

 Activities in Mysore contribute to 0,94 Million TeCO2 annually  Per capita emissions for Mysore have been 0.72T/Year in 2007-08  Corporation-level emissions comprise about 6,8% percent of the total city emissions Since 2011 Mysore City is participating in “Development of Solar Cities” programme. Programme support/encourage Urban Local Bodies to prepare a Road Map to guide their cities in becoming ‘renewable energy cities’ or ‘solar cities’ or ‘eco/green cities’. On the basis of this program the in 2013 the Sola Master Plan MYSORE has been developed. Master Plan contains the following pilot projects:  60 kW Roof Top Solar PV plant for Mysore City Corporation Office building  75 kW Roof Top Solar PV plant for Mysore Urban Development Authority building  45 kW Roof Top Solar PV plant for 7 Zonal Office buildings,  8 kW Stand Alone Solar PV plant for Kuppanna Park, Mysore

Transport

Mysore lies in the Bangalore’s impact area – Bangalore is the closest big city and it is well connected with Mysore with 4-lanes wide highway. Further, Mysore is also well connected with Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Moreover, Mysore has its own airport (Mysore Airport), but without commercial services. Mysore city has radial and gridiron pattern road network with arterial roads originating from the city centre. There are five main corridors running radially to outer areas of the city and are supported by three bypass roads. As on 2001, the total length of all types of roads was about 1773 km, majority of roads of bituminous. National Highway 212 and State Highways 17, 33 and 88 pass through Mysore, connecting it to nearby cities. The expressway is currently under development stage. Mysuru is connected with Bangalore also with a railway line, however connectivity is poor, mainly due to lack of doubling track.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 138

Modal split of transport in Mysuru is dominated by walking and two-wheelers, which half of are bicycles. Trip length per capita: walking constitutes 1/3 of the trip length per capita in Mysuru, which is close to other Indian cities of this size. Motorization rate for two-wheelers is 350 per each 1000 inhabitants. Cars accounts for 1% of vehicles only. Public transport contributes to 28% of total number of road vehicles in Mysuru, where buses constitutes 19%. Future plans: there is planned to be built a bus rapid transit system. Public buses operate about 4217 trips through 282 schedules from 2 depots on 185 routes making around 179 000 passenger trips per day. The total number of bus stops in the city is about 484. Average distance of 8.38 kilometers per passenger. The average waiting at the bus stops is found to be around 15 minutes. Modal Split for Mysuru 2008

1% 19%

48% 32%

walk 2-wheelers car bus

Figure 39 Modal Split for Mysuru 2008 Source: Detailed Project Report - Intelligent Transport System & Ethanol Diesel - KSRTC, Mysore, Central Institute of Road Transport, 2008, http://www.ksrtc.in/site/sites/all/themes/ksrtc/pdf/DPR-ITS.pdf.

Average trip lengths in Mysuru are 2,5 km, which is low mainly due to city’s size: population: 800 000 inhabitants and area: 128 km2; an average trip speed is low - 11 km only. Transport generates 1,25 ton CO2 per capita per year, which is relatively small compared to other cities of Mysure’s size (area and population).

Modal split development trend 1996-2006 for Mysuru

% of Increase Expected Compositio in Vehicle Average populatio Type of n of 1986 1989 1996 2006 population growth n of vehicles vehicles - between per year vehicles 2006 1996-2006 in 2011 32,43 4-wheeler 4,829 5,717 11,291 9,85% 187,23 19 77,392 1 128,33 286,0 2-wheeler 2,602 8,219 86,92% 122,91 12 504,169 6 79 Truck 866 1,161 3,937 5,937 1,80% 59,94 6 7,945 Bus 499 651 955 2,693 0,82% 181,99 18 6,161 10,78 329,1 Total 15,748 146,29 99,39% 125,00 12 595,667 2 46

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 139

Source: Detailed Project Report - Intelligent Transport System & Ethanol Diesel - KSRTC, Mysore, Central Institute of Road Transport, 2008, http://www.ksrtc.in/site/sites/all/themes/ksrtc/pdf/DPR-ITS.pdf. Table 86 Modal split development trend 1996-2006 for Mysuru

Modal split development trend: total growth in number of vehicles within the decade 1996-2006: 125%. The biggest increase for 4-wheelers (187%), buses (almost 182%) and 2-wheelers (almost 123%). The smallest increase for goods transportation with trucks, but still significant, by almost 60%. Problem: Very small number of footpaths and cycle routes; there is present mixed traffic, which leads to congestion, air pollution and high number of traffic accidents. Problem: Public transport is unorganized and of poor quality. Problem: Inadequate road transportation infrastructure. There is also no proper airport, which could be a key reason why Mysore’s development has been so different from that of Bangalore. Problem: Traffic accidents are severe and, what is even more important, an increasingly developing problem in Mysure: even though the number of fatalities did not significantly increase during the period 1990-2006, the total number of accidents almost doubled and the number of injured in accidents has grown by 100% (from 517 to 1011 per year).

Solid Waste Management

Mysore, with a population of less than one million, is in the south-western state of Karnataka and has been recognised for aggressive waste management efforts and effective sanitation programme. City has been ranked as the cleanest city in India. Waste are collected daily. However, the waste are not segregated at source, nothing is done specifically for the plastic waste management in Mysore. Mixed waste are collected and dumped into the landfills. Mysore has topped the Swachh Bharat rankings among 476 cities across India with three more locations in Karnataka figuring in the top 10. The total quantity of municipal solid waste generated in Mysore city ranges around 220 TPD - data given in City Development Plan for Mysore, following the data given in with the A Case Study of Solid waste Management in Mysore City, 2013 – municipal solid waste generated in Mysore is 402 TPD . The O&M on the MSWM is Rs. 2054.00 lakhs per year where the revenue generation out of MSW is Rs. 306.00 Lakhs. (ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MYSORE CITY–A CASE STUDY). Solid waste management program developed by the MCC covering all 65 wards. Waste system is covering 75% of Mysore territory. The collection efficiency is estimated to be 80%. Municipal solid waste collection in the city includes door-to-door collection, street sweeping activity and secondary collection and transportation. Primary collection: the scheme is implemented in 65 wards of the city. There are 240 auto tippers and 396 pushcarts deployed for the waste collection. Two markets chicken and mutton are being collected separately. Street sweeping activity and drains take place during the day time while the truck street sweeping machine is used during the night time. Secondary collection and transportation: for waste collection from 65 wards, 255 single compartment containers and 130 numbers of 4 compartment containers are placed in the wards. For the transportation of secondary collected waste 20 numbers of Dumper Placers and 2 Compactors are used. The 55 Tipper Lorries are used for street sweeping waste transportation.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 140

Treatment and disposal: 200-300 tonne capacity compost plant is located in Vidyaranyapuram. Compost plant was in 2001 under ADB project. 30-35 tonne of manure is produced per day from this compos plant, out of which 5% of manure and 20% of carbon is credited to MCC. Sanitary landfill: all municipally waste (420 TPD) is brought to the dumpsite situated in Vidyaranyapuram, 8 km way from the city. Dumpsite is being used for dumping of waste, sewage treatment plan and for composting. Composting plant is situated in 5 acres of area. City Development Plan for Mysore lays down the following significant issues affecting the efficient execution of current SWM:  Lack of manpower and infrastructure  Lack of community awareness.  Staff requires proper training  Lack of residents' interest and support  Lack of planning Recommendations for establishing efficient municipal solid waste management system are as follow:  Achieving 100% efficiency in collection of municipal waste  Implementation of source segregation  Development of an efficient treatment and disposal system. Project ‘Zero Waste Management’ (ZWM) is an initiative in Mysore City Corporation (MCC), as a pilot plant project. This is a decentralized waste management where the citizens, Self Help Groups (SHG) members, Federation of ward parliament and MCC together are handling the waste. Segregated waste is collected from 3800 houses by SHGs and is transported to ZWM plant. This is a bin-less approach, where the MSW does not touch the ground till it reaches the treatment facility complying to MSW rules,2000. The physically challenged and SHG members at the ZWM plant carry out secondary segregation. The putricible wastes is segregated from the wet waste and is composted. The citrus peels and eggshells are washed, dried and sold to pharmaceutical representatives. The dry waste is further classified in to 25 categories, washed dried, stored and sold to re-processors. Many organisations are approaching MCC to adopt this scheme at their respective wards. Approximately Rs. 0.093 million per month(2066 USD) of revenue is generated in treating 3MTPD of waste. There is reduction in landfill waste from 40% to less than 5%. (based on ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MYSORE CITY–A CASE STUDY, 2011).

Wastewater Treatment Mysore was one of the earliest cities in India to have underground drainage (UGD). In old parts of the city, underground drainage was completed in 1904. At present a major part of the city is provided with the underground drainage system. UGD system consists of about 740 km length with 30,000 manholes and is divided into five drainage districts namely A, B, C, D & E based on the topography of the City. (based on Preliminary Feasibility Report Mysore City Corporation: Waste Water Recycling & Reuse project; 2012).

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 141

Figure 40 Mysore – drainage district zones

The districts A & D covering the drainage area of about 54 sq kms are serviced by a common sewage treatment plant located in Rayanakere. The capacity of this plant is 60 MLD. The drainage district B covers an area of around 34 sq kms is serviced by a treatment plant of capacity 67.65 MLD located at Vidyaranyapuram. The drainage district C which covers an area of around 30 sq kms is serviced by a treatment facility of capacity 30 MLD located at Kesare. The drainage district E cover an area of 11 sq. km does not have treatment facility. The present inflow to the STPs is about 145 MLD with the facultative aerated lagoons as the treatment process. 90% of the total population in the city is covered by the sewer system.

Industrial production, processes and product use

Industries in Mysore district are mainly concentrated around the cities of Mysore and Nanjangud. Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has established the Mysore Industrial Cluster comprise of 6 industrial areas: 1.Belagola (Metagalli, General and Food), 2. Hebbal (General and Hebbal Electronic City), 3.Hootagally, 4. Belavadi, 5.Pura Angarahally – Mysore II Phase, 6. Koorgally – Mysore III Phase.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 142

Figure 41 Mysore – location of the industrial areas

Industries in Mysore include, manufacturing Tyres (Vikrant Tyres), Textiles (K. R. Mills, now Atlantic Mills), Electronic Systems (L & T), Bharath Earth Movers Ltd. (BEML), TVS, Silk Factory (KSIC) and Information Technology (Infosys, Wipro). Articles made of silk, lacquer, and Sandalwood are some of the most famous products of Mysore, making significant contributions towards commerce in Mysore. In a past few years Mysore industry experienced crisis. Few of the major companies like Ideal Jawa (Automobiles), K. R. Mills (Textiles) were closed down and the unemployed rate was increased. Point occurred after revival efforts of R.K. Mills (Atlantic Mills) commissioning and IT industry increase. By the way, the first in 1960 major industry to be setup in Mysore with the international partnership, was today defunct Ideal Jawa India Ltd Motorcycle factory with technical cooperation with Jawa Motors of Czechoslovakia. Some of the major industries located near Mysore city are: automotive industry: tyres manufacture (Vikrant Tyres Ltd.), and axles manufacture (Bharat Earth Movers Ltd.)., Manufacturer of motor vehicles and spare parts (Near Nanjangud, Mysore Taluk), medical equipment manufacture, heave machinery and Manufacturer of axles company. Currently, the main industry in Mysore is IT. the IT related industries are concentrated their activity in Software Technology Park (STP) in Mysore. (based on City Development Plan for Mysore).

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

Agriculture is the major occupation of people in Mysore district. Cultivated area represents almost 51% of the total Mysore district area. I total there are around 380 thousand land holdings, in majority above

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 143

85% there are small households (maximum 2 ha) , residue there are medium (2-10ha.) and large (>10 ha.) holdings. Besides, the district has about 1.65 lakh (1,65 million) agricultural labourers. Agriculture is heavily dependent on the southwest monsoon. Based on rainfall, soils and crops grown, Mysore district is classified into two agro climatic zones viz15., Southern Dry Zone (including Mysore) and Southern Transitional Zone. Major crops in the district include: rice, jowar, ragi, maize, millet, oconut, seasamum, sunflower, castor, niger, mustard, soyabe, as well cotton, sugar cane and tobacco, and mango, spota, banana, tomato, chili, brinjal. District and the state are the largest producer coarse cereals, coffee, raw silk and tomatoes among the states in India. The unique feature of Mysore district are:  In the entire state, sowing of rainfed crops starts earliest in our district. Bulk of sowings (about 80 percent) are completed within the month of May.  World quality Cigarette Tobacco worth about Rs. 250-300 crore (ten million) is produced annually in the district.  District has irrigation facility from all the four major reservoirs  District has a museum of crops (seed bank); literally, cover all the crops are grown in the district and crops grown in all the three seasons during the year.

Source: Agriculture in Mysore District http://www.mysore.nic.in

Forestry: It is necessary to mentioned about Bandipur National Park, located around 80 km south from the city of Mysore. The park spans an area of 874 sq km, protecting several species of India's endangered wildlife.

GHG EMISSIONS SUMMARY AND SCENARIOS

Baseline Emissions Inventory

Table 87 baseline emissions inventory(by sector)

15 Based on the rainfall pattern and temperature distribution, whole year in India wa divided into four seasons: viz., South West Monsoon (June-September), Post Monsoon (October – November), Winter (December- January) and Summer or Pre Monsoon (March- June). The above seasons coincide with agriculture seasons: viz., kharif, rabi and summer. Khair – south west monsoon or autumn, rabi – post monsoon and winter.

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 144

Table 88 baseline emissions inventory(by sector and sub-sectors)

Figure 42 GPC GHG summary graphs

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 145

Figure 43 GHG emissions BASIC/BASIC+by subsector and scope

Figure 44 GHG emissions by scope

Emission scenarios

MYSORE Residential 320 050 Commercial 363 815 Industry 393 894 Lighting 15 539 Transportation 221 074 Waste 98 550 TOTAL 1 412 922 Population 893 062

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 146

Emission per capita 1,582 Table 89 Mysore emissions scenarios

Base parameters for 2030 Population 1 515 231 Population growth 164,77% GDP growth 361% Vehicle growth 197% Table 90 Mysore base parameters for 2030

BASELINE EMISSIONS MYSORE Residential 543 019 Commercial 1 313 372 Industry 1 421 957 Lighting 26 365 Transportation 434 886 Waste 167 207 TOTAL 3 906 806 Table 91 Mysore baseline emissions

POLICY SCENARIO MYSORE Residential 380 113 Commercial 788 023 Industry 1 279 761 Lighting 19 774 Transportation 391 397 Waste 33 441 TOTAL 2 892 509 REDUCTION (BaU-P) 1 014 297 Reduction % 26%

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 147

SOURCES

1. Energy and Carbon Emissions Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities, ICLEI, http://e-lib.iclei.org/wp- content/uploads/2015/04/Energy-and-Carbon-Emissions-Profiles-for-54-South-Asian-Cities.pdf 2. http://www.census2011.co.in/ 3. Survey filled in by Bhopal municipality corporation’s authorities 4. Action Plan for Electric Freight Vehicles Implementation in Copenhagen Municipality, NSR E- mobility Program, 2014, http://e-mobility-nsr.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/info- pool/ActionPlanCopenhagen.pdf 5. Comparative Analysis of European Examples of Schemes for Freight Electric Vehicles. Compilation Report, NSR E-mobility Program, 2014, http://e-mobility- nsr.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/info-pool/E-Mobility_-_Final_report_7.3.pdf 6. National Electric Mobility Mission. Plan 2020, Ministry of Heavy Industry & Public Enterprices, Government of India, 2012, http://dhi.nic.in/writereaddata/Content/NEMMP2020.pdf. 7. http://www.wricities.org/sites/default/files/India-Integrated-Transport-Indicators-EMBARQ.pdf 8. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/erickshaw-hits-vijayawada- roads/article5692396.ece 9. http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/indias-first-electric-bus-hits-the-road/ 10. DIPP Report, UNIDO. 11. Optimization of Public Transport Demand. 12. A REVIEW ON URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT. 13. Master Plan for Bhopal, 2006. 14. Sustainability Matrix and Tools. 15. http://www.transportlinks.org/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_685_PA1091_1979.pdf 16. http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/tpmdc/PAPERS/16.pdf 17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur#Transport 18. Reports on Metro Rail and BRT for Jaipur 19. Master Plan for Traffic & Transportation – 2002 20. The Master Development Development Plan for Jaipur, 2025 horizon 21. City Development Plan for Guntur – 2041, CRiSiL, 2015, documents provided by local authorities. 22. 12 INDIAN CITIES: TRANSPORT INDICATORS, Center for Sustainable Transport India, 2005- 2007, http://www.wricities.org/sites/default/files/India-Transport-Indicators.pdf. 23. Data provided directly by Mysore Urban Development Authority 24. http://www.thehindu.com/data/bhopal-indias-suicide-and-road-accident- capital/article7440511.ece 6. http://mysorecity.gov.in/node/232 25. Detailed Project Report - Intelligent Transport System & Ethanol Diesel - KSRTC, Mysore, Central Institute of Road Transport, 2008, http://www.ksrtc.in/site/sites/all/themes/ksrtc/pdf/DPR-ITS.pdf. 8. A Gallup survey, 2013. 26. Guidelines for the calculation of CO2 emission from freight transport operations, CEFIC 2011, http://www.cefic.org/Documents/IndustrySupport/Transport-and- Logistics/Best%20Practice%20Guidelines%20-%20General%20Guidelines/Cefic- ECTA%20Guidelines%20for%20measuring%20and%20managing%20CO2%20emissions%20fr om%20transport%20operations%20Final%2030.03.2011.pdf 27. PREPARATION OF COMPREHENSIVE MOBILITY PLAN FOR VIJAYAWADA URBAN AREA, https://www.ourvmc.org/engg/rfput.pdf 28. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/from-vijayawada-to-pondy-by- boat/article7477046.ece 29. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/waterways-hold-promise-for- future/article6754186.ece 30. http://www.unhabitat.org.jo/en/inp/Upload/1052216_Data%20tables.pdf 31. http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/408-vijayawada.html

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 148

32. SCIAP India Initial Needs Data Final, Vijayawada Municipality 33. Master Plan Vijayawada 34. http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Inland-Waterways-Project-Hits- Survey-Roadblock/2015/09/12/article3023348.ece 35. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/centre-plans-to-redesign-waterways- project/article7079113.ece 36. CO2 Emissions from Direct Energy Use of Urban Households in India, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es505814g?journalCode=esthag 37. https://in.news.yahoo.com/thinking-of-planting-a-tree--please-stop-092359776.html 38. https://3wheeledcheese.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/auto-rickshaw-restructuring-project- india.pdf 39. http://www.slideshare.net/supabuoy/study-of-cng-and-lpg-based-vehicle-system-in-pune-and- ahmedabad

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 149

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Scope of the strategy Table 2 Sectors and sub-sectors of the inventory Table 3 Scope Table 4 Sectors Table 5 Emission factors sources Tabele 6 Snapshot basic data of Bhopal/Chapter summary Table 7 Current basic economy factors GDP Table 7A Current 2015 – 2016 Bhopal budget factors Table 8 Current 2015 – 2016 Bhopal budget factors Table 9 Bhopal Municipal Buildings Details Table 10 Bhopal Commercial Buildings Details Table 11 Bhopal Residential Buildings Details Table 12 Bhopal Buildings Details Table 13 Bhopal district electricity access Table 14 Sector wise energy use (2007-2008) Table 15 Amount of electricity supplied to different types of users Table 16 Bhopal electricity infrastructure Table 17 Bhopal – Carbon emission in urban area Table 18 Vehicles for SW transportation Table 19 Bhanpura landfill characteristics Table 20 Percentage sharing of green areas Table 21 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector) Table 22 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector and sub-sectors) Table 23 Emission scenarios Table 24 Base parameters for 2030 Table 25 Baseline emissions, Bhopal Table 26 Policy scenario for Bhopal Table 27Snapshot basic data of Vijayawadal/Chapter summary Table 28 Vijayawada’s composition of employment Table 29 Vijayawada budget factors Table 30 Street lightening – Vijayawada Table 31 Vijayawada – Community Energy Consumption Table 32 Vijayawada – City Carbon Emissions 2007-08 Table 33 Number of households connected to the sewerage network

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 150

Table 34 Sewage Treatment Plants in Vijayawada Table 35 Vijayawada forestry, agriculture and land use Table 36 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector) Table 37 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector and sub-sectors) Table 38 Emission scenarios Table 39 Base parameters for 2030 Table 40 Baseline emissions Table 41 Policy Scenario Table 42 CO2 emission per km for a 40-44 tonnes truck Table 43 Barge CO2 emission gCO2/tonne-km Table 44 Snapshot of basic data of Guntur/Chapter summary Table 45 Guntur Land use development Table 46 Future planned land use in Guntur Table 47 Public lightning in Guntur Municipal Corporation Table 48 Guntur – Community Energy Consumption Table 49 Guntur – City Carbon Emissions 2007-08 Table 50 Guntur. Value chain in SWM service Table 51 Value chain of sewerage system Table 52 Types of land use in agriculture in Guntur District Table 53 Livestock breed in Guntur district Table 54 Total production of some crops in Guntur District [average values from years: 2004-2008) Table 55 Industrial profile of Guntur City Table 56 Current land use in Guntur Table 57 Future planned land use in Guntur Table 58 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector) Table 59 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector and sub-sectors) Table 60 Emission scenarios for Guntur Table 61 Base parameters for 2030 Table 62 Baseline emissions Table 63 Policy scenario for Guntur Table 64 Snapshot basic data of Jaipur/Chapter summary Table 65 Average climate data for Jaipur, India Table 66 Changes in Jaipur's population for 2001-2025 Table 67 Changes in age distribution 2001-2025 Table 68 Jaipur – Community Energy Consumption Table 69 Jaipur – City Carbon Emissions 2007-08

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 151

Table 70 Waste physical structure of MSW in Jaipur Table 71 Wastewater Treatment Capacity in Jaipur City Table 72 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector) Table 73 Baseline Emissions Inventory (by sector and sub-sectors) Table 74 Jaipur emissions scenarios Table 75 Jaipur Base paremeters for 2030 Table 76 Jaipur baseline emissions Table 77 Policy scenario for Jaipur Table 78 Reduction of CO2 and local pollution through switch from diesel to CNG energy source Table 79 Comparison of operational costs between vehicles fuelled with diesel and CNG Table 80 Snapshot basic data of Mysore/Chapter summary Table 81 Monthly average climate data - Mysore Table 82 Changes in land use within a decade 2001-2011 Table 83 Public lighting in Mysore Table 84 Sector wise energy use (2007-2008) Table 85 Mysore – City Carbon Emissions 2007-08 Table 86 Modal split development trend 1996-2006 for Mysuru Table 87 baseline emissions inventory(by sector) Table 88 baseline emissions inventory(by sector and sub-sectors) Table 89 Mysore emissions scenarios Table 90 Mysore base parameters for 2030 Table 91 Mysore baseline emissions Table 92 Mysore policy scenario

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 152

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Tools and methodologies for SC-IAP India scheme Figure 2 Definition of emission scopes Figure 3 Examples on non-GHG effects of actions (WRI Policy and Action Standard) Figure 4 Overview of steps for monitoring performance over time (Source: WRI Policy and Action Standard) Figure 5 Ex-ante and ex-post assessments using scenarios (source WRI Policy and Action Standard) Figure 6 Process for collecting data: Source: (GHG Protocol – Policy and Action Standard) Figure 7 Madhya Pradesh District Figure 8 Area of Bhopal Municipal Corporation Figure 9 Bhopal land use allocation Figure 10 Traffic composition in Bhopal Figure 11 Bhopal Estimated MSW Composition Figure 12 Bhopal GPC GHG summsry graphs Figure 13 Bhopal GHG emissions (by subsector) Figure 14 Bhopal GHG emisions (by scope) Figure 15 Space utilization by 88 people with usage of different transport modes: cars, bus and bicycles Figure 16 Location of Vijayawada in India and Andhra Pradesh State Figure 17 Landuse Distribution (1996) Figure 18 Landuse Distribution (1996) Figure 19 GPC GHG Summary graphs Figure 20 GHG emissions BASIC/BASIC+ by subsector and scope Figure 21 Vijayawada GHG emissions by scope Figure 22 Train bridge over Gudenaa river with a build-up later bicycle path, Randers city (Denmark). Figure 23 Guntur location in Andhra Pradesh state in India Figure 24 Location of Guntur in Guntur District Figure 25 Traffic values on the main Guntur's corridors Figure 26 GPC GHG Summary Graphs Figure 27 GHG emissions by subsectors Figure 28 GHG emissions by scope Figure 29 Jaipur Location in India Figure 30 Jaipur Location in Rajasthan State Figure 31 Modal split for road transport in Jaipur Figure 32 Sewerage Network Coverage in Jaipur City Figure 33 Jaipur GPC GHG Summary Graphs

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 153

Figure 34 Jaipur GHG emissions by subsectors Figure 35 Jaipur GHG emissions by scope Figure 36 Mysore location in India Figure 37 Mysore location in Karnataka State Figure 38 River map of Mysore District Figure 39 Modal Split for Mysuru 2008 Figure 40 Mysore – drainage district zones Figure 41 Mysore – location of the industrial areas Figure 42 GPC GHG summary graphs Figure 43 GHG emissions BASIC/BASIC+by subsector and scope Figure 44 GHG emissions by scope

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO Page | 154

APPENDICES

1. Study visit report 2. City questionnaires

Sustainable Cities IAP CITIES in India under GEF-6 Program Framework Project | Consus Group | UNIDO