Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Project to Promote Overseas Sales of Quality Energy Infrastructure Systems in Fiscal Year 2016

Feasibility Study of the Development of

New Capital and Urban Infrastructure

in State,

Final Report

March 2017

Sumitomo Corporation

Feasibility Study of the Development of New and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1-1 1.1 Project Background ...... 1-1 1.2 Project Objectives ...... 1-1 1.3 Project Area ...... 1-2 2 Present Condition and Development Plan of New Capital City and Surrounding ...... 2-3 2.1 Present Condition...... 2-3 2.1.1 General Condition ...... 2-3 2.1.2 Infrastructure ...... 2-8 2.2 Existing Development Plan ...... 2-38 2.2.1 Urban Development Master Plan ...... 2-38 2.2.2 Relevant Infrastructure Development Plan ...... 2-39 2.2.3 Progress of New Capital City Development ...... 2-39 2.3 Needs of High-End Infrastructure Development ...... 2-41 2.3.1 Current Problems which are required High-End Infrastructures ...... 2-41 2.3.2 Required High-End Infrastructure and Advantage of Japanese Technology ...... 2-42 3 Proposal of High-end Urban Development (Creating High Added Value) ...... 3-1 3.1 Preparation of Disaster-Prevention System ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Current Situation and Challenges...... 3-1 3.1.2 Project Summary ...... 3-19 3.1.3 Site Proposed for Introduction ...... 3-20 3.1.4 Introduction of Technology ...... 3-23 3.1.5 Issues and Policies for Solution toward Project Implementation ...... 3-27 3.1.6 Effect of Environmental Improvement and Influence on Environmental and Social Aspects ...... 3-28 3.2 Data Center and Cloud Computing ...... 3-32 3.2.1 Present Condition and Issues ...... 3-32 3.2.2 Project Outline ...... 3-34 3.2.3 Introduction Target Area ...... 3-35 3.2.4 Introduction of the Technology ...... 3-37 3.2.5 Implementation Challenges and Countermeasures ...... 3-40

i Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

3.2.6 Environmental and Social Impacts...... 3-40 3.2.7 Additional study of applicable applications (Land Registration) ...... 3-43 3.3 Development of Traffic Congestion System ...... 3-45 3.3.1 Current Status and Issues ...... 3-45 3.3.2 Project Outlines ...... 3-52 3.3.3 Installation Candidate Sites ...... 3-53 3.3.4 Introduction of Installation Technology ...... 3-54 3.3.5 Challenges and Solution Policies for Project Implementation ...... 3-60 3.3.6 Effects of Environment Improvement and Impact on Environmental Society ...... 3-62 3.4 Water Supply System ...... 3-67 3.4.1 Current Situation and Challenges...... 3-67 3.4.2 Project Overview ...... 3-73 3.4.3 Potential Site ...... 3-73 3.4.4 Introduction of the technology ...... 3-75 3.4.5 Challenges and Measures for Implementation of Project ...... 3-87 3.4.6 Effect of environmental improvement and influence on society ...... 3-88 3.5 Sewerage System ...... 3-93 3.5.1 Present Condition and Issues ...... 3-93 3.5.2 Project Outline ...... 3-94 3.5.3 Introduction Target Area ...... 3-95 3.5.4 Introducing the Technology ...... 3-95 3.5.5 Implementation Challenges and Countermeasures ...... 3-106 3.5.6 Environmental and Social Impacts...... 3-106 3.5.7 Introduction to Water Reuse Technology ...... 3-108 4 Implementation Plan ...... 4-1 4.1 Implementation Structure ...... 4-1 4.2 Implementation Schedule ...... 4-1 4.2.1 Overall Schedule ...... 4-1 4.2.2 Disaster Prevention System Development Project ...... 4-1 4.2.3 Data Center and Cloud Computing Development Project ...... 4-2 4.2.4 Traffic Information System Development Project ...... 4-2 4.2.5 Water Supply System Development Project ...... 4-2 4.2.6 Sewerage System Development Project ...... 4-3 4.3 Implementable Japanese Government Support ...... 4-3 5 Recommendation and Conclusion ...... 5-1

ii Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

List of Tables

Table 2.1.1: 2050 Population for by Land Use ...... 2-3 Table 2.1.2: Forecasted Population for Amaravati 2020-2050 ...... 2-3 Table 2.1.3: Land Use Allocation in Amaravati ...... 2-5 Table 2.1.4: Land Use Plan for Urban Area - 2021 ...... 2-6 Table 2.1.5: Population of City [1961 to 2011] ...... 2-7 Table 2.1.6: Existing Land Use in Guntur ...... 2-7 Table 2.1.7: Short Term Project ...... 2-11 Table 2.1.8 Capacity of Existing WTP in Vijayawada ...... 2-13 Table 2.1.9 Projected Water Demand ...... 2-15 Table 2.1.10: Demand-Supply Gap in Water Treatment Capacity ...... 2-15 Table 2.1.11: Summary of Existing Water Distribution System ...... 2-16 Table 2.1.12: Status of STPs in Vijayawada ...... 2-17 Table 2.1.13: Summary of Existing Storm Water Drains ...... 2-18 Table 2.1.14: Summary of Planned STPs in VMC ...... 2-18 Table 2.1.15: Total Generation Capacity at Vijayawada ...... 2-20 Table 2.1.16: List of Substation in Vijayawada Circle ...... 2-21 Table 2.1.17: Distribution of Road Network in Guntur City ...... 2-28 Table 2.1.18: Carriage Way Details ...... 2-28 Table 2.1.19: Details of Water Supply System in Guntur City ...... 2-31 Table 2.1.20: Service Reservoir Capacities...... 2-32 Table 2.1.21: Water Supply Demand Projections...... 2-33 Table 2.1.22: Sewerage Future Generation ...... 2-34 Table 2.1.23: Summary of Storm Water Drains ...... 2-35 Table 3.1.1: Amount of Economic Loss the Major Indian Cities Are Predicted to Suffer due to Flooding Over the Next 10 Years (Estimate) ...... 3-26 Table 3.1.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations ...... 3-29 Table 3.2.1: Weather Observation at Vijayawada City (2013) ...... 3-36 Table 3.2.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations ...... 3-41 Table 3.2.3: Function Overview of Real Estate Registration Services ...... 3-44 Table 3.3.1: Processing Scale of Traffic Signal Control System ...... 3-57 Table 3.3.2: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists ...... 3-57 Table 3.3.3: Processing Scale of Traffic Information System ...... 3-60 Table 3.3.4: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists ...... 3-60

iii Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

Table 3.3.5: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Construction Work ...... 3-61 Table 3.3.6: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Maintenance and Management of System ...... 3-62 Table 3.3.7: Reduction of CO2 accompanied by Centralized Control of Signals ...... 3-62 Table 3.3.8: Effect of Delay Time Reduction by MOVEMENT ...... 3-64 Table 3.3.9: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekday) ...... 3-65 Table 3.3.10: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekend) ...... 3-66 Table 3.4.1: Organization Related to Waterworks...... 3-67 Table 3.4.2: Basic Policy to Design WTP Facilities (Purpose and Design Policy) ...... 3-75 Table 3.4.3: U-BCF Specifications ...... 3-79 Table 3.4.4: Water Treatment Performance (Average Concentration and Average Removal Rate) ...... 3-81 Table 3.4.5: MIB Removal Performance ...... 3-81 Table 3.4.6: Comparison between Two Water Treatment Systems ...... 3-83 Table 3.4.7: Chemical Reduction Effect ...... 3-83 Table 3.4.8: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of Conventional Type ...... 3-86 Table 3.4.9: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of OSF ...... 3-86 Table 3.4.10: Comparison between Conventional Type and OSF...... 3-87 Table 3.4.11: Expected Influence on Environment ...... 3-88 Table 3.4.12: Outline of Environmental Effect and Mitigation Measures ...... 3-91 Table 3.5.1: Vijayawada City—General Information ...... 3-94 Table 3.5.2: Details of STPs in Vijayawada City ...... 3-94 Table 3.5.3: Comparison of Systems 1 ...... 3-100 Table 3.5.4: Comparison of Systems 2 ...... 3-101 Table 3.5.5: Annual Average ...... 3-102 Table 3.5.6: Influent Water Quality Fluctuations ...... 3-102 Table 3.5.7: Technology Verification of PTF ...... 3-103 Table 3.5.8: Treated Water Quality ...... 3-112 Table 5.1.1: Summary of Proposal ...... 5-1

iv Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

List of Figures

Figure 2.1.1: Expected Population Growth Trend in Amaravati ...... 2-3 Figure 2.1.2: Proposed Land Use Plan of Amaravati ...... 2-4 Figure 2.1.3: Proposed Land Use distribution ...... 2-5 Figure 2.1.4: Land Use Plan [2021] for Vijayawada...... 2-6 Figure 2.1.5: Population Trends in Guntur ...... 2-7 Figure 2.1.6: Land Use Plan [2021] for Guntur ...... 2-8 Figure 2.1.7: Barrage Road (Front) and Vijayawada-Guntur Highway (Back) ...... 2-9 Figure 2.1.8: Current Road Network of Vijayawada City ...... 2-10 Figure 2.1.9: Availability of Road Signage Facility in Vijayawada ...... 2-10 Figure 2.1.10: Alignment of Bandar Road and Road in City ...... 2-12 Figure 2.1.11: Existing Water Treatment Facility of Vijayawada ...... 2-14 Figure 2.1.12: Location of Intake for 16 MGD WTP ...... 2-15 Figure 2.1.13: Location of 16 MGD WTP in Head Water Works ...... 2-16 Figure 2.1.14: Location of Potential Polluting Points in River Krishna ...... 2-18 Figure 2.1.15: Potential Polluting Points along River Krishna in VMC ...... 2-18 Figure 2.1.16: Plan for Sewage Treatment Plants ...... 2-19 Figure 2.1.17: Grid Map of AP State ...... 2-21 Figure 2.1.18: Grid Map of ...... 2-22 Figure 2.1.19: Grid Map of Vijayawada Zone ...... 2-22 Figure 2.1.20: Internal Transmission Grid Map of Krishna District ...... 2-23 Figure 2.1.21: Land Line Exchange Sites ...... 2-24 Figure 2.1.22: Local Telephone Exchange ...... 2-25 Figure 2.1.23: Optical Fiber Route ...... 2-26 Figure 2.1.24: Transmission Station ...... 2-26 Figure 2.1.25: Prominent Junctions in Guntur City ...... 2-29 Figure 2.1.26: Average Daily Traffic (ADT) at Outer Cordons of Guntur City ...... 2-30 Figure 2.2.1: Phase Wise Development Plan of Amaravati ...... 2-39 Figure 2.2.2: View of New Secretariat Complex of Amaravati ...... 2-40 Figure 2.2.3: Location Map of Seed Capital of Amaravati ...... 2-41 Figure 3.1.1: Institutional Framework on Disaster Prevention of Federal Parliament, State, and District ...... 3-4 Figure 3.1.2: Ministries and Institutions in charge of Early Warning for Cyclones, Tornados, Hurricanes, etc in India ...... 3-6 Figure 3.1.3: Monitoring of Flood Control and Information Transmission System at Time

v Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

of Disaster ...... 3-11 Figure 3.1.4: Dashboard (Website) that Displays Flood Control Information such as Water Level of Each Water Gate ...... 3-12 Figure 3.1.5: Existing Facilities for Disaster Prevention ...... 3-15 Figure 3.1.6: Emergency Command and Management System in Amaravati as Disaster Countermeasure Planned in Master Plan ...... 3-17 Figure 3.1.7: Survey Result and Proposed Measures Utilizing Japan’s Technology ...... 3-19 Figure 3.1.8: Future Image of Project Outline ...... 3-20 Figure 3.1.9: Conceptual Image of Technology to be Introduced this Time ...... 3-20 Figure 3.1.10: Conceptual Image of Installation of Urban-type Disaster Prevention Radar ...... 3-22 Figure 3.1.11: Introduction of Weather Radar and Changes in Area Inundated Nationwide ...... 3-23 Figure 3.1.12: Comparison of X-band Phased-Array Weather Radar and X-band Solid-State Weather Radar ...... 3-24 Figure 3.1.13: Urban Disaster Prevention Weather Radar can Release Forecast and Warning more than 30 Minutes Earlier ...... 3-25 Figure 3.1.14: Effect of Mitigating Economic Loss by Introducing Early Warning System ...... 3-26 Figure 3.2.1: Coverage Area by Data Center ...... 3-33 Figure 3.2.2: Utilization Image of ICT Infrastructure (Conceptual) ...... 3-34 Figure 3.2.3: Layout Plan of Amaravati and Planned Data Center Construction Site ...... 3-35 Figure 3.2.4: Transport Route (Red Line) from Port to Planned Construction Site ...... 3-36 Figure 3.2.5: Operating Modes of co-IZmo/I ...... 3-38 Figure 3.2.6: Critical Components for Data Center ...... 3-38 Figure 3.2.7: Cold/Hot Area (Left) and High-Density Racks (Right) ...... 3-39 Figure 3.2.8: Image of Improved Efficiency by Virtualization ...... 3-39 Figure 3.2.9: PUE Improvement Effect ...... 3-41 Figure 3.2.10: City Planning Diagram created by APCRDA ...... 3-44 Figure 3.3.1: Target Area for Traffic State Investigation ...... 3-47 Figure 3.3.2: Traffic Congestion Intersection ...... 3-47 Figure 3.3.3: Status of Roundabout ...... 3-48 Figure 3.3.4: Utilization Status of Motorbikes and Rickshaws...... 3-48 Figure 3.3.5: Status of Disorderly Road Crossing ...... 3-49 Figure 3.3.6: Status of Ignoring Traffic Lights ...... 3-49 Figure 3.3.7: Status of Driving Vehicles with Short Following Distance ...... 3-50 Figure 3.3.8: Status of Rickshaws Going in Opposite Direction ...... 3-50 Figure 3.3.9: Failure of Signal ...... 3-51 Figure 3.3.10: Status of Hand Signals by Policeman ...... 3-51

vi Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

Figure 3.3.11: Traffic Congestion Intersections and Signal Installed Intersections ...... 3-53 Figure 3.3.12: Distribution of Signalized Intersections for Dispersion of Traffic Congestion and Crossing of Pedestrians ...... 3-54 Figure 3.3.13: System Scheme ...... 3-55 Figure 3.3.14: Outlines of MODERATO ...... 3-56 Figure 3.3.15: Outlines of Movement Control ...... 3-57 Figure 3.3.16: Display Image of Traffic Status on Road Traffic Information Board ...... 3-59 Figure 3.3.17: Image of Traffic Status Display by Smartphone ...... 3-59 Figure 3.3.18: Status of Scattering Existing Cables ...... 3-61 Figure 3.3.19: Reduction of Traffic Fatalities accompanied by Centralized Control of Signals ...... 3-63 Figure 3.3.20: Target Intersection of Movement Control ...... 3-63 Figure 3.3.21: Phase of Movement ...... 3-64 Figure 3.3.22: Target Intersections in Yangon ...... 3-65 Figure 3.4.1: Existing Water Purification Plants ...... 3-68 Figure 3.4.2: Homepage of VMC (Water Supply Condition) ...... 3-69 Figure 3.4.3: Guntur Water Purification Plant ...... 3-69 Figure 3.4.4: Vijayawada Water Purification Plant ...... 3-70 Figure 3.4.5: Existing Water Supply Facilities of New Capital City Area ...... 3-70 Figure 3.4.6: Previous Master Plan Target on Water Supply System ...... 3-71 Figure 3.4.7: RFP for Previous MP ...... 3-72 Figure 3.4.8: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site ...... 3-74 Figure 3.4.9: Existing Water Pumping Station ( Pump Station)...... 3-74 Figure 3.4.10: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site (East Adjacent Area of Thurllur Pump Station)...... 3-74 Figure 3.4.11: Locations of Raw Water Sampling Points ...... 3-77 Figure 3.4.12: Status of Each Water Intake Point (at First-Time Water Intake) ...... 3-77 Figure 3.4.13: Existing WTP Flow ...... 3-77 Figure 3.4.14: Proposed WTP Flow ...... 3-78 Figure 3.4.15: U-BCF Facility ...... 3-79 Figure 3.4.16: U-BCF System ...... 3-79 Figure 3.4.17: Daily Variation in Ammonia Nitrogen ...... 3-82 Figure 3.4.18: Life-cycle CO2(LC-CO2) Emissions by Coagulation/Sedimentation and Sand Filter (LC-C02 Accumulated during Each Process) ...... 3-84 Figure 3.4.19: Development History of OSF ...... 3-85 Figure 3.4.20: Comparison of Conventional Type and OSF ...... 3-86

vii Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

Figure 3.4.21: Suggested Water Purification Plant – General Layout Drawing...... 3-87 Figure 3.5.1: Organization Relationships for New City Development Planning ...... 3-93 Figure 3.5.2: PTF System and ASP System ...... 3-96 Figure 3.5.3: PTF System and Trickling Filter System ...... 3-97 Figure 3.5.4: PTF System Flow ...... 3-98 Figure 3.5.5: FSF (Floating Sponge Filter) ...... 3-99 Figure 3.5.6: HTF (High-rate Trickling Filter) ...... 3-100 Figure 3.5.7: SLS (Final Solid-Liquid Separator) ...... 3-100 Figure 3.5.8: Layout plan ...... 3-104 Figure 3.5.9: Sludge Treatment Building ...... 3-105 Figure 3.5.10: Overview of Water Reuse Technology ...... 3-109 Figure 3.5.11: New Value in Water Reuse Market ...... 3-109 Figure 3.5.12: Water Reuse Plant in Tokyo (7,000 m3/day) ...... 3-110 Figure 3.5.13: Transparency of Treated Water ...... 3-110 Figure 3.5.14: Actual Usage of Reclaimed Water in Tokyo ...... 3-111 Figure 4.2.1: Outlined Schedule (Disaster Prevention System Development Project) ...... 4-1 Figure 4.2.2: Outlined Schedule (Data Center and Cloud Computing Development Project) ...... 4-2 Figure 4.2.3: Outlined Schedule (Traffic Information System Development Project) ...... 4-2 Table 4.2.4: Outlined Schedule (Water Supply System Development Project) ...... 4-3 Figure 4.2.5: Outlined Schedule (Sewerage System Development Project) ...... 4-3

viii Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

Abbreviations

ADC Amaravati Development Corporation AMC Amaravati AP Andhra Pradesh APCRDA Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority APERC Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission APGENCO Andhra Pradesh Generation Corporation Limited APMDP Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project APSDC Andhra Pradesh Skill Development Corporation APSDPS Andhra Pradesh State Development Planning Society APSRTC Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation APTRANSCO Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Limited ASP Activated Sludge Process Technology BIS Bureau of Indian Standard BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CETP Common effluent treatment plant CGWB Central Groundwater Board CPCB Central Rivers Conservation Board CPHEEO Central Public Hearth Environmental Engineering Organization CTS Comprehensive Traffic Survey CWC Central Water Commission EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EOC Emergency Operation Center EPDCL Eastern Power Distribution Corporation Limited EWC Early Warning Center EWSD Electronic Worldwide Switch Digital FSF Floating Sponge Filter GC Government Complex GIIC Guizhou International Investment Corp GIS Geographic information System GMC Guntur Municipal Corporation GOAP Government of Andhra Pradesh

ix Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

GSI Geological Survey of India GSM Global System for Mobile Communications HTF High-rate Trickling Filter ICT Information and Communication Technology IMD Indian Meteorological Department INCOIS Indian National Centre for Oceanic Information Services ITE & C Information Technology, Electronics and Communications Department ITS Intelligent Transport System LPCD Litres per Capita per Day MEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MLD Million Liters per Day MODERATO Management by Origin-Destination Related Adaptation for Traffic Optimization MOU Memorandum of Understanding MRD Ministry of Rural Development MTNL Mahanagar Telephone Nigam MUD Ministry of Urban Development MWR Ministry of Water Ressources NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NDMP National Disaster Management Plan NGN Next Generation Network NH National Highway NMT Non-Motorized Transportation NPDM National Policy on Disaster Management NRCD National Rivers Conservation Directorate ODA Official Development Assistance O&M Operation and Maintenance OSF Open Siphon Filter PTF Pre-treated Trickling Filter PUE Power Usage Effectiveness RFP Request for Proposal SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SDMA State Disaster Management Authority SLS Solid-Liquid Separator SOP Standard Operating Procedures SPDCL Southern Power Distribution Corporation Limited

x Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

STIP Short Term Improvement Plan STP Sewerage treatment Plant U-BCF Up-flow Biological Contact Filter UGD Under Ground Drainage UNDP United Nations Development Programme USAID United States Agency for Development Programme VGTM Vijayawada, Guntur, and VMC Vijayawada Municipal Corporation VTPP Vijayawada Thermal Power Plant VTPS Vijayawada Thermal Power Station WTP Water Treatment Plant WBM Water Bound Macadam

xi

Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

1 Introduction

1.1 Project Background

In 2014, the former Andhra Pradesh state was divided into 2 states. The west region became a new state called and the former capital city remained in it. On the other hand, the east region became the residual Andhra Pradesh state (hereinafter “AP”) and the new capital city must be developed in the state. The new capital city will be developed in the area called Amaravati, which is located in the south of midstream of . In this land, they are going to develop a new capital city with high-end infrastructure representing India and basic infrastructure from purchase of the land and reclamation work.

Sumitomo Corporation and the former Andhra Pradesh state have been in a good and close relationship for over 25 years since the construction of hydro power plants and thermal power plants in the state. In 2014, both parties have concluded a MOU for the development of a new capital city in AP and we were ready to work together.

In May 2016, Sumitomo Corporation visited AP as a mission of “Public-Private Committee for AP” which consisted of related government ministries and other private companies in Japan and made presentation in the field of infrastructure. In September 2016, Ministry of Economic, Trade and Industry has published a tender for the feasibility study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh state, India and Sumitomo was awarded the contract.

On the other hand, Guizhou International Investment Corp (hereinafter “GIIC”) of a Chinese consulting company and Aarvee Associates architects engineer & consultants pvt, ltd.. (hereinafter “Aarvee”) have been working for the Master Plan of developing infrastructures for the capital city area. Therefore, we would appreciate it if we could confirm their concept and content of master plan.

1.2 Project Objectives The purpose of the study is to investigate the ideas, concept and needs of Andhra Pradesh state, its relevant authorities and GIIC and Aarvee who are in charge of the Master Plan. Through this process, we aim to understand the current situation of infrastructure around Amaravati such as Vijayawada and Guntur and come up with technology and know-how which brings benefits to AP. Final goal is to suggest AP “high-end Infrastructure package” with all these Japanese technology and know-how. We will also carry a study for the area around Amaravati to see if there is any infrastructure project which might expand to Amaravati in future and bring benefits to AP. If there is a need for those areas, we are ready to

1-1 Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report

show our proposal to the relevant parties.

Fields to be studied are the followings: - Disaster management system - Traffic control system - Data center and cloud - Water treatment plant - Waste water treatment plant

These fields became our targets as we found our technologies advantageous after our study and we assume there are several Japanese companies which have interests in these fields. These fields will be covered by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, NIPPON SIGNAL CO., LTD., Internet Initiative Japan Inc., Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd. and METAWATER Co., Ltd. in order. We also contracted NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.to see if there are any more fields where we can bring benefits to AP.

1.3 Project Area The project area is capital city area of 217 square kilo meters called Amaravati where the new capital will be established.

Also, Vijayawada which is located in the north of Krishna River and Guntur which is located in the Southeast will be studied.

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2 Present Condition and Development Plan of New Capital City and Surrounding Cities

2.1 Present Condition

2.1.1 General Condition A. New Capital City (Amaravati) (1) Population The new capital of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati is a green field development with existing villages and habitations. The forecasted population for the year 2050 with respect to land use is presented in Table 2.1.1.

Table 2.1.1: 2050 Population for Amaravati by Land Use No. Land Use Forecasted Population [2050] 1. Residential 3,552,950 2. Commercial 545,032 3. Institutional 507,051 4. Industrial 121,485 Total 4,726,518 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Population forecast is prepared for 30 years considering 2020 as base year. The expected forecasted population growth trend is presented in Figure 2.1.1 and the population figures are tabulated in Table 2.1.2.

Source: Master Plan published in APCRDA website Figure 2.1.1: Expected Population Growth Trend in Amaravati Table 2.1.2: Forecasted Population for Amaravati 2020-2050 Design Residential Work Force Total Population Year Population (Commercial/Institutional/Industrial) 2020 428,747 141,618 570,365 2025 892,951 294,949 1,187,900

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Design Residential Work Force Total Population Year Population (Commercial/Institutional/Industrial) 2030 1,219,776 402,902 1,622,678 2035 1,707,387 563,964 2,271,351 2040 2,570,405 849,025 3,419,430 2045 3,237,778 1,069,464 4,307,242 2050 3,552,950 1,173,568 4,726,518 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

(2) Land Use The proposed land use by Surbana Consultants is presented in Figure 2.1.2 and Figure 2.1.3. The total planning area is 21,712 ha and the breakdown is shown in Table 2.1.3.

Source: Master Plan published in APCRDA website Figure 2.1.2: Proposed Land Use Plan of Amaravati

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Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey Figure 2.1.3: Proposed Land Use distribution Table 2.1.3: Land Use Allocation in Amaravati Land Use Area (ha) Share (%) Residential [low/medium] 6,610.97 30.4 Parks & Open Spaces 6,663.18 31.7 Roads & Infrastructure 3,079.67 14.2 Commercial 2,309.55 11.6 Public Facilities 1,771.72 8.2 Industrial 1,276.79 6.9 Total 21,711.88

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

B. Vijayawada City (1) Population Vijayawada is the third largest city in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The main economic activity of the City Vijayawada is agriculture and commercial. The Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC) population as per 2001 census is 845,217 and as per 2011 census is 1,048,000. Its urban/metropolitan population is 1,491,202. The contributors to population growth are mainly the natural increase and the in migration from the surrounding villages. The total area of the city is 261.88 km2 out of which the VMC area constitutes of 61.88 km2. (2) Land Use Master plan has been prepared for Vijayawada city including Guntur, Tenali and Mangalagiri (VGTM), which is now under Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA) regional area. Now APCRDA has appointed a new consultant to prepare the master plan for erstwhile VGTM Urban Development Area. The approved Master Plan [2021] for Vijayawada city is shown in Figure 2.1.4.

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Source: VMC Figure 2.1.4: Land Use Plan [2021] for Vijayawada

The land use breakup is shown in Table 2.1.4.

Table 2.1.4: Land Use Plan for Vijayawada Urban Area - 2021 Within City Vijayawada Urban No Land Use Area (ha) % Area (ha) % 1 Residential including mixed Residential 3,331 54 6,651 48 2 Commercial 274 4 553 4 3 Industrial 151 2 667 5 4 Public & Semipublic including institutional 405 7 1,198 9 5 Recreational including parks and play grounds 177 3 1,623 12 6 Transport & Communication including railways 800 13 1,925 14 7 Water bodies 717 12 821 6 8 Hills 334 5 334 2 Total 6,188 - 13,770 - Source: Study Team, based on data through the Survey

C. Guntur City (1) Population Guntur is one of the largest urban centers and fast-growing cities in the state. The comparison of Guntur city’s population to the total population and urban population in the state and district is presented in Table 2.1.5 and the variation is presented in Figure 2.1.5.

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Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey Figure 2.1.5: Population Trends in Guntur

Table 2.1.5: Population of Guntur City [1961 to 2011] Year Area (km2) Population Decadal Change Decadal Growth (%) 1961 30.01 187,122 - - 1971 30.01 269,991 82,869 44.29 1981 30.01 367,699 97,708 36.19 1991 45.71 471,051 103,352 28.11 2001 45.71 514,461 43,410 9.22 2011 159.50 763,821 249,360 48.47 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

(2) Land Use The city has about 47% of area under the developed/built category and the rest 53% of the area is under undeveloped categories such as agriculture, water bodies or forests. The existing land use break-up has been presented in the following Table 2.1.6 and the approved master plan is presented in Figure 2.1.6.

Table 2.1.6: Existing Land Use in Guntur S Old Ankireddipalem Venejedla Perecherla Nambur oParameter GMC Total % Zone Zone Zone Zone u Limit r Developed c e Residential 20.5 3.64 0.41 5.16 3.53 33.24 22.87 :Commercial 2.70 0.94 0.04 1.03 0.64 5.35 3.68 Industries 1.13 1.25 0.02 1.03 0.32 3.75 2.58 S Public and 2.70 0.62 0.04 1.16 1.82 6.34 4.36 t Semi Public Transportationu 6.75 3.95 0.10 4.52 4.39 19.71 13.56 d Undevelopedy 11.75 36.11 9.60 15.80 3.70 76.96 52.95 T Total 45.5 46.5 10.3 28.7 14.4 145.35 100 eam, based on data obtained through the Survey

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Source: GMC Figure 2.1.6: Land Use Plan [2021] for Guntur

2.1.2 Infrastructure A. New Capital City (Amaravati) Based on field investigation, it was confirmed that the current condition is mostly farm land, no urbanization area with urban infrastructure services, such as water supply. Existing villages have own underground water supply facilities. Wastewater is treated by septic tank. Moreover, the road also not yet prepared in many places, which means infrastructure still limited and there are huge development needs for new capital city. APCRDA was established to develop necessary infrastructure. APCRDA is subletting infrastructure development master plan for Capital City Area with 217km2 land size to GIIC and Aarvee joint venture. Therefore, it was necessary to discuss with GIIC-Aarvee to prepare the proposal on infrastructure development for New Capital City. In addition, ADC as an infrastructure implementation agency, ITE&C as an informatics relevant agency, Irrigation Department as for water management body, are related to this project. Discussion with Police of Vijayawada City, where will be linked by the transportation system, was conducted as well. During our study, construction of some trunk road was started, but infrastructure development master plan is still under preparation by GIIC-Aarvee, and it seems the development of new Capital City is still required curtain time. To reply the needs of AP State Government, Japanese side is required to accelerate the implementation of infrastructure project immediately.

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B. Vijayawada City (1) Road Network (i) Sector Overview As total 92km of road network covers Vijayawada city area, due to highly traffic volume, traffic congestion is occurred from junctions along trunk roads such as NH-5 and NH-9 during peak hour. As of 2009, intensity of the traffic was estimated as 0.2 million vehicles (enter & exit) a day. Since economic connection between Vijayawada and Guntur is traditionally strong, many workers and traders are moving between these cities. However, because Krishna river runs between, only one railway line and 2 roads (Barrage road (NH-5) and Vijayawada-Guntur highway) are connecting cities. Amaravati is also planned in Guntur side (south-western bank of Krishna river), connectivity over Krishna river has to be well planned and enhanced for further development as shown in Figure: 2.1.7.

Source: Study Team Figure 2.1.7: Barrage Road (Front) and Vijayawada-Guntur Highway (Back)

(ii) Existing Facility 1) Road Network According to the traffic and transportation study conducted by VMC in 2009, 92km of road network consisting arterial roads, sub-arterial roads, and collector roads are covered Vijayawada city as shown in Figure 2.1.8.

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Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey Figure 2.1.8: Current Road Network of Vijayawada City

2) Road Facility • Footpath Facility Only limited roads such as arterial roads have footpath and majority of other roads don’t have any footpath facility. • Street light Streetlight facility is covered 73% of road length in Vijayawada city. • Traffic light About 80% of road length doesn’t have traffic light in 2006.

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey Figure 2.1.9: Availability of Road Signage Facility in Vijayawada

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(iii) Existing Development Plan Short Term Improvement Plan (STIP) for the city of Vijayawada is proposed to address urgent traffic problems through low cost traffic engineering, enforcement and management measures, as shown in Table 2.1.7.

Table 2.1.7: Short Term Project Project Item Quantity Cost (Mn Rs) • Carriageway widening/strengthening 6.8 km • Provision of median and channelisers 6.0 km • Provision of footpaths 6*2.0km • Pedestrian guard rails 2.7 km Improvement • Provision/upgradation of signal 5 nos. of control system 301 Eluru Road • Traffic signage 58 nos. • Marking & directional arrows All corridor • Street lighting 201 nos. • High mast lighting 7 nos. • Parking management 3 km • Carriageway widening/strengthening 4.3 km • Provision of median and channelisers 4.0 km • Provision of footpaths 4*2.0km • Pedestrian guard rails 3.0 km Improvement • Provision/upgradation of signal 6/ 2 nos. of control system 215 Bandar Road • Traffic signage 123 nos. • Marking & directional arrows All corridor • Street lighting 132 nos. • 8 nos. High mast lighting 2 • Parking management 8,400 m • Provision of footpath 9.0 km Improvement • Lane marking & zebra cross N/A of • Traffic signage 59 nos. 50 central area • Street light N/A • Road strengthening 8.5 km Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Improvement of Eluru road, Bandar road and Central area are proposed. Stretches of Eluru road and Bandar road are shown in Figure 2.1.10.

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Source: Study Team Figure 2.1.10: Alignment of Bandar Road and Eluru Road in City

(iv) Constrains and Challenges Constrains and Challenges on road and transport development are listed as below: • Installation of signal control system for all roads to improve traffic congestion. Especially operation improvement of junctions is a key issue. Not only traffic control by roundabout, but also introduction of traffic lights with Intelligent Transport System (ITS) is one of the solutions. • Connection to Guntur over Krishna River has to be improved for further development of new capita area, Amaravati. In addition with this, harmonization of metro should be considered.

(2) Water Supply (i) Sector Overview At present, VMC is supplying water to the city utilizing (i) surface water (River Krishna), (ii) ground water, and (iii) infiltration galleries. Currently, VMC supplies water for residential use, commercial purposes and limited industrial use in three circles whose demarcation is as shown in Figure 2.1.13. The raw water quality from River Krishna is less than 5 NTU, expect during the season. (ii) Existing Facility Water demand assessed based on 2011 census population is 181 MLD (Million Liters per Day) including 15% water losses as per Central Public Health Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO). At present, the installed capacity of water treatment capacity is 181.84 MLD. There are 4 treatment plants constructed with

2-12 Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report capacities 22.73 MLD installed in the year 1965, 72.74 MLD, one module of it is operated from the year 1980 and other module operated from 1994. Additionally, new Water Treatment Plant (WTP) of capacity 36.37 MLD has been in operation from 2004 and other WTP of capacity 50.01 MLD installed and operational from 2009. The schematic diagram showing the layout of existing WTPs sketch is shown in Figure 2.1.11 and the capacity of existing WTP is shown in Table 2.1.8.

Table 2.1.8 Capacity of Existing WTP in Vijayawada S.No. Capacity Location 1 5.00 MGD/22.73 MLD WTP at Head water works at Prakasham barrage 2 8.00 MGD/36.37 MLD WTP at Head water works at Prakasham barrage 3 11.00 MGD/50.01MLD WTP at Head water works at Prakasham barrage 4 16.00 MGD/72.74 MLD WTP at Head water works at Prakasham barrage 5 10.00 MGD/45.40 MLD WTP at Gangireddula Dibba Total 50.00 MGD/227.30 MLD

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

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Source: VMC Figure 2.1.11: Existing Water Treatment Facility of Vijayawada

However, it has been reported that VMC supplies potable water to the city for few hours (1.5 to 2 hours) twice in a day and sometimes, once in a day. This is due to the problems encountered in distribution system due to insufficient capacity as informed by VMC. Projected water demand is as shown in Table 2.1.9 and the demand-supply gap for the treatment capacity is as presented in Table 2.1.10.

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Table 2.1.9 Projected Water Demand Projected Water Demand (MLD) Sl. No Item 2017 2032 2047 1 Vijayawada City 213.30 274.95 409.95 2 Floating Population at 10% 21.33 27.49 40.99 3 Fire Fighting 10.66 13.74 20.49 Institutional, Commercial & 17.06 21.99 32.79 Industrial 4 Sub- Total 262.35 338.17 504.22 UFW at 15% 39.35 50.73 75.63 5 Total Clear Water Demand 301.70 388.90 579.85 Total Raw Water Demand at 6 331.87 427.79 637.84 10% Excess Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Table 2.1.10: Demand-Supply Gap in Water Treatment Capacity Sl. No Year Demand-Supply Gap in Treatment Capacity (MLD) 1 2011 - 2 2017 74.40 3 2032 161.60 4 2047 352.50 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Based on the demand-supply gap, it is necessary to create new water treatment capacities to meet the present water demand (2017), prospective (2032) and ultimate (2047) water demands.

Source: Study Team Figure 2.1.12: Location of Intake for 16 MGD WTP

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Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey Figure 2.1.13: Location of 16 MGD WTP in Head Water Works

Summary of existing water distribution system in Circle-I, Circle-II & Circle-III is presented in Table 2.1.11.

Table 2.1.11: Summary of Existing Water Distribution System Length of Roads Length of Water Unserved Road Sl. No Zone (km) Distribution Pipe (km) Length (km) 1. Circle-I 373.64 353.04 20.60 2. Circle-II 435.10 292.77 142.33 3. Circle-III 421.28 312.21 109.07 Total 1230.02 958.02 272.00 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

(i) Existing Development Plan Andhra Pradesh Urban Infrastructure Asset Management Limited (APUIAML) has been formed as JV between Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) and Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS). IL&FS is conducting a study to find solution for new development of 24x7 water supply for Vijayawada city. (ii) Constrains and Challenges The constraints in the view of water supply system are: • Demand-supply gap and existing infrastructure capacity arising due to the steep increase in the immediate urban growth caused by migration of state employees, floating population and construction workers and supplementation of additional water treatment capacity to meet this demand-supply gap. • Absence of monitoring system for the existing water supply system, including assessment and Evaluation of current capacity of the existing water supply distribution system.

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(3) Sewerage and Storm Water Drainage (i) Sector Overview Absence of proper drainage system and proliferation of slums all over the city have adversely affected the hygienic environment in the city in general. In most part of the city, there are no separate systems to carry the sewage, sullage, and storm water separately. Except for 392 km length of the roads, where UGD exists, the rest of the road side drains serve as sewers to collect sewage and sullage. Also, during the , the wastewater from the kitchen and toilets mix with storm water and get diluted and become potential health hazard. (ii) Existing Facility For the purpose of providing and maintaining the sewerage system, Vijayawada City is divided into four zones namely, central zone, western zone, eastern - southeastern zone and northern zone. The existing UGD system mainly covers the central zone. The functional sewage treatment capacity of the city is 80 MLD at a sewage generation rate of 126 LPCD, which is 80% of the water supply service level and losses due to infiltration. At present, 60% of the city is covered with sewerage system, leaving out the remaining sewage to drain in to open channels, ultimately disposing to the existing water bodies, becoming a threat for the source of pollution. Location and capacity of STPs are as shown in Table 2.1.12.

Table 2.1.12: Status of STPs in Vijayawada Capacity Inflow in STP Efficiency Sl. No Location (MLD) (MLD) (%) 1 Ramalingeswara Nagar 10 10 100 2 Ramalingeswara Nagar 20 16 80 3 Auto Nagar 10 10 100 4 Ajit Singh Nagar 40 35 87 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

VMC has a plan to mitigate the pollution of water bodies by connecting all households in the city through service connections. The total length of the collection network is 798 km and length of the pumping main is 35.50 km. A survey was conducted by VMC along the longitudinal section of River for a length of 18.00 km within the city limits and 11 polluting points have been identified discharging in to River as shown in Figure 2.1.14 and Figure 2.1.15. The summary of the existing storm water drains is provided in Table 2.1.13.

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Source: Study Team Figure 2.1.14: Location of Potential Polluting Points in River Krishna

Source: VMC Figure 2.1.15: Potential Polluting Points along River Krishna in VMC Table 2.1.13: Summary of Existing Storm Water Drains Length (km) Share (%) Total Road Length in VMC 1240.72 - Length of Roads with Drain on one Side 86.68 6.99 Length of Roads with Drain on Two Sides 517.88 41.74 Total Length of Roads with Drains 604.56 48.73 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

At present, the STPs are under construction and expected to be commissioned by March 2017. The city is planned with 4 nos. of Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) as shown in Table 2.1.14. And Figure 2.1.16 shows the sewerage zones along with planned STP locations.

Table 2.1.14: Summary of Planned STPs in VMC Sl.No Location STP Capacity (MLD) Remarks 1. Auto Nagar 10 STPs are expected to be 2. Jakkampudi 2 x 20 functional by March 2017. 3. Ajith Singh Nagar 20 Total 70

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Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Source: VMC Figure 2.1.16: Plan for Sewage Treatment Plants

Subsequently there is a demand-supply gap of 45.94 MLD which is necessary to develop a treatment capacity of 45.94 MLD immediately. (iii) Constrains and Challenges The possible constraints and challenges in the development of comprehensive sewerage system will be: • Prevention of possible pollution of River Krishna and Canals by discharging sewage and sludge; • Identification of new locations for creating new treatment facilities to meet the short and long term demand-supply gap; • Diversion of sewage from storm water drains to the sewer collection network will be challenge, as location of such disposal points will be difficult to identify and trace them on ground.

(4) Power Supply (i) Sector Overview The power sector of Andhra Pradesh is divided into 4 categories namely Regulation,

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Generation, Transmission and Distribution. Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission (APERC), APGENCO is the regulatory body, deals with the electricity production and also maintenance, proposes new projects and upgrades existing ones as well. APTRANSCO is set up for transmission of power and is divided into two divisions, namely Eastern Power Distribution Corporation Limited (EPDCL) and Southern Power Distribution Corporation Limited (SPDCL), which distributes the power to the households and the industries. The total installed utility power generation capacity is nearly 20,000 MW in the state. Only 11,400 MW is the committed power supply to the state. Rest of the capacity is exporting electricity mainly to Telangana state depending on fuel availability. (ii) Existing Facility 1) Dr Narla tatarao Thermal Power station at Ibrahimpatnam near Vijayawada Dr Narla Tatarao Thermal power station is located on the left bank of river Krishna. Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS) complex consists of 4 stages as per the dates shown in Table 2.1.15.

Table 2.1.15: Total Generation Capacity at Vijayawada Stage No. Unit No. Capacity (MW) Date of Commissioning 1 210 01/11/1979 1 2 210 10/10/1980 3 210 05/08/1990 2 4 210 23/08/1990 5 210 31/03/1984 3 6 210 24/02/1995 4 7 500 06/04/2009 Total 1,760 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

APGENCO has taken up the proposal for establishment of 1x800 MW thermal power project at VTPS as an expansion unit. 2) Transmission line Grid map and substation of AP State is shown in Figure 2.1.17 and Table 2.1.16 respectively.

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Source: APTRANSCO Figure 2.1.17: Grid Map of AP State Table 2.1.16: List of Substation in Vijayawada Circle Sl. No. Name of Sub-Station Date of Commissioned 220 KV Sub-Stations 1 Gunadala 26/04/1952 2 11/11/1989 3 Chillakallu 15/03/1997 4 20/01/1992 5 28/03/2005 132 KV Sub-Stations 1 Vijayawada 28/01/1994 2 31/12/2000 3 Pamarru 05/04/1978 4 Kanumolu 05/03/1978 5 Nuzvidu 29/08/1978 6 17/12/1993 7 Kambhampadu 08/07/2004 8 09/08/2006 9 31/03/2010 10 Auto Nagar 21/05/2013 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

The detailed transmission map of Vijayawada zone showing the lines and substations is shown in Figure 2.1.18, Figure 2.1.19 and Figure 2.1.20 for the district. All the transmission lines in the district are overhead.

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Source: APTRANSCO Figure 2.1.18: Grid Map of Krishna District

Source: APTRANSCO Figure 2.1.19: Grid Map of Vijayawada Zone

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Source: APTRANSCO Figure 2.1.20: Internal Transmission Grid Map of Krishna District

(iii) Constraints and Challenges 1) Generation The Government of India has started promoting increasing use of renewable energy in the total energy mix, in which cannot solve this issue completely. In the 13 districts, the installed capacity of renewable energy sources is 1,216 MW, with wind accounting for 663 MW and solar 57 MW, the rest comprising mini hydel, biogas and others. 2) Sub transmission and distribution In urban areas, the supply distance of an 11kV feeder is generally 1.5 - 3.0 km and 20.0 - 80.0 km in rural areas. Unduly long supply distance caused power distribution losses and low voltage at the consumer end. 3) Bottlenecks in Ensuring Reliable Power Also for rural feeders, the 33KV substations are mostly manned by private people on contract basis. No infrastructure like monitoring, recording of data (manual recording of load, voltage and temperature of transformers done) and computerizing the information is done leading to lack of information at the base station (33kV sub-station) on the loading and health status of the 11kV/433V transformer and associated feeders, is one primary cause of inefficient power distribution. Today over 15 to 20% of the total electrical energy generated in India is lost in transmission (4-6%) and distribution (15-18%). The electrical power deficit in the

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country is currently about 18%.

(5) Telecommunications infrastructure underlying data center and cloud computing (i) Sector Overview Telecom companies which operate in India are listed as below: • Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL): The oldest operator in the telephone business • Tata Indi com: Formerly Tata Teleservices • Reliance Infocomm: Reliance is part of the relanil dhirubhai ambani group • Air Tel: newest of the landline operators • Idea • Vodafone • Telenor • Aircel (ii) Existing Facility 1) Switching The present switching capacity of Vijayawada is 120,000 lines, with 3 main exchanges and 33 remote switching units spread all over the city urban and rural areas. This is sufficient for the present demand. The working connections are around 59,000. The technology used in this area is NGN (Next Generation Network) and EWSD (Electronic Worldwide Switch Digital).

Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey Figure 2.1.21: Land Line Exchange Sites

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Source: Study Team Figure 2.1.22: Local Telephone Exchange

2) Cable Network Underground copper cables of length around 2,800 km of different sizes were laid in all urban and rural areas. 3) Optical Fiber Network Optical fiber cables were laid length and breadth of Vijayawada at a total length of 300 km and around 3,000 fibers, consisting different sizes (96, 48, 24, 12 and 6 fiber cables) in all main and sub routes.

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Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey Figure 2.1.23: Optical Fiber Route

Source: Study Team Figure 2.1.24: Transmission Station

4) Broadband Network This has got one Broad Band Network Gateway of 32K capacity, 3 Tier1 nodes of 10G capacity and 7 Tier2 nodes of 10G capacity in different areas and 275 DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) of different capacities (64,

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120, 240 and 480), for providing good quality of Internet service to the customers. 5) GSM 2G and 3G services are existing. However, most of the Mobile services are provided through GSM Technology. 6) CDMA Fixed wireless services were provided through CDMA Technology mostly used in rural areas, where cable pairs not available. (iii) Existing Development Plans The GoAP has an ambitious plan of implementing e-Governance and establishing environment conducive for development of IT industry in the State over the next 5 years. To this end, GoAP has published a Blueprint, has notified an IT Policy and is in the process of developing an Enterprise Architecture for e-Governance. The Vision of the Government is: “To develop Andhra Pradesh as a knowledge society of global repute, with a focus on enhancing the quality of life of its citizens, through high-quality and healthcare, increased productivity in agriculture and allied activities, creation of requisite employment potential by promoting electronics and IT industries, and above all, by providing good governance.” • Introduction of new technology in telecom sector • Replacing switching system with NEW GENARATION NETWORK SWITCHES • Providing internet facility to all needed and encouraging rural public to join the main stream using technology • Getting ready to meet requirements world class smart city • Upgrading mobile network to 4G • Providing WIFI facility at public places (iv) Constrains and Challenges Constrains and Challenges on telecommunication development are listed as below: • Sharing of Towers is just started and may go in way in future to cut down expenses; • Initial development cost burden to procuring sites with all amenities, installation of equipment and laying cables in the developing areas; • Coordination with private service providers and related agencies who require e-Government system; • Early entering, commissioning and starting services as early as possible and getting customers by entering first in the newly developing areas with attractive tariff will give good results; • Introduction of new technology with better facilities and competitive prices will be an

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added advantage; • Simple and easy way to get connection and good customer support will get better customer base and trust; • Computability with existing technologies is to be taken care for interconnection.

C. Guntur City (1) Roads (a) Existing road Network Table: 2.1.17 provides the length and width of the various roads in the city, and details of the carriage way is shown in Table 2.1.18.

Table 2.1.17: Distribution of Road Network in Guntur City Road Category Length (km) Width of Roads (m) Share (%) Arterial Roads 44 30-50 4 (National Highway, State Highways) Sub Arterial Roads 175 20-25 16 (District Roads, and other Major Roads) Collector Roads 200 15 18 Other Roads 685 10 62 Total 1,104 - 100 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Table 2.1.18: Carriage Way Details Carriage Way (m) No. of Lanes Share (%) 5.0 Single 10% 7.0 Double 19% 10.5 Double 28% 14.0 Four 16% 18.5 Four 27% Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Out of the total road network, about 502 km of roads are prepared with Water Bound Macadam (WBM) base layer, about 440 km of roads having Black Top (BT) including a few roads with Cement Concrete (CC). Further, 162 km of the roads are unsurfaced. The primary road network in the city has 48 junctions out of which only 8 junctions have signalized junctions and rest are neither signalized nor manned.

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Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey Figure 2.1.25: Prominent Junctions in Guntur City

(b) Constrains and Challenges • In many areas, the collector roads and narrow lanes are directly connected with the NH/SH. • The collector roads in the city core have narrow widths with side drains and electric poles along the road. • The typical characteristic of the arteries in the core city is – free for all – road with nearly 50% of the carriage way occupied by vendors and on street parking. • About 15% of the road network are still gravel roads (with earthen or morrum surface). Further, amongst the newly merged areas, majority of the internal roads are non-formed roads. • Majority of the junctions are not geometrically designed and controlled. • The pedestrian trips in the city are very high. However, 70% of the road network is devoid of footpaths. Also, the city lacks foot over bridges or sub ways for safe pedestrian movement. • Absence of any road management system for developing and maintenance of roads assets is a matter of concern. (2) Traffic and Transportation System (a) Existing Transport system The Comprehensive Traffic Study (CTS) carried out traffic volume counts at 7 entry/exit points namely, NH5 [Guntur-Chennai & Guntur-Vijayawada], Amaravathi, Narasaroapet, Nandigama, Tenali and Prathipadu roads as shown in Figure 2.1.26.

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Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey Figure 2.1.26: Average Daily Traffic (ADT) at Outer Cordons of Guntur City

Out of the total trips made in the city, the cycle and walking trips are account for 24.1% and 22.5% of total trips, respectively. The Non-Motor Transport (NMT) trips are account for 51.4% of the total trips made. This indicates the need for improving pedestrian and NMT infrastructure in the city. Within the city, the private operators are operating the city bus service in 11 routes. As on date, 93 private city buses are running on daily basis out of which 63 buses are 22 seat buses and 30 buses are 44 seat buses. Guntur attracts huge floating population and daily visitors due to presence of wholesale markets, health care and education facilities and district level organizations. While Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is operating intercity public transport facilities, private operators run city level services. In order to facilitate the public transportation system in the city, 33 bus shelters have been developed across the city. Further, the city has three major bus terminals namely APSRTC bus terminal,

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Railway station bus terminal and NTR bus terminal. The RTC bus stand handles a total flow of 4,760 buses and 1.1 passengers per day. The NTR bus terminal caters to significant intercity movement of bus traffic. As on date, about 280 buses and 14,000 passengers move in and out from this bus complex. This is creating demand for public/para transit operations from these terminals. (b) Constrains and Challenges • The city lacks organized intra city public transportation system. • The buses are run by private operator’s lacks the tariff rationalization and proper routing assessment. • The private city buses are not operated during the off-peak hours which creating the demand for para transit vehicles. • The city lacks the designated parking area for the vehicles, buses and auto rickshaws. • Most of the arterial and sub arterial roads are experienced the encroachments, congestion, poor geometrics, on-street parking and pedestrian vehicular conflict affecting the road safety as evident from the fatality rate in road accidents. (3) Water Supply System (i) Existing water supply system The total installed water supply capacities in the city is 119.27 MLD, out of which the infiltration gallery of 2.27 MLD is not functioning effectively. The key problem will be the shortage of water resource surrounding the city, system losses due to old distribution network, and uneven water supply distribution across the city. At present, the functional water supply capacity of the source is limited to 90 MLD. The head works for the system are located at Takkellapadu at 3 km from the city. The raw water drawl is made through one intake well of 12 m diameter and 5 m water depth. From the intake well, raw water is pumped to the two WTPs of 45 MLD capacity each situated at 3 km from the pump house. City Development Plan estimates the water demand in the ultimate year (2041) to be 253 MLD and water distribution network for a length of 650 km will be necessary to meet the city water requirements. The existing water supply systems in Guntur are shown in Table 2.1.19.

Table 2.1.19: Details of Water Supply System in Guntur City Raw Water Water Supply WTP Year of Operational Source Transmission System Capacity Commissioning Status Length (m) Takkellapadu Water is 45.00 1987 5,000m GRP Guntur (Old) pipe from available only for 9 months in Canal Takkellapadu Takkellapadu 45.00 2006 a year from July (New) to the WTPs to March

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Raw Water Water Supply WTP Year of Operational Source Transmission System Capacity Commissioning Status Length (m) 17,200m pumping main Raw water from Water is drawn intake from Mangalagiri treated at for balance 3 1987 Mangalagiri Krishna system Takkellapadu months from pump house to River WTP April to June Takkellapadu pump house S.J.Mundi Water is 9.10 1958 (Original) available only for 10.5 months in a year from 16th June to 30th S.J.Mundi April and for the Buckingham pump house to remaining 0.5 Canal S.J.Mundi summer months, the 18.20 1971 (Upgraded) storage tank WTP is operated from the water pumped from the impounding reservoir located nearby. Infiltration During summer Infiltration period, the gallery at 2.27 1905 NA Gallery quantity reduces Vengalayapalem substantially. Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Table 2.1.20: Service Reservoir Capacities Zone Elevated Service Reservoir Distribution Area Capacity Feeding Zone Location Number (ha) (kL) CWPH/Booster I 331.78 Gujjanagulla 1 1,350 Booster at HLR 900 Stambalagaruvu 2 Booster at HLR 1,364 II 386.90 Booster at Hanumaiyya Nagar 1 1,350 Sharda Colony Gravity main AT Agraharam 1 1,590 from HLR sump III 675.62 and local Booster at AMC Colony 2 1,000 Agraharam 1,250 Sharda Colony 2 Booster at Nehru 1,250 IV 377.81 Nagar sump and Vasanthraya Puram 1 650 local boosters (Bongarala Beedu) 1,200 i) Booster at 1,200 Nehru Nagar and HLR (Lakshmi local booster V 169.90 3 Nagar) CWPH at SJ 1,200 Mudi WTP and inline booster Gravity main VI 173.95 Court Compound 1 1,364 from HLR sump and local booster VII 764.15 Nehru Nagar 2 1,250 Trunk and

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Zone Elevated Service Reservoir Distribution Area Capacity Feeding Zone Location Number (ha) (kL) CWPH/Booster 1,250 sub-trunk mains 1,370 from Takkellapadu BR Stadium 2 1,590 WTP and local booster VIII 722.29 CWPH (old) from LB Nagar 1 1,000 Takkellapadu WTP 1,200 1,200 CWPH at SJ IX 585.87 LLR (Naaz Center) 4 1,200 Mudi WTP 1,200 Trunk and sub- trunk mains from Nallacheruvu 1 1,590 Takkellapadu X 359.93 WTP Booster at Srinivasa Rao Thota 1 1,000 Nallacheruvu sump Total 24 29,618 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

Table 2.1.21: Water Supply Demand Projections Year Projected Population (Lakh) Water Supply Demand (MLD) 2021 9.4 166 2031 11.7 205 2041 14.6 253 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

(ii) Planned Water supply project In order to address the water demand for the ultimate population of 2041, GoAP has taken up a water supply project for Guntur, and the Detailed Project Report has been prepared with an amount of Rs 460 Crores. The project was taken up under the Andhra Pradesh Municipal Development Project (APMDP) and funded by the World Bank. The project has the following key components: • Provision of additional water supply source by drawl of raw water from Undavalli and then raw water conveyed by gravity flow to WTP at Takkellapadu; • Development of transmission lines (28 km) from Undavalli to Takkellapadu; • Development of additional WTP capacity of 65 MLD by 2026 and 46 MLD capacity by 2041; • Rehabilitation of the existing distribution system within the core city and provision of household level metering; • Construction of additional 10 service reservoirs. (iii) Constrains and Challenges

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The water supply source is far from the city, and water is not available in the canals throughout the year. (4) Sewerage System (i) Existing Sewerage System Guntur city is predominantly dependent on storm water drains for disposal of waste water. The underground drainage system is available in parts of the core city. In the rest of the areas, the sewage is disposed into storm water drains or un-lined trenches. The sewerage treatment plant which is located at Suddapalli donka is not in operation due to technical issues. Hence, the sewage collected through the storm water channels is being let into the agricultural fields. (Sewerage network and coverage) The total generation of sewage in the city is estimated to be about 72 MLD, which includes sullage, grey water, and night soil. The total number of individual toilets in Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC) is 88,569. Of the individual toilets, 71,130 are connected to septic tanks and the remaining 17,239 are connected to sewer lines. The analysis of distribution of households as per toilet facility shows that 48% of households have on site treatment facility; 12% of the households are connected to sewer lines; 12% of the households are dependent on community or shared toilets and 28% of the households lack access to safe sanitation facility. (Sewerage treatment) Sewage collected from the main drains is discharged into Peekalavagu, and other drains discharge into Suddapalli Donka at the south-west of the city. A 9 MLD STP is located at Suddapallidonka. Presently, the plant is defunct since the outfall sewer, screening chambers, and grit channels are choked up. Hence all the sewage is being diverted to Peekalavagu through a network of lined and un-lined drains. (ii) Future Sewage Generation The sewage generation has been estimated at 80% of the water supplied. The sewage generation projected has been presented in Table 2.1.22 below.

Table 2.1.22: Sewerage Future Generation Year Projected Population (Lakh) Sewage Generation (MLD) 2021 9.4 133 2031 11.7 164 2041 14.6 202 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

(iii) Constrains and Challenges • About 28% of the properties are not covered with safe sanitation facility; • The newly merged area lacks both Sewerage Network Coverage and Treatment;

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• The 9 MLD STP at Suddapallidonka is presently defunct due to which the untreated sewage from open drains and effluent channels is disposed into agricultural fields; • The existing sewage disposal system is emerging as an environmental threat for the city and the neighboring villages. (5) Storm Water Drainage (i) Existing Drainage System There are about five major outfall drains, namely, the Peekala Vagu Drain, Nandhiveelgu Drain, Suddapalli Donka Drain, Budampadu Drain, and the Kankaragunta Drain. Out of the total length of the existing outfall drains of 31 km, only about 0.8 km is lined outfall drains. The rest of the streams are earthen trenches. About 84% of the roads in the city are covered with the storm water network. However, only 15% of the road length is covered with lined drains. The rest of the areas have either un-lined drains or open trenches for collection of storm water. The summary of Storm water drains within the city is presented in Table 2.1.23.

Table 2.1.23: Summary of Storm Water Drains Sr. No. Category of Drain Length (km) 1 Open Drains (Lined) 839 2 Open Drains (Un-lined) 351 3 Length of Underground Drainage Network 87 Total 1,277 Source: Study Team, based on data obtained through the Survey

(Areas prone to water-logging) The southern and eastern parts of the city get flooded even during medium-intensity rains. (ii) Constrains and Challenges Guntur city does not have a separate storm water drainage network, and the drains in most of the areas get clogged with solid waste and silted. Many areas on the southern and eastern sides get flooded/inundated during medium to high intensity rains. Roads have been laid without providing access channels to storm water networks. The storm water drains in most of the areas get clogged with solid waste and silted. (6) Power Supply (i) Existing Power Supply is an administrative district in the region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The administrative seat of the district is located at Guntur, which is also the largest city of the district in terms of area and population. The requirement of electricity, i.e. both energy and peak demand are expected to increase significantly in Andhra Pradesh from the present level of 43,684 MU & 6,158 MW to 82,392 MU and 13,436 MW respectively by FY 2018-19.

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The total installed utility power generation capacity is nearly 20,000 MW in the state. However, only 11,400 MW is the committed power supply to the state. Rest of the capacity is exporting to Telangana state depending on fuel availability. The per capita electricity consumption is 1,003 units, 48,323 million KWh of electricity supplied in the year 2014-15. Andhra Pradesh has total 127.53 households (Rural - 88.59 lakhs, Urban - 38.94 lakhs), out of which around 5.84 lakhs are un-electrified. At present, the un-electrified households are being electrified under RGGVY scheme of Govt. of India. Guntur district is having 1 numbers 400/220 kV substation, 3 numbers 220/132 kV sub stations and 15 numbers 132/33 KV substations. The city of Guntur meets its power needs mainly from 2 numbers 132KV substation. The max demand met to Guntur district is 1,549.9MVA and for Guntur is 133.87 MVA. (ii) Planned Power Supply Project AP Transco is proposed to construct 1 no. 400/220KV substation in Ainavolu, 3no. 220/132KV substations in Malkapuram, Maddur and upgrade Tadepalli substation and 9 no. 132/33KV substations in , Uddandarayapalem, Krishnayanapalem, , 6th Battalion area, university, Amaravathi, Peddaparimi and Atchempet. The 400KV transmission line from VTPS to Sattenapalli connected to proposed Ainavolu 400/220KV substation as LILO. The 220KV transmission line from VTPS to Podili connected to proposed Malkapuram 220/132KV substation as LILO and 220KV transmission line from VTPS to Tadepalli connected to proposed Amaravathi 220/132KV substation as LILO. It is also Proposed to upgrade existing Tadepalli 132KV substation to 220/132KV and connect it to 440KV Ainavolu substation and 220KV Malkapuram. (7) Telecommunications infrastructure underlying data center and cloud computing (a) Overview Guntur Telecom District provides services to Guntur city, municipal corporations Tenali, Narasaraopeta, Chilalakaluripeta, Repalle, Bapatla and other potential areas Sattenpalli, Macherla, Vinukonda, the upcoming AP Capital Region and all other villages in Guntur district. The present switching capacity Guntur is 40,000 Lines, with 1 main exchange and 9 remote switching units spread all over the city urban and rural areas. This is sufficient for the present demand. The working connections are around 36,749. The technology used in this area is EWSD. Trunk Switching Center is also located in Guntur city with capacity of 24k. Underground copper cables of length 631.097 km of different sizes and 128,902.5 CKM

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were laid in different parts of Guntur city and 437.767 km of various sizes and 60,535.76 CKM in Capital Region. Through these cables voice and data connections are being provided. Optical fiber cables were laid length and breadth of Guntur at a total length of 354.182 km, consisting different sizes (96, 48, 24, 12 and 6 fiber cables) in all main and sub routes. Broad Band network provides internet connection to the public, through Gateway of 16 G capacity, three (3) Tier1 nodes of10G capacity and eight (8) Tier2 nodes of 10G capacity in different areas and 52 DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) of different capacities (64.120, 240,480 and 960) with a total port capacity of 6,000, for providing good quality of Internet service to the customers in both urban and rural areas. A total of 36,000 subscribers were provided data connection through BSNL BROAD BAND. Most of the Mobile services are provided through GSM Technology with good quality and reliable network. Both 2G and 3G services are being provided. BSNL mobile services are spread over rural areas also. The customer base is around 4 lakhs in Guntur District. Fixed wireless services were provided through CDMA Technology, where cable pairs not available, mostly in rural areas. (b) Constrains & Challenges Constrains and Challenges on telecommunication development are listed as below: • Sharing of Towers is just started and may go in way in future to cut down expenses; • Initial development cost burden to procuring sites with all amenities, installation of equipment and laying cables in the developing areas; • Coordination with private service providers and related agencies who require e-Government system; • Early entering, commissioning and starting services as early as possible and getting customers by entering first in the newly developing areas with attractive tariff will give good results; • Introduction of new technology with better facilities and competitive prices will be an added advantage; • Simple and easy way to get connection and good customer support will get better customer base and trust; • Computability with existing technologies is to be taken care for interconnection.

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2.2 Existing Development Plan

2.2.1 Urban Development Master Plan Capital City Detailed Master Plan have been prepared by Surbana Consultants for Amaravati and approved by APCRDA in Dec 2015. To enable successful implementation of the Capital City Master Plan, a development phasing has been proposed for guiding the implementation and government budget requirements for the immediate and future projects. Detailed Master Plan proposes 3 development phases catering to the city’s short, medium and long term requirements. MP proposes the following three phases to be developed: • Phase 1: Catalyze Phase 1 will span for the first 10 years for catalyzing urban developments within the Capital City. This phase will include a large number of infrastructure projects in order to create the critical base for development. • Phase 2: Momentize Phase 2 will focus on the medium term development (2025-2035) in order to momentize urban development within the Capital City. • Phase 3: Sustain Phase 3 will focus on the long term development (2035-2050) to complete the vision and goals for the Capital city as shown in Figure 2.2.1.

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Source: APCRDA Figure 2.2.1: Phase Wise Development Plan of Amaravati

2.2.2 Relevant Infrastructure Development Plan At present, a draft version of the Infrastructure Master Plan for various components has been prepared, including (i) Water supply system, (ii) Wastewater system, (iii) Road, (iv) Power, (v) Telecommunications infrastructure underlying data center and cloud computing, (vi) Transportation, (vii) Storm Water Drainage, (viii) Gas, (ix) Disaster Management, and (x) Smart integrated component, though the MP has not been published as of March 2017.

2.2.3 Progress of New Capital City Development Based on consultations with APCRDA officials, following (a) Temporary Government Complex The temporary complex construction has been completed and become functional for lead governmental agencies including Chief Minister’s office. There are 7 blocks in the government building complex.

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Source: Study Team Figure 2.2.2: View of New Secretariat Complex of Amaravati

(b) Construction of roads in Capital Area ADC has commenced the procurement works for the construction of roads in Amaravati Capital Area. Major spine road in Phase-I for a length of 19 km and the concessionaire is NCC, a Hyderabad based company. APCRDA has planned 7 roads under Phase-1, being implemented for a length of 65 Km with a total cost of INR 10,200 million. As per the information of ADC officials, it is expected to release Request for Proposal (RFP) for Phase-2 roads for a total length of 75 km with overall cost of INR 12,000 million. Further ADC officials have informed that Phase-2 & Phase-3 roads may likely be combined along with all utilities to be procured under ICB method, based on latest update from Chief Minister meeting. Hence, the procurement process for phase-2 roads has been kept on hold, which was scheduled to be latest by the end of December-16. The roads in Phase-2 include E2, E4, E6, E12, E15, E18, N1, N2, N5, N7, N11. (c) Architectural works for Iconic Buildings At present, APCRDA is focusing on the development of seed capital area of 16.9 km2. Master Plan for the seed capital is already prepared by Surbana consultants. APCRDA has recently appointed Norman Foster and as Master Architect for Government Complexes and Iconic buildings and the Master Architect started working the preparation of Urban Development guidelines and macro level planning of the Government complexes and Iconic Buildings in Seed Capital. Also, APCRDA has invited the architectural design services for VIP housing, comprises minister bungalows, residences of top government officials etc., Secretariat and Head of the Department [HoD] offices. Three RFPs have been called for simultaneously to appoint three architects for saving the time and accelerate the development process.

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Source: APCRDA Figure 2.2.3: Location Map of Seed Capital of Amaravati

(d) Infrastructure Master Plan The draft version of the infrastructure master plan is under review from APCRDA and APCRDA officials inform that the Infrastructure master plan will still undergo modifications based on their primary assessment. Initial comments on the draft master plan were provided to the consultants by APCRDA officials and expect the revised version of the MP will be submitted within January 2017.

2.3 Needs of High-End Infrastructure Development

2.3.1 Current Problems which are required High-End Infrastructures (1) Disaster management system Since water level of the River is higher than the existing ground level in new capital city area, countermeasures against flooding have been implemented along the River. However, these measures are not sufficient enough to safeguard against the damage due to breakdown of breakwaters has been reported in recent years. In order to further enhance safety and promote development by private sector, it is necessary to implement the flood and disaster management measures, such as reinforcement of existing embankments, improvement of rainwater drainage system and introduction of early warning / disaster prevention system.

(2) Traffic In the new capital city, where rapid development of new government office buildings, urban housing and industrial parks are expected within next 5 years, it is necessary and essential to develop a public transport system to meet the short-term development requirements targeted

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to be completed by the end of the year 2018. In conjunction with the completion of the government office building, a means of commuting for the state staff being relocated from Hyderabad is necessary besides floating population from Hyderabad. In this regard, a dedicated public corporation may be set up for new capital city and respond by introduction of buses. Also considering the commuting traffic from and within Vijayawada city, it is to be noted that traffic congestions occur due to shortages in traffic infrastructure, such as traffic lights in the city etc., which alarms urgent action is required to solve the problem.

(3) Telecommunications It is expected that the registration work of residents and companies will occur enormously in the short term including the relocation of government officials in the near future. In accordance with this, it is necessary to simplify the work and procedures by digitalization, and to improve the infrastructure that enables various data aggregation and batch management. In the development of the new capital city, the land rights are is organized and authorized by land pooling system, so it is important to introduce the electronic register, which will facilitate land sales and development activities to progress smoothly.

(4) Tap water Due to special needs from high-class oriented urban developers and hospitals, improvement of drinking water supply system which can be consumed directly from the faucet is required to promote global practices.

(5) Sewage For effective utilization of existing water sources, it is necessary to introduce the water recycling technology to recycle sewage and industrial effluents from the upcoming developments in capital city.

2.3.2 Required High-End Infrastructure and Advantage of Japanese Technology (1) Disaster management system A disaster management system for the new capital city is especially required for downtown area. A comprehensive disaster management system including monitoring, forecasting and warnings has been developed by Japanese companies are so far highly reliable in view point of their experience as earthquake prone country. Therefore, induction of real time advanced technologies for disaster management will be necessary for new capital city.

(2) Traffic As a measure to mitigate congestion in the existing cities, it is ideal to increase the road capacity by widening roads and lanes. These measures require considerable time and expenses are required for land acquisition, hence, as a prompt countermeasure, traffic lights, traffic

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information provision equipment, signal control system shall be considered as alternative solution. These are effective from the viewpoint of cost effectiveness and introduction of advanced Japanese traffic control systems to new capital city and other urban cities around new capital city.

(3) Telecommunications It is necessary to introduce infrastructure that enables aggregation, management and utilization of city big data collectively. Japanese technology including data centers and smart city practices that make use of this technology make it possible to create the cities that contribute to housing, jobs and academics.

(4) Tap water The stable supply of water in the seed capital area and the improvement of the drinking water supply system, which can contribute to highly reliable quality of water, which can be consumed directly from the faucet, which will be a value addition for attracting global investors, where Japanese technology will contribute significantly to realize such systems.

(5) Sewage It is possible to develop highly advanced treatment facilities, which greatly exceed the standard values prescribed in India, thereby contributing to water savings and provide reusable water resources.

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3 Proposal of High-end Urban Development (Creating High Added Value)

3.1 Preparation of Disaster-Prevention System

3.1.1 Current Situation and Challenges I. Position of Disaster Prevention in Development Plan 1. Policy for Disaster Prevention in India (Measures at the Federal Government Level) The Indian government established the Medium-term National Development Plan, which is a five-year plan indicating a national-level strategic vision, targets, and projects. It is stipulated in the Constitution and describes India’s strategic targets and projects to meet those targets in a wide range of areas such as the economy, finance, employment, education, social security, the environment, industry, agriculture, transportation, urban development, and energy. In the current Twelfth Five-Year Plan (April 2012 – March 2017), matters related to disaster prevention are mainly explained in the chapters of Water, Science and Technology, and Governance. In particular, the chapter of Governance, clearly stating that “there is a consensus that investing in prevention and mitigation of disasters is economically and socially more beneficial than expenditure in relief and rehabilitation1,” suggests converting the policy to measures with the emphasis on prevention and mitigation of disasters. The aforementioned plan also examines more comprehensive measures including cross-sectoring types of development strategy, with the visions of the development plan set as “Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth.” The principal development plans in disaster prevention include (1) construction of early warning systems for disasters, (2) implementation of capacity building for mainstreaming disaster prevention in all sectors, (3) assessment of flood damage, (4) development of a flood control model in basin units and integrated mathematical model in water, and (5) implementation of assistance for disaster management in the areas of earthquake research and science and technology. In addition, based on the Disaster Management Act of 2005, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been founded with the aim of improving the capacity of disaster prevention. It has been constructing early warning systems in areas vulnerable to disasters, mainstreaming disaster-prevention schemes, and conducting activities aiming to enhance people’s awareness of the need for disaster prevention at the national, state, and

1 Planning Commission, Government of India. “Twelfth Five-Year Plan 2012–17. Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth Volume 1”: 171

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regional levels. So, the need to invest in disaster prevention including mainstreaming disaster-prevention and early warning systems has been recognized not only at the national level but also the federal government.

2. Conversion of Flow from Emergency Response to Disaster Prevention: Preparation of Disaster-Prevention Policy in Organizational System of Each State under the Disaster Management Act, 2005 Before the year 2005, disaster management acts were established independently by a few states, and therefore the circumstances were not yet matured for each state to tackle disaster prevention at a national level. However, the Disaster Management Act, 2005 came into force on December 23, 2005 as a comprehensive law for disaster management, and as a result, the measures for disaster prevention have started being carried out in earnest. The enforcement of the Disaster Management Act, which calls for the development of an organizational framework for disaster prevention at each administrative level of the central, state, and district governments, triggered a turning point to gradually shift from the conventional post-disaster emergency response to a more proactive and holistic approach to emergency management, one that includes prevention and mitigation of disasters in the emergency management lifecycle. In 2010, a special committee to review the Disaster Management Act was established to enable the state government to form a disaster management committee in metropolitan areas. It published a report in June 2013 that contained proposals including making a revision to Article 6 of the Disaster Management Act. As of January 2017, however, the revision of the Disaster Management Act has not been realized.

3. Mainstreaming Disaster Prevention and Disaster Mitigation As described above, through the enforcement of the Disaster Management Act since 2005, the focus of disaster-prevention measures in India has been transformed from a scheme centering on emergency evacuation after the occurrence of a disaster to preliminary efforts to prevent the occurrence of a disaster. The following will discuss on the passage of mainstreaming the prevention and mitigation of disasters at the national level since 2005 from the perspective of efforts such as legislation and structural countermeasures to disasters. (1) National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) Following the Disaster Management Act of 2005, the National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM) was issued in 2009. NDMA, established in 2005, formulated NPDM, which is one of the measures to materialize policy conversion in the

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disaster-prevention sector2. NPDM is composed of the following 10 sectors, explaining the strategic measures in each sector, responsibility of the parties concerned, and activities that should be taken by the relevant organizations. 1) Development of framework and legislation system 2) Finance 3) Prevention, mitigation, and preparation for disaster 4) Development of technical law system 5) Emergency response 6) Restoration 7) Reconstruction 8) Capacity development 9) Knowledge management 10) Research and development

(2) National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) In 2009 when the NPDM came into force, the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was also formulated based on the Disaster Management Act, and it covers the whole of India. The NDMP consists of ten chapters: the first chapter “Introduction” and the second chapter “Hazard Risk and Vulnerability” give a summary of disaster-prevention plans in India, and the third chapter 3 and subsequent chapters explain the policy for reducing risk through concrete measures of disaster prevention. It is indicated in the executive summary of the NDMP that the objective of formulating the NDMP is to demonstrate an outline of measures regarding disaster prevention, preparedness for disasters, disaster mitigation, and emergency response against natural and human-induced disasters in the country. In addition, the body of the NDMP suggests mainstreaming disaster-prevention activities into the development plan by pointing out that preparedness and damage mitigation are important to reduce the risk of natural disasters.

4. Organizational Framework of Disaster Prevention by the Central Government and the Local Government The institutional framework for disaster prevention in India is composed of three administrative levels (central, state, and district) in accordance with the Disaster Management Act and the NPDM. Its distinctive feature in comparison with other countries is that each state

2 Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015, “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in India: Final Report (Summary)”

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government is entitled to have extensive authority since the federation government system is adopted in India. In such an institutional framework on disaster prevention in India, the NDMA is responsible for making policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster prevention, and coordinating to implement them. The central ministries and agencies as well as the state governments are required to create their respective disaster-prevention plan. In the state governments, the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) is drafting policies and plans for the disaster prevention of each state, and a state disaster-prevention plan has to be formulated in conformity with the guidelines issued by the NDMA3.

Source: Made by Study Team from “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in India: Final Report (Summary)” Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015 Figure 3.1.1: Institutional Framework on Disaster Prevention of Federal Parliament, State, and District

5. Guideline for Disaster Prevention and State Disaster Management Plan The main contents of the guidelines issued by the NDMA for preparing a disaster-prevention plan are as follows. In the part relating to the plan for making the state disaster management plan, a draft of the framework of the plan is indicated; however, the majority shows emergency response and communication flows in the event of a disaster. And, the matters necessary for disaster reduction and reconstruction, and a comprehensive plan such as disaster prevention, disaster mitigation, and the concept of Build Back Better are not included.

 Emergency response system

3 Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015, “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in India: Final Report (Summary)”

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 Information and communication system for national disaster management

 Flood management

 Urban flood management

 Landslide disaster and avalanche disaster management

 Cyclone disaster management

 Earthquake disaster management

 Tsunami/seismic sea wave disaster management

 Earthquake-resistant building and structure

 Preparation of a state disaster management plan

 Model framework to prepare a district disaster management plan

6. Standard Operating Procedures and Emergency Management Center for Emergency Response The Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) have been made by the Ministry of Home Affairs in order to respond to natural disasters. They stipulate actions that should be taken by the central, state, and district governments at the time of an emergency. SOP mainly consists of text on an institutional structure, preparedness for disaster, early warning, and emergency response and rescue. In addition, the Emergency Operation Center (EOC) has been set up in the central, state, and district governments with responsibility to receive and announce the disaster information from or to the relevant organizations, to communicate with the specified institutions, and to coordinate with the ministries, agencies, and institutions that monitor emergency activities and carry out emergency activities4.

7. Relevant Ministries and Agencies by Disaster Type In India, ministries or agencies that are responsible for measures and disaster mitigation in each respective field vary according to the disaster type. The responsible ministries and agencies by major disaster type are shown below. These ministries and agencies also conduct observations on each disaster type and provide observation data and prediction information.

 Flooding: Ministry of Water Resources Central Water Commission (CWC)

 Landslides: Ministry of Mines Geological Survey of India (GSI)

 Cyclones/Tornados/Hurricanes: Ministry of Earth Sciences Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)

 Tsunami/Seismic Sea Waves: Ministry of Earth Sciences Indian National Centre for Oceanic Information Services (INCOIS)

4 Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. 2015, “Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in India: Final Report (Summary)”

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Source: Made by Study Team from page 8 of “Final Report of Data Collection Survey for Disaster Prevention in India (Summary)” Yachiyo Engineering 2015 Figure 3.1.2: Ministries and Institutions in charge of Early Warning for Cyclones, Tornados, Hurricanes, etc in India

8. Overview of Natural Disaster and Flood Control in India (1) Overview India is affected by various disasters due to its geographical and socio-economic conditions. Including natural disasters and other disasters (accidents, contagious diseases, industry-related incidences, etc.), more than 400 disasters have occurred in the past 30 years, causing enormous damage to people and the economy. Among all those, the majority of disasters that caused serious losses to humans and the economy were derived from meteorological conditions such as floods, storms, and droughts5. Among the climate-induced disasters (earthquakes, droughts, extreme temperatures, flooding, landslides, and forest fires) in the past 20 years (1996–2016), flooding has marked the highest frequency as well as scale of damage (the number of deaths and the amount of damage). In terms of the number of affected people and the trend in amount of damage by the disaster type in the past 10 years, the sum of damage owing to an overflow of rivers between 2011 and 2015 was approximately double the amount of damage between 2006 and 2010 while the number of victims halved. Despite the fact that the number of flood disasters affecting people’s lives has been reduced, it is still important to continue efforts towards eliminating loss of human life in the future. Meanwhile, efforts to deal with the expanding economic loss are also indispensable. On the other hand, damage due to cyclones have been continuously increasing both in terms

5 Ministry of Home Affairs 2011, “Disaster Management in India”

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of the amount of damage and the number of victims6. (2) Situation and Challenges for Flood Control As mention above, flooding is the most frequently occurring natural disaster in India; therefore, the central government has made guidelines on flood control with the NDMA, and used various means to combat flooding such as increasing the budget for flood control under the Twelfth Five-year Plan. The relevant ministries and authorities including the Ministry of Water Resource, the Central Water Commission, the Port Authority, and the State Disaster Management Authority are conducting countermeasures including the construction of embankments, dams, reservoirs, drainage systems, and watercourses. However, such efforts are not catching up with the pace of urbanization due to a population increase and demand for infrastructure development due to urbanization, resulting in continuous damage being caused by inundation. Since urbanization and population growth are expected to continue in the future in India, it is necessary to pursue not only engineering measures to build infrastructure but also ways to mitigate the flood damage itself by predicting floods in advance. The National Water Policy, formulated by the Ministry of Water Resource, also states that advance measures and responses, including flood forecasting, are highly essential for flood control. The policy calls for close and extensive monitoring prior to flooding, and that all preparedness efforts and planned countermeasures be based on that observed information.

II. Current Status of Disaster management in Andhra Pradesh (AP) State

1. Recent Situation of Natural Disasters in AP State The Telangana region including Hyderabad was divided from AP State in 2014, and became independent as Telangana State. The natural disasters that have most frequently occurred in AP State including the former AP State area in the last decade are due to cyclones and floods. The most serious damage was seen in Hubhad in 2014. In 2015, Krishna River was inundated due to the influence of a large-scale monsoon hitting AP State and , resulting in massive damage that led to 470 deaths and cost 150 billion Indian rupees7.

2. Current Situation of State Disaster Management Plan by Independent Segregation of Telangana State Due to the recent separation and independence of Telangana State from Andhra Pradesh, the disaster-prevention plan in AP is in transition. Planning is now shifting focus from

6 EM-DAT: Data referred to The International Disaster Database 7

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Vijayawada, to the new planned capital, Amaravati. Although the former AP State government recognized that the frequent natural disasters in the state such as floods and droughts had negative impacts on the agricultural sector, no specific measures or strategies were suggested. Meanwhile, with the state’s independence, Vijayawada, with the assistance of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), has already formed the State Disaster Management Plan in accordance with the Disaster Management Act, 2005 and the guidelines issued by the NDMA. In this State Disaster Management Plan, urbanization of Vijayawada is foreseen to exceed 50% in 2025, and as a result, disaster risk is expected to become greater. Currently, an alarm sounds in the case of continuous rain. People who receive this warning, however, are unable to judge the degree of urgency of any flood event. Further, as cellular phones serve as primary communication tools for the greater public in Vijayawada, communication with and between local and state authorities could be intermittent in the event of cellular service disruptions in an emergency. Thus, the Disaster Management Plan points out that it is necessary to establish more reliable methods of communication between Chief Engineers, District Controllers, and other persons and offices in charge of water, river management and control, government authorities and institutions, and the greater public of Vijayawada. Specifically regarding notification of information on water control including floods and water levels, the following requirements have been laid out: to announce warnings at an appropriate timing, to strengthen the communication link among the governmental institutions, to establish a method of communication besides VHF radio and cellular phones, and to diversify the means of information dissemination.

3. Institutional Framework on Disaster Prevention in AP State The Andhra Pradesh State Development Planning Society (APSDPS) is in charge of disaster-related observations and data analysis in AP State. The APSDPS consists of two divisions: the Development Planning Division and Disaster Mitigation Division. The Development Planning Division carries out crosscutting research and evaluation as well as data assessment. And, the duties of the Disaster Mitigation Division are to conduct risk analysis based on observation information and reports issued by the federal government officials in charge of irrigation who are stationed at sluice barrages, and to issue disaster warnings to the related divisions of AP State and residents through the website (dashboard) of the APSDPS. The Irrigation Department and Water Resources Department has the actual authority over water control, and conducts daily measurements of the water level at sluice barrages and reservoirs, and in the event of a disaster, passes the information to the executives of AP State.

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III. Current Situation and Challenges and Proposal for Measures in AP State

1. Current Situation and Challenges of River Management and Information Transmitting System in the Event of a Disaster Actual conditions of flood control and information-transmitting system in AP State that are confirmed through the field survey are as follows. (1) Normal Times River management and transmission of disaster information are under the authority of the Irrigation Department and Water Resources Department of AP State, which measures the water level on a daily basis and conveys the information. At normal times, an officer in charge of measuring the water level who is stationed at sluice barrages and reservoirs, measures the water level visually from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. every day, and transmits the data to the Assistant Engineer via an SMS text message. Then, the Assistant Engineer records the data in a dedicated water level log, while writing information about a sluice barrage in a “sheet”, and reports to his/her superior Executive Engineer. The Executive Engineer confirms the given information and reports to the Super-Independent Engineer who ranks higher. Then, the Super-Independent Engineer organizes the information on water level gathered in the sheet and the book to publicize it on the APSPDS website (dashboard) for the residents. Further, the dashboard provides not only information on the water level of sluices and reservoirs but also other information such as the water level of Krishna River and rainfall predictions. The Chief Engineer who is ranked the highest in the information transmitting system at normal times, judges whether the information on water level is ordinary or at a disaster level based on information from the Super-Independent Engineer. Water levels are measured at normal times not only by the Irrigation Department and Water Resources Department of AP State but also responsible officers of the Water Resources Department of the Federal Government of India who are stationed at sluice barrages. However, the information produced by the officers in charge of measuring is reported directly to CWC without passing through the above transmission route within AP State. If the CWC judges that given information is comparable to a disaster, the information measured by the federal government officer in AP State will be reported directly to the Government of India. In this way, water gate information is transmitted through a cellular phone network; however, the network will be interrupted in the event of a cyclone, etc. So, there is a possibility that data may not be obtainable, and it could be hard to transmit information on water levels. Securing multiple data communication routes is a future task. Further, the barrages are manually opened and closed according to the water level, and

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automating this is a major issue in river management.

(2) At the Time of Disaster When the water level rises and the occurrence of a disaster is foreseen, depending on the judgment of the Chief Engineer, information on the water level will be reported to the Engineering Chief. The Engineering Chief is in a position to receive emergency information on all water gates and river systems in AP State, and the details will be conveyed to the Minister in charge of irrigation in the of AP State. Information such as the rise of water level will be transmitted from the Chief Secretary to the District Collector, who is in charge of crisis management. The District is the administrative unit under the State and the District Controller holds the secretary position at the District government level and has authority, including legal authority, to order compulsory evacuations. The District Controller determines whether it is necessary to evacuate the residents, and provides instructions in such instances. If the District Collector judges that an evacuation is necessary, he/she gives evacuation instructions to the Deputy District Collector. In the case of heavy rainfall and a remarkable rise in water level, etc., water level observations and information transmission are more frequently performed than in normal times. However, after the officer in charge of measuring has measured the water level of the river, the information has to go through many levels of hierarchy. Therefore, even if a water level rise is confirmed and the risk of flooding becomes greater, it takes time before an actual warning and evacuation direction are issued. The damage may increase, and thus a system that enables an early preliminary warning to be issued is necessary. Furthermore, although it passes through a great number of hierarchies, the role of transmitting water level information overlaps among some of the hierarchies; therefore, it is necessary to review the division of roles in the organization. On the other hand, this information transmission system has been maintained for a long time by the firm bureaucracy system that is distinctive to India, and thus it seems that it is not easy to modify it, for example, by reducing the posts.

(3) Handling Evacuation Instruction and Infrastructure at the Time of Disaster In AP State, Deputy District Collectors are normally posted in each district in the following twelve sectors: planning, health and sanitation, education, urban development, rural development, engineering and infrastructure, integrated tribal development, welfare, general affairs, marketing/cooperative association, industry/mining, and agriculture/agriculture-related products. And they issue evacuation instructions to public facilities, infrastructure, and the relevant residents in each responsible sector.

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Since information sent to relevant district authorities, institutions and persons responsible for roads, railroads, and other infrastructure during a disaster is communicated through more traditional and manual methods (such as cars mounted with loudspeakers, and through public broadcasting systems installed throughout the community), this may cause inefficiencies in how infrastructure is attended to during and after a disaster. And there is a fear that the damage may spread because of this. Hence, it is desirable to have a unified control and connection system using IT based on data such as meteorological information.

• Related organizations and their roles, flow of information ■：AP state governmental org. ■：GOI →:information（SMS）

Normal Times At the Time of Disaster

3 4 5 6 7 AP State AP State AP State AP State AP State Irrigation Dept./ Irrigation Dept. / Irrigation Dept./ Irrigation Dept. / Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources Water Resources Dept. Dept. Dept. Dept. Chief Secretary Executive Superintendence Chief Engineering (in charge of Engineer (“EE”) Engineer (“SE”) Engineer (“CE”) Chief (“ENC”) Irrigation)

Input the information into Summarize the info of the dashboard based on the information of the book each barrage and paper 2 AP State 8 • Decide/instruct the Irrigation Dept./ AP State residents' evacuation Water Resources Complete the water level Dept. • Has legal authority on information, enter details District Assistant Collector evacuation Engineer (“AE”) in the book and summarize in paper to report it to EE

1 9 • Execute evacuation AP State AP State Irrigation Dept./ Measure the water instructions (in charge Water Resources level at bridge/dam of instruction Deputy Dept. and barrage District Collector transmission to the Gazing Guy mandals/villages) • Deputy District 1 2 Collector is located in Government of Government of 13 departments of India (“GoI”) India (“GoI”), ･ police, hospitals, Central Water In case of disaster, the information will be escalated to GOI education, etc. Gazing Guy Commission (“CWC”)

Source: Study Team Figure 3.1.3: Monitoring of Flood Control and Information Transmission System at Time of Disaster

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Source: APSDPS website http://core.ap.gov.in/cmdashboard/UserInterface/Irrigation/IrrigationCommonReport.aspx Figure 3.1.4: Dashboard (Website) that Displays Flood Control Information such as Water Level of Each Water Gate

2. Situation and Challenges Facing Disaster Warning System Rainfall information is obtained from meteorological sensors installed in various locations within AP state, however this sensor information does not directly relate to the water level of rivers, reservoirs, and dam barrages. Water level information is monitored and collected by direct observation by flood management staff, who transmit the information to the Super-Independent Engineer, who then manually enters and publishes water level data on the APSDPS dashboard. The APSDPA dashboard also includes rainfall forecast information. However, the published information on rainfall prediction is a forecast for 24 hours to 48 hours. This rainfall prediction presents the possibility of rainfall any time from 24 hours to 48 hours thereafter. However, it is difficult to predict the timing of sudden and intensive weather such as local downpours. Under the current disaster management system, it is difficult to predict rainfall at an early stage, and there may be inundation inside the levee and torrential downpours, resulting in disaster in urbanized areas. According to APSDPS’s website, APSDPS established The Early Warning Center (EWC) in 2003, with assistance from the World Bank. The EWC predicts cyclones and floods based on meteorological data. However, as Amaravati's Disaster Master Plan calls for advanced technologies that have capabilities including real-time observation and monitoring and forecasting around the clock, the EWC now needs further sophistication. IMD is responsible for measures and damage mitigation against cyclones, hurricanes, and tornados as well as observations and predictions with meteorological radars installed in AP

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State. However, the meteorological radars of the IMD are primarily aimed at issuing preliminary warnings for cyclones at an international level, and thus they are not suitable for issuing appropriate warnings at the regional level. Since issuing early preliminary warning to control the water gate leads to mitigation of flood damage, AP State also thinks that it is desirable to issue preliminary warnings earlier than under the current system. So, it can be said that the introduction of an early warning system utilizing Japan’s technology matches the current situation and issues of AP State (the details to be explained later).

3. Current Situation of Flood Control Management in Amaravati Area As of December 2016, before the transfer of the new state capital functions in the Amaravati area, buying and selling land titles and housing construction had partially started. Since the new capital area faces Krishna River, one of the two major rivers in AP State, disaster-prevention embankments with a height of 12 meters and a width of 13 to 15 meters have already been built along the riverside. The GIIC/Aarvee are currently planning for the development of new disaster prevention infrastructure designed to mitigate and respond to flooding. Similar to other jurisdictions within AP State, Amaravati is also prepared for flood disasters by controlling the water level of streams and rivers through the management of barrages and reservoirs. Krishna River is the third largest river in India, and a large gate built during the British rule controls the water volume. However, floods and inundation caused by heavy rain and local downpours are still causing dozens of deaths and tens of thousands of displaced people every time they occur. So, it is assumed that disaster-prevention dikes will be constructed ahead of the development of the new capital. In the future, the plan is to construct several new reservoirs in the same area, and control floods through small-scale streams. But, from now on, housing land development and conversion of agricultural land are expected to accelerate because of population growth and urbanization with the development of the new capital. Therefore, AP State also recognized it was necessary to take further measures against natural disasters and to establish a preliminary warning system at an earlier stage since urban-type disasters such as inundation inside levees, landslides, and flooding are anticipated to increase.

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Water gauge of Krishana River Gate of Krishana River

Looking over the low land along Krishana River The top of the disaster-prevention embankment from the disaster-prevention embankment functions as a roadway

Barrage Reservoir of Amaravati area Water volume of a stream is controlled by a barrage at the eastern end of Amaravati area

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Office of AP State Irrigation Dept. and Water Resources Dept. & Office of the official of the Branch office of Irrigation Department Federal Government of India, responsible for at barrage flood control (on the same premises, but different information transmission routes)

Storehouse of control panel Gate pump of barrage gate of barrage gate

SMS to convey information on the water level Sheet that compiles information of a barrage Source: Study Team Figure 3.1.5: Existing Facilities for Disaster Prevention

IV. Summary of the New State Capital’s Master Plan for Disaster Prevention Regarding the infrastructure development of the new state capital, master plans for other matters besides disaster prevention have been formulated by GIIC/Aarvee, such as plans

3-15 Feasibility Study of the Development of New Capital City and Urban Infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh State, India Final Report concerning water and sewage, roads, railways, electricity, and ICT. The master plan for the disaster-prevention sector as of December 2016, the “Draft Concept Plan-Disaster Management Planning,” states that the new capital aims at urban development adopting advanced technology as a smart city model of India, and emphasizes the need to tackle disaster mitigation in a comprehensive manner, considering the increasing risk of urban-type disasters owing to urbanization. In particular as measures against natural disasters caused by weather such as floods, it says that efforts at normal times are more important than those in the time of a disaster, and emphasizes the need to adopt advanced technology. In addition, it compiles the responses that should be taken in the field of transportation, water, shelter, and fire prevention, according to disaster levels that are prescribed in the NDMA’s guidelines.

Points of Master Plan for Disaster Management

 The new state capital will be constructed as a smart city model of India and a tourist city of a world-scale and international standard.

 It is assumed that the population and economic activities will be concentrated in the capital, and the safety of the town is a prerequisite for urban construction and sustainable development.

 Urbanization will progress with the rapid development, and the city will become more susceptible to influences of the natural environment than ever before. As a result, the city will be exposed to serious disasters and so stable urban management with the “Amaravati Disaster Management System” is indispensable.

 Not as one of the pillars of the disaster prevention and management plan, but from the perspective of disaster prevention, there is a need to have a comprehensive disaster mitigation approach.

 It is necessary to expand the monitoring and early warning system for risks of natural disasters; specifically, there is a need to observe torrential downpours, hurricanes, tornados with a 24-hour real-time system, and use advanced technology for monitoring and prediction.

 Dissemination of disaster-related information including flood control is currently conducted manually using SMS, but by utilizing smart applications and knowledge databases as shown in the figure below, it will become a more coordinated system for disaster warning and management.

 Responses to be taken at the time of disaster are compiled according to the disaster level specified in the NDMA guidelines, and they relate to disaster-prevention roads, shelters, provision of emergency goods and water supply, and arrangement of a supply network.

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Source: Draft Concept Plan Disaster Management Planning Figure 3.1.6: Emergency Command and Management System in Amaravati as Disaster Countermeasure Planned in Master Plan

V. Issues with Flood Countermeasures of the New State Capital based on the Current Situation and Development Plan

(1) AP State is already trying to implement the disaster management system development plan of the Amaravati area. The survey revealed that the AP State government is planning advanced disaster-prevention infrastructure, taking a lead over others cities, based on the concept of mainstreaming disaster prevention, and it has already started some disaster countermeasures in the new state capital, including (1) formulation of the master plan of disaster management including advanced disaster countermeasures and reconstruction plan, etc., (2) establishment of flood control plan including installment of small-scale streams and reservoirs, (3) construction of disaster-prevention dikes, and (4) development plan of information transmitting system through control command center.

(2) Disaster-Prediction and Early Warning System is Undeveloped in the Current System of AP State On the other hand, the following situations are found in the existing flood control and disaster information transmission system. 1. The main flood countermeasures are information dissemination, warning, and evacuation instructions based on water level information, while systems for weather

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forecasts, disaster prediction, and early warnings are not developed. 2. Flood management is operated in a manual method and not a 24-hour system. 3. The main means of information transmission is private communication using cellular phone networks such as SMS, and thus it takes time. 4. Infrastructure such as roads and railways, which are vulnerable to floods, are managed by a manual operation method based on information from the disaster information transmission system.

(3) Need for 24-hour Observation and Early Warning System is Also Stressed in the Master Plan Given this situation, the disaster management master plan emphasizes the need to have comprehensive disaster mitigation from not only the standpoint of post-disaster operations but also during normal times, and the introduction of advanced technology such as expansion of the early warning system based on observation and monitoring with a 24-hour real-time system.

(4) Applicable Range of Japanese Technology and Highly Applicable Urban-type Disaster-prevention Radar As stated above, AP State has already planned and implemented various flood countermeasures, considering the need to mainstream disaster prevention. As for an early warning system, however, it is still undeveloped although AP State recognizes its necessity. Under such circumstances, if we examine the possible scope of applicability of Japanese technology, the scope of the project proposal this time would be prevention and mitigation measures against floods, accompanied by infrastructure control including water-gate management and transportation-infrastructure control. These may produce high-end development (create added value) and have the possibility of future expansion. We have discussed what would be able to realize the disaster prevention that is emphasized in the disaster master plan of Amaravati, and what sort of disaster management system could produce higher added value by being attached to the existing disaster management system. As a result, we came to the conclusion that what is highly applicable is an urban-type disaster prevention meteorological radar. By introducing this radar (X-band solid-state weather radar or X-band phased-array weather radar), 24-hour real-time observation and prediction, and proper flood prediction and judgment for issuing early warning and evacuation will become possible. Moreover, in the future, this technology may possibly expand, and enable a unified disaster risk management using the disaster-prevention radar and the warning system, through the connection and control of urban-type disaster prevention meteorological

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radars and infrastructure.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.1.7: Survey Result and Proposed Measures Utilizing Japan’s Technology

3.1.2 Project Summary As explained above, based on the importance of mainstreaming disaster prevention in India as well as in AP State, and the prior investment towards the construction of the new capital of AP State, we have analyzed the issues and measures in the disaster-prevention field in AP State. And we reached the conclusion that strengthening the disaster preliminary warning system on the assumption of cyclones would be measures with the highest priority and feasibility. Amid this effort, an urban-type disaster-prevention radar can be proposed as one of the technologies with the highest applicability of Japanese technology. A project summary utilizing the urban-type disaster-prevention radar is as follows. As the first phase, the project will introduce an urban-type disaster-prevention radar (X-band Solid-State Weather Radar or X-band Phased-Array Weather Radar) in the new state capital, and upgrade the existing early warning and disaster-prevention system. While utilizing the existing flood control information management and transmission mechanism of AP State, the project aims to improve the system’s function by adding observation and prediction information from the meteorological radar to the APDSPS website (dashboard) that is sending out information. In the second phase, the project will make it possible to expand the disaster-prevention system and make it a comprehensive one that can operate and manage roads, water gates, and sewage infrastructure based on predictions and an early warning system. This will be done by introducing new Japanese technology in a way that complements the existing system and

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linking it with a datacenter that will be established in the new state capital in the future.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.1.8: Future Image of Project Outline

For example, information that can be added to the dashboard includes: 1) River water level forecast (1-hour advance forecast) Amaravati 2) Alarm etc. Phased Array Weather Radar urban platform (data center) Conduct analysis by utilizing data center AP state dashboard Early META Rainfall Alarm/alert Analysis Analysis warning System extensibility in the future

IMD Weather Radar Network Alarm lamp ON Sewage pump Sewage Mgmt. activated

Road Mgmt. Underpass closed River Mgmt.

Evacuation advisory issued Source: Study Team Figure 3.1.9: Conceptual Image of Technology to be Introduced this Time

3.1.3 Site Proposed for Introduction

1. Method of Introducing Disaster-Prevention System It is not realistic to introduce the urban-type disaster prevention meteorological radar, to upgrade early warning system, and to make connections with infrastructure all at once, in terms of budget and operation as well, because the infrastructure of Amaravati is currently at the planning stage. Instead, it is necessary to introduce systems and technologies step by step.

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In addition, the AP State government has also requested comprehensive cooperation including capacity building in order to operate the system. By introducing advancements gradually, it will be possible also for Japanese corporations not only to sell the urban-type disaster-prevention radar but also increase business opportunities even more by being involved in future system expansion, infrastructure connection and control. In the first phase, the project will install the urban-type disaster prevention meteorological radar, and in addition to the information provided by the present dashboard, disseminate the information on observations and predictions from the disaster-prevention radar through the dashboard to achieve preliminary warnings at an earlier timing. Simultaneously, it will centralize information with the observation data from the past India IMD radar, analyze the observation data at the datacenter, link it to the early warning system of the APSDPS, and send out more precise early warnings in the dashboard to the residents of Amaravati and the related ministries and agencies of AP State. At the same time, it will systematize communication on preliminary warning information between the disaster-prevention and flood control and other disaster-related institutions. In the second phase, basic infrastructure such as transportation, roads, and water gates will be connected with the early preliminary warning system in the future, and automatic control will be made possible at the time of a disaster.

2. Location of Radar Installation In the Amaravati area, places like the rooftop and top of a steel tower on the buildings owned by AP State in the governmental zone would be a candidate site. According to AP State, the new government office building that will be constructed will be excluded from the candidates since it will be difficult to install a radar there due to the adoption of high security in the new office. In the first phase, one radar may provide sufficient coverage. If two radars are installed in the Amaravati area, however, it would enable nearly complete observation coverage in almost all areas of the new state capital. Each radar has a coverage of 60 km to 100 km radius and will contributes to the observation of the upper part of the Krishna River. In addition, the introduction of radar eliminates the need to construct a rain gauge network. Furthermore, since AP State pointed out the need to install radars on coastal areas besides the Amaravati area, there is a possibility that disaster-prevention measures will be achieved by using the urban-type disaster prevention meteorological radar outside of the Amaravati area.

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Source: Public relations magazine of Company A Figure 3.1.10: Conceptual Image of Installation of Urban-type Disaster Prevention Radar

3. Situation of Infrastructure Development Needed for Introduction (1) Electricity Infrastructure The electric power required for Amaravati in 2050 is estimated to be a total of 3,809 MW, and the nearest power plant, Vijayawada Thermal Power Plant (VTPP, capacity of 1,000 MW), is expected to supply it. Since VTPP plans to expand its capacity to 1,800 MW, it is considered that this power plant will be able to meet the demand and supply for this area8. As power consumption of a meteorological radar is 15 kVA (equivalent to 0.015 MW) per radar, the electric power supplied by VTPP would be sufficient for the operation9.

(2) Communication Infrastructure The current main infrastructure for communication in AP State is the 3rd generation (3G) network, and we cannot say that this is sufficient infrastructure for the operation of the urban-type disaster-prevention radar system. According to the master plan of Amaravati, the plan named “AP Fiber Grid” is under way, and it aims to establish wide-area broadband throughout AP State by 2018. Depending on the progress of communication infrastructure development in the future, it is expected to be available for home and office use. Development of communication infrastructure based on this plan is a precondition for the operation of the urban-type disaster-prevention radar system10.

8 Draft Detailed Master Plan of Capital City AMARAVATI 9 Based on an interview with the company that owns urban-type disaster prevention weather radar technology 10 Based on an interview with the company that owns urban-type disaster prevention radar technology

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3.1.4 Introduction of Technology (Superiority of Japanese Companies and Benefit to Japan) I. Technical Advantage of Japanese Companies 1. Advantage of Disaster-Prevention System using Meteorological Radar In Japan, various types of urban infrastructure were developed in line with the country’s economic growth. However, due to the rapid population increase, urbanization, and conversion of agricultural land to residential land, even big cities equipped with infrastructure suffered damage from urban-type natural disasters such as inundation inside a levee, downpours, and floods. Against this backdrop of social conditions, the Japan Meteorological Agency completed its meteorological radar network covering the whole country in 1972, and began making observations by meteorological radar started on a full-scale basis11. In Japan in the 1990s, the number of flood-affected areas was rapidly reduced due to the advancement of disaster-prevention meteorological radar technology as well as the progress of infrastructure development related to urban-type disaster prevention. From 2010 onward, the development of “X-band solid-state weather radar / X-band phased-array weather radar” has been proceeded with, and it enables direct observation of the detailed structure and precursors of localized and sudden atmospheric phenomena such as local downpours (so-called guerilla downpours) and tornados.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.1.11: Introduction of Weather Radar and Changes in Area Inundated Nationwide

2. Technical Advantage of X-band Solid-State Weather Radar / X-band Phased-Array Weather

11 Osamu Suzuki 2010, “Furukute Atarashii Kannsoku Souchi Radar no Hanashi” (Old and new stories about observation device weather radars)

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Radar12 Compared with weather radar using electron tubes, the prevailing type in India, the X-band solid-state weather radar has the following advantages: lower operation costs (the introduction cost is the same), higher energy efficiency, and more environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the X-band phased-array weather radar can perform 3D observation and rapid analysis 20 times faster than the conventional X-band solid-state weather radar. Using it, early prediction and announcement of preliminary warnings for local downpours becomes feasible. This X-band phased-array weather radar is a product that Japanese companies succeed in developing for the first time in the world, and it has international competitiveness. The X-band Phased Array Weather Radar has already been introduced in Japan in great numbers, and Japanese products have been introduced in India as well.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.1.12: Comparison of X-band Phased-Array Weather Radar and X-band Solid-State Weather Radar

The X-band phased-array weather radar is currently operating in Japan for research purposes, but it has been proved that it can issue a warning one hour earlier than the conventional prediction system. By introducing weather radars (X-band phased-array weather radar and X-band solid-state weather radar), which enable accurate weather observation and early warnings, the following disaster-prevention measures are expected.

12 Based on an interview with the company that owns urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar technology

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 Inundation of rivers and inland water can be prevented by controlling water gates in advance.

 Damage to humans can be mitigated by evacuating people from dangerous zones.

 Economic loss can be reduced by moving out facility equipment and important assets.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.1.13: Urban Disaster Prevention Weather Radar can Release Forecast and Warning more than 30 Minutes Earlier

II. Effect of Introduction of Urban-type Disaster-Prevention Weather Radar: Mitigation of Economic Loss It is expected that being able to issue an early warning with an urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar may also lead to reducing economic losses caused by disasters. The verification result found that economic losses due to disasters is reduced by 20% when a disaster-prevention radar and early warning system is introduced, compared to the case without an early warning system. According to a calculation by Lloyd’s, the British insurance company, an estimate of economic loss, etc. due to floods, which is a disaster the major cities in India will suffer in the next 10 years, is as follows. Assuming that Amaravati may suffer the one tenth level of flood damage as that of Bengaluru (since the future population sizes are about one tenth of the Bengaluru), the economic loss in Amaravati due to flooding over the next 10 years is estimated to be about 126 million U.S. dollars. By introducing the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early preliminary warning system, this economic loss may be reduced to 100 million U.S. dollars.

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Table 3.1.1: Amount of Economic Loss the Major Indian Cities Are Predicted to Suffer due to Flooding Over the Next 10 Years (Estimate) GDP@Risk Affected Population (US$ million) (million) 11,280 18.6 2,460 5 Chennai 1,207 9.8 Hyderabad 1,710 11.7 Bengaluru 1,260 11.5 Amaravati 126 1.2 Source: Reference—Lloyd’s City Risk Index 2015–2025 & Demographic World Urban Areas 12th Annual Edition: 2016:04

Damage simulation between 2015-2025 for Amaravati Potential flooding-related damage for 10 years from 2015 in Amaravati (in million US$.)

26m 126m* (-20%)

100m

No With Early Warning Warning 1 hour ahead

•DPS can reduce 20% of annual economical damage, which is US$ 26 million. Source: Study Team Figure 3.1.14: Effect of Mitigating Economic Loss by Introducing Early Warning System

III. Benefit to Japan Introducing Japan’s urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar technology into Amaravati will benefit Japan in the following ways.

(1) Contribution to “Sendai Cooperation Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction” toward Mainstreaming Disaster Prevention by the Japanese Government In the Sendai Cooperation Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction, the basic idea is presented as placing importance on mainstreaming disaster prevention. It introduces the standpoint of stopping disasters into all development policies and plans, and aims to build a society that can withstand disasters together with the international community while sharing Japan’s knowledge and technology with the world as Japan is a developed country in the field of disaster prevention. Further, its basic policy suggests the long-term perspective of making investment in disaster prevention, and prior investment in disaster

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prevention, which is more cost effective than post-disaster emergency response and reconstruction. Therefore, introducing the urban-type disaster-prevention radar at the early stage of urban development will contribute to the initiative that Japan and international society agreed upon13.

(2) Possibility of Sales Expansion into Other Areas in India and Surrounding Countries with Amaravati Being Showcase From AP State, the needs for introducing the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar system into areas other than Amaravati have been confirmed. Introducing the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early warning system into the new state capital that advocates a smart city model town of India may act as a showcase. There is a possibility of expanding sales into other areas in India as well as the surrounding regions in South and . It will contribute to the “G7 Ise-Shima Principles for Promoting Quality Infrastructure Investment” advocated in the Ise-Shima Summit in 2016.

3.1.5 Issues and Policies for Solution toward Project Implementation 1. Lack of Capacity of AP State-related Institutions for Utilizing Urban-type Disaster Prevention Weather Radar and Early Warning System As pointed out in Amaravati’s disaster master plan, AP State personnel in charge of disasters are at the developmental stage of building capacity to operate a disaster-prevention system. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early warning system together with capacity building, and AP State also hopes for comprehensive assistance including capacity building. Specifically, it can be assumed that technical assistance and human resource dispatch services will be provided by Japanese-related institutions such as the following.

 Inviting the relevant personnel of the AP State government to Japan so they can learn about use and application of an actual urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar.

 Providing advice and guidance from Japanese experts through Japan’s technical cooperation project, on issues such as collaboration between the disaster-prevention radar and early preliminary warning system, and the existing flood control management information transmission system of AP State, and in the future, the connection between the early preliminary warning system and infrastructure control.

2. Response to Issue that Detailed Design Plan is Not Formulated Only in Disaster-Prevention

13 “Sendai Cooperation Initiative for Disaster Risk Reduction” http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000070615.pdf) (information as of Feb. 2, 2017)

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Sector Regarding the basic infrastructure development in Amaravati, such as roads, transportation, water and sewage, electric power, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT), in addition to the concept master plan by GIIC/Aarvee, there is a plan to formulate a detailed design in the future. As for disaster-prevention-related infrastructure, however, the formulation of a detailed design plan only covering disaster-prevention facility development is not scheduled, since it is said that at the time of a disaster, cross-sector initiatives are required to manage roads, dams and rivers, and railways. On this account, continuous and specific efforts to persuade the state government as well as constant governmental-level consultation among Japan, India, and AP State are required in order to introduce the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early warning system.

3. Necessity of Step-by-step Implementation It is important to make an investment in disaster prevention at an early stage of urban development. Although the AP State’s plan aims at completing part of the development project by the end of 2018, as of December 2016, even the detailed design plan of basic infrastructure has not been achieved yet. Future progress on full-scale development of basic infrastructure and urban development are awaited. For this reason, AP State also suggested that it is desirable to introduce the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar and early warning system in the first phase, then to carry out flood control management and management and control of infrastructure utilizing that system in the second phase when the infrastructure such as road transportation, dams, rivers, and water gates will be fully prepared, since these are the things to be controlled.

3.1.6 Effect of Environmental Improvement and Influence on Environmental and Social Aspects I. Effects of Environmental Improvement The urban-type disaster-prevention radar (X-band phased-array weather radar and X-band solid-state) is an environmentally friendly product that uses less resources and power thanks to an improvement in product value. The X-band solid-state weather radar can operate for longer than the conventional vacuum-tube weather radar normally used in India, and disposal of a vacuum tube is unnecessary, realizing the proposal on eliminating harmful substances. Furthermore, amid the yearly increasing demand for use of radio waves, it is also an environmentally friendly product that considers the radio wave environment, since it has a narrowed frequency band

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while maintaining the observation function14. The X-band phased-array radar is more energy efficient than the most prevalent radars in India. Compared to the case where the same performance is achieved with a weather radar with an electron tube, the weight has been reduced by 93% and the power consumption by 91%. This is because the time to acquire a certain amount of observation information has been reduced to one-twentieth of the conventional case. If we were to perform this with the X-band solid-state weather radar, it would require 20 radars. This means that the weight and power consumption of 20 sets of X-band solid-state weather radars are comparable to one X-band phased-array weather radar (based on an interview with the company possessing the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar technology)15.

II. Influence on Environmental and Social Aspects The X-band solid-state weather radars and the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radars have already been delivered to local governments and universities in Japan as well as inside India. In all those cases, it is installed on top of the existing buildings, thus resettlement of residents or expropriation of land will not be necessary. Moreover, no negative impacts on water quality, air pollution, or noise exposure have been reported, and there are no particular matters of concern from environmental and social aspects. (For details, refer to the checklist of environmental and social considerations, presented later; based on an interview with the company possessing the urban-type disaster-prevention weather radar technology16.)

Table 3.1.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations Environmental Confirmation of Environmental Category Main Check Items Item Considerations ① Have EIA reports been officially completed? ①-④not yet ② Have EIA reports been approved by authorities of the host country’s government?

(1) EIA and ③ Have EIA reports been unconditionally approved? If Environmental conditions are imposed on the approval of EIA reports, are the Permits conditions satisfied? ④ In addition to the above approvals, have other required environmental permits been obtained from the appropriate regulatory authorities of the host country’s government? ① Are contents of the project and the potential impacts ①-②not yet adequately explained to the public based on appropriate

1 Permits and Explanation and 1 Permits (2) Explanation to procedures, including information disclosure? Is understanding the Public obtained from the public? ② Are proper responses made to comments from the public and regulatory authorities?

① Do air pollutants, (such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen no

n n (1) Air Quality oxides (NOx), and soot and dust) emitted from the proposed Miti gatio Meas infrastructure facilities and ancillary facilities comply with the

14 Masakazu Wada, Ryuichi Muto, and Junichi Horikomi 2008, “5GHz Solid-State Weather Radar Contributing to Efficient Use of Radio Wave Resources” 15 Based on an interview with the company that possesses the urban-type disaster-prevention radar technology 16 Based on an interview with the company that possesses the urban-type disaster-prevention radar technology

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Environmental Confirmation of Environmental Category Main Check Items Item Considerations country’s emission standards and ambient air quality standards?

① Do effluents or leachates from various facilities, such as no infrastructure facilities and the ancillary facilities comply with (2) Water Quality the country’s effluent standards and ambient water quality standards? ① Are wastes from the infrastructure facilities and ancillary no (3) Wastes facilities properly treated and disposed of in accordance with the country’s standards? ① Are adequate measures taken to prevent contamination of soil any contamination will not occur (4) Soil Contamination and groundwater by the effluents or leachates from the infrastructure facilities and the ancillary facilities? (5) Noise and ① Do noise and vibrations comply with the country’s standards? no Vibration ① In the case of extraction of a large volume of groundwater, is extraction of ground water will (6) Subsidence there a possibility that the extraction of groundwater will cause not occur subsidence? ① Are there any odor sources? Are adequate odor control there are no odor (7) Odor measures taken? ① Is the project site located in protected areas designated by the project site is not fixed yet, but country’s laws or international treaties and conventions? Is Phased Array Weather Radar and (1) Protected Areas there a possibility that the project will affect the protected areas? its surrounding system will be sited at non-protected area ① Does the project site encompass primeval forests, tropical rain ①no forests, ecologically valuable habitats (e.g., coral reefs, ②no mangroves, or tidal flats)? ③significant ecological impacts ② Does the project site encompass the protected habitats of are not anticipated endangered species designated by the country’s laws or ④the amount of water is not used. international treaties and conventions? We just observe the water level ③ (2) Ecosystem If significant ecological impacts are anticipated, are adequate protection measures taken to reduce the impacts on the ecosystem? ④ Is there a possibility that the amount of water (e.g., surface water, groundwater) used by the project will adversely affect

3 Natural Environment 3 Natural aquatic environments, such as rivers? Are adequate measures taken to reduce the impacts on aquatic environments, such as aquatic organisms? ① Is there a possibility that hydrologic changes due to the no (3) Hydrology project will adversely affect surface water and groundwater flows? ① Is there a possibility the project will cause large-scale no (4) Topography and Geology alteration of the topographic features and geologic structures in the project site and surrounding areas? ① Is involuntary resettlement caused by project ①no implementation? If involuntary resettlement is caused, are ②-⑦involuntary resettlement efforts made to minimize the impacts caused by the resettlement? will not happen ② Is adequate explanation on relocation and compensation given to affected persons prior to resettlement? ③ Is the resettlement plan, including proper compensation,

restoration of livelihoods and living standards developed based on socioeconomic studies on resettlement? ④ Does the resettlement plan pay particular attention to (1) Resettlement vulnerable groups or persons, including women, children, the elderly, people below the poverty line, ethnic minorities, and indigenous peoples? ⑤ Are agreements with the affected persons obtained prior to resettlement? 4 Social Environment Social 4 ⑥ Is the organizational framework established to properly implement resettlement? Are the capacity and budget secured to implement the plan? ⑦ Is a plan developed to monitor the impacts of resettlement? ① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the no (2) Living and living conditions of inhabitants? Are adequate measures Livelihood considered to reduce the impacts, if necessary?

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Environmental Confirmation of Environmental Category Main Check Items Item Considerations ① Is there a possibility that the project will damage the local no archeological, historical, cultural, and religious heritage sites? (3) Heritage Are adequate measures considered to protect these sites in accordance with the country’s laws? ① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the no (4) Landscape local landscape? Are necessary measures taken? ① Does the project comply with the country’s laws for rights of ①not confirmed yet but should (5) Ethnic ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples? comply with the laws Minorities and ② ② Indigenous Peoples Are considerations given to reduce the impacts on culture and N/A lifestyle of ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples? ① Are adequate measures considered to reduce impacts during construction (e.g., noise, vibrations, turbid water, dust, exhaust gases, and wastes)? ② If construction activities adversely affect the natural environment (ecosystem), are adequate measures considered to ①yes (1) Impacts during reduce impacts? ②-④ Construction construction activities will ③ If construction activities adversely affect the social not happen adversely affect environment, are adequate measures considered to reduce impacts?

④ If necessary, is health and safety education (e.g., traffic safety, public health) provided for project personnel, including workers? ① Does the proponent develop and implement monitoring ①-④Since any adversely effect 5 Others 5 program for the environmental items that are considered to have will not happen, specific potential impacts? monitoring program will not be ② Are the items, methods and frequencies included in the developed monitoring program judged to be appropriate? (2) Monitoring ③ Does the proponent establish an adequate monitoring framework (organization, personnel, equipment, and adequate budget to sustain the monitoring framework)? ④ Are any regulatory requirements pertaining to the monitoring report system identified, such as the format and frequency of reports from the proponent to the regulatory authorities? ① Where necessary, pertinent items described in the Roads and ①-②N/A Railways checklist should also be checked (e.g., projects including access roads to the infrastructure facilities). Reference to ② Checklist of Other For projects, such as installation of telecommunication cables, Sectors power line towers, and submarine cables, where necessary, pertinent items described in the Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Lines, and Oil and Gas Pipelines checklists should 6 Note 6 also be checked. ① If necessary, the impacts to transboundary or global issues no transboundary issues will Note on Using happen Environmental should be confirmed (e.g., the project includes factors that may cause problems, such as transboundary waste treatment, acid rain, Checklist destruction of the ozone layer, or global warming). * For the communication infrastructure projects, applicable items are １(1)(2), 3(1)(2), ４(1)-(5) and 5(1)(2), and only these items should be checked. 1) Regarding the term “Country’s Standards” mentioned in the above table, in the event that environmental standards in the country where the project is located diverge significantly from international standards, appropriate environmental considerations are made, if necessary. In cases where local environmental regulations are yet to be established in some areas, considerations should be made based on comparisons with appropriate standards of other countries (including Japan' experience). 2) Environmental checklist provides general environmental items to be checked. It may be necessary to add or delete an item taking into account the characteristics of the project and the particular circumstances of the country and locality in which it is located. notes： ・The contents of the checklist below are based on the premise that urban disaster prevention weather radar is installed on the roof of the already constructed building. When it is necessary to construct a tower for installation of a radar, environmental consideration may be required separately. ・For the assumed influence on environments, it is based on the environmental impact in general at the time of installation of the urban disaster prevention weather radar. It is based on the development plan of the Amaravati Area obtained at the time of entry (February 2017) and the field survey. It is also based on hearing information from companies with urban disaster prevention weather radar technology. Source: Study Team

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3.2 Data Center and Cloud Computing

3.2.1 Present Condition and Issues The AP State is aiming at building a new state capital "Amaravati" as a smart city, a smart city that provides comfortable living and is environmentally friendly. The AP State is preparing the planning of social infrastructure using wide-range of cutting-edge technologies such as ICT and energy savings. Especially, high-efficient data center and cloud computing platform which are the core of Smart City are considered as “the must prepare infrastructure” in their ICT Detailed Master Plan. In our study, we met with APCRDA and ADC which are the organizations responsible for the development of Amaravati, along with Information Technology, Electronics and Communications Department (ITE & C) which has jurisdiction over IT policies and IT facilities, and have conducted an interview survey to understand their needs and interests for high-efficient data center and cloud computing platform. We also visited the existing APSDC in Hyderabad to have a better understanding of the current data center, IT infrastructure and their operation.

The needs of APCRDA, ADC and ITE & C regarding data center preparation were as follows: - A data center to begin operation by the end of 2018, at the same timing of the completion of AP State Government Complex Area, with the necessary capacity. - Expand the data center facility in accordance with the growth of the Capital City Area (217km2) (an estimated 3.5 million populations by 2050). - Further expand the data center facility to hold systems and data belonging to the AP State before the shifting of capital (scheduled in 2024).

The study revealed that ITE & C and GoAP desire the data center built in the new state capital Amaravati should be shared by both Amaravati and the AP State from investment point of view and OPEX point of view to reduce costs. The area to be covered by the new data center is both the Capital City Area (217 km2) and the AP State (160,200km2). The coverage area is shown in Figure 3.2.1.

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Source: ITE & C Figure 3.2.1: Coverage Area by Data Center

APSDC in Hyderabad renovated an office building and converted it into a data center by covering the windows with plywood boards and had little consideration of power efficiency. IT racks were placed randomly in a large room and had no hot aisle, cold aisle configuration. According to the operator at APSDC, PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) which is the key indicator commonly used to measure data center efficiency, is over 2.0 (This numeric value will be explained more in detail in the latter part of this report.) In addition, the IT equipment installed in APSDC, is in general owned and operated by ITE & C, does not use virtualization technology. Therefore, the operating conditions of IT equipment were significantly different, some high, some low, resulting in uneconomical and inefficient usage. The ICT Detailed Master Plan planned by GIIC and Aarvee which are covering the upcoming capital city are yet very much conceptual. Although the Plan mentions the necessity and importance of having and introducing the highly efficient data center and cloud computing platform and various smart applications that realizes the smart city, specific functions and implementation timings are not specified. For this reason, details of the technology to be used and the scale of each component are also not included in the Plane. This fact that the Plan is yet very much at its conceptual level has been confirmed by the AP State officials which is why they strongly desired the support from Japan. Based on the above, we proposed to the AP state officials the "high-efficient data center and cloud computing platform", which will be the core of the Smart City.

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3.2.2 Project Outline The project outline is to prepare a "highly-efficient data center and cloud computing platform" using cutting-edge energy-saving and cloud computing technology. At the same time, measures for technology and knowledge transfer for building local support will be taken as long-term stable operation is required for data center and IT infrastructure. It should be noted that this "high-efficient data center and cloud computing platform" shall be a common ICT infrastructure for the following (1) to (3) systems and applications objected for providing administrative enforcement and resident services. (1) Japan Package "Disaster prevention system", "Transportation infrastructure system", "Water and sewage management system" and “Land Registration system”, systems and applications included in this feasibility study report (2) Smart City Application Those Smart City Applications planned to be introduced by APCRDA/ADC. (3) AP State Application IT systems and applications belonging to the AP State, including the AP State administrative application "e-Pragati" Utilization image of this common ICT infrastructure is shown in Figure 3.2.2.

Study Area in this paragraph

Source: Study Team Figure 3.2.2: Utilization Image of ICT Infrastructure (Conceptual)

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3.2.3 Introduction Target Area (1) Planned construction site Data center will be constructed in U1 Reserve Zone nearest to the Government Complex Area, along the existing road. The transportation route to the construction site from Chennai port was confirmed to have no problem.

Planned construction site Existing road Source: APCRDA (above), Study Team (below) Figure 3.2.3: Layout Plan of Amaravati and Planned Data Center Construction Site

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Source: Study Team based on Google Map Figure 3.2.4: Transport Route (Red Line) from Chennai Port to Planned Construction Site

(2) Topography The planned construction site was previously agricultural land and a solid rock layer is present at 8m below the ground surface. The altitude using GPS shows that the planned construction site is not located in a depression and that water is not likely to remain even if flooding occurs. AP State officials stated that flood control measures are expected to be implemented in preparation for river flooding and similar problems. For example, 500m2 area capable of storing water will be provided for every 10,000m2 land. This flood control measures shall be sufficient to deal with water levels that could come once in a hundred years from the nearby Krishna River. (3) Climate and temperature According to the annual weather data of Vijayawada City (2013), the lowest temperature is 13 C, therefore, energy saving measures utilizing outside air cooling can be utilized. Meanwhile, the highest temperature is 48 C and there is intense sunlight from the southwest direction at around 12 noon, thus, measures for shielding direct sunlight in the direction of the setting sun in order to achieve efficient cooling shall be taken.

Table 3.2.1: Weather Observation at Vijayawada City (2013) Item (month) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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Item (month) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average high 30.7 3 1.2 3 2.9 3 4.7 38.3 37.2 33.3 33.6 33.2 31.7 30.7 29.9 temperature (degC) Average lowest 18.7 19.4 21.5 26.3 28.5 26.1 25.1 25.1 24.7 24.5 21.3 17.9 temperature (degC) Highest temperature 34.4 37.8 43.3 44.4 47.6 46.7 41.0 38.3 38.6 37.9 35.2 34.2 (degC) Lowest temperature 13.6 15.4 17.0 19.4 20.3 20.2 21.5 21.5 18.2 17.6 14.6 13.0 (degC) Source: APCRDA Facts & Figures, Edition No: 2 Status: April 2016

(4) Power Power will be received at a power receiving voltage of 33kV by a loop power receiving system (configuration in which the distribution network of substations and multiple customers is connected in a ring) as a power receiving system. There are several power facilities that must be acquired locally. (5) Earthquake countermeasures The foundation to support this data center is possible to ensure earthquake resistance through improvement of the ground by striking piles into the solid rock layer. In addition, seismic isolation devices manufactured in Japan can be installed on site in order to improve earthquake resistance.

3.2.4 Introduction of the Technology The proposed “highly-efficient data center and cloud computing platform” will fully leverage IIJ's IT/cooling all-in-one packaged modular data center "co-IZmo/I" and IIJ’s cloud computing knowledge “IIJ GIO” to provide the state-of-the art, international standard ICT infrastructure that will be the core of Smart City Amaravati. (1) Energy saving technology of indirect outside air cooling method IIJ's IT/cooling all-in-one packaged modular data center "co-IZmo/I" fully utilized outside air. It cools the inside heat using heat exchanger. When the temperature of the outside air is low, cooling is performed only by heat exchangers, and when the temperature is high, the cooling coils run as additional cooling. Compared to conventional air conditioning systems (CRAC), it is possible to achieve high energy savings by reducing the running time of compressors or refrigerating machines. Indirect outside air cooling system is free from influence of the outside air quality, and therefore, this system is applicable to various environmental conditions including cold locations, high temperatures and/or high locations as well as locations with poor outside air quality while still realizing its’ high energy efficiency. Having three operating modes mentioned below, the co-IZmo/I system is designed to automatically select the optimal operation mode in accordance with outside air conditions. (i) Indirect outside air + chiller cooling hybrid operation mode (interim season)

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(ii) Indirect outside air cooling mode (winter season) (iii) Chiller cooling mode (summer season)

Source: Study Team Figure 3.2.5: Operating Modes of co-IZmo/I

(2) Reduction in construction period by pre-design Critical components required in the data center have been designed and pre-fabricated in Japan to minimize the on-site work, thereby reducing the construction period, which normally takes more than one year, achieving a reduction in time while maintaining quality.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.2.6: Critical Components for Data Center

(3) Efficient cooling and high-density IT load In conventional data center, IT racks are installed in a large room which makes it difficult to completely separate the suction inlet side (cold area) and the exhaust side (hot area) of the server, resulting in the difficulty to improve cooling efficiency. In contrast, co-IZmo/I is a 20ft sized container which makes it easy to completely separate the cold area and the hot area,

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thereby achieving efficient cooling. Moreover, co-IZmo/I can provide 8kW per IT rack, which is required for cloud computing era.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.2.7: Cold/Hot Area (Left) and High-Density Racks (Right)

(4) Flexible expansion with cloud computing infrastructure IIJ provides and operate its’ own cloud computing service brand “IIJ GIO” in Japan, US, Europe and in several countries in ASEAN. The cloud computing platform provided in this project for Smart City Amaravati is based on this knowledge acquired overtime, the cloud platform that can expand in accordance with the expansion and development of Amaravati. The virtualization technology enables to combine numerous numbers of physical machines and create a virtual machine that acts like one single resource. This will enable the reduction of numbers of physical servers. The current situation in APSDC in Hyderabad was that it had no adoption of virtualization platform which were resulting as excessive investment for IT equipment. With the virtualization platform, the overall power consumption of IT equipment will also be reduced, leading to less power needed at data center for the cooling of IT equipment. The virtualization technology has been widely used in enterprises, etc., in recent years. According to 2015 Communication Usage Trend Survey, the percentage of companies using cloud services at least in part amounts to 44.6% on the 2015 year-end, 5.9 points higher than 38.7% at the 2014 year-end.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.2.8: Image of Improved Efficiency by Virtualization

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3.2.5 Implementation Challenges and Countermeasures (1) Changes such as conditions of planned construction site The eco-friendly data center shall be provided by placing and installing modules at the location selected, leveled and prepared (ground improvement, basic infrastructure construction, etc.) by AP State officials. In case such problems listed below occurs, the project implementation schedule and design, project cost and other components may be different from those at the time this study was conducted. In such a case, there is a need to closely communicate with the AP State officials and make adjustments for carrying out the project.

 If the preparation of basic infrastructure (road, electric power, communication line, etc.) of the planned construction site is delayed.

 If the conditions (geology, flooding, etc.) of the planned construction site are different from those at the time this study was conducted

 If the ground improvement work and the foundation work cannot be carried out by the AP state.

(2) Validity of sizing In this project, we have proposed that the sizing and timing for introduction to cover the following three items: (1) system required for the introduction of the "Japan Package" proposed in this FS; (2) application and system for the Smart City whose introduction is considered by APCRDA/ADC; and (3) AP State administration system on the basis of the results of this survey. If the system and application introduced by APCRDA/ADC significantly changes or the introduced timing of the system and application significantly change in the future, validity of the sizing proposed by this project may be impaired. In particular, concerning cloud computing platform, since the life cycle of IT equipment is generally five to six years, it is necessary to closely communicate with the AP State officials up to the time of the implementation of this project. (3) Operation technology after introduction Since this highly-efficient data center has no track record of implementation in India, there are not enough knowledge for operating this data center after it is completed. Therefore, we shall conduct a hands-on education in AP State as well as in Japan to encourage technology and knowledge transfer through education and guidance.

3.2.6 Environmental and Social Impacts The data center is, by nature, a large power consumer, and the power consumption will only increase in accordance with the spread of ICT along with the development of the smart city. Therefore, energy-saving measures and approaches for data center is an important element to

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take into consideration. The PUE value of existing APSDC in Hyderabad is between 2.0 to 3.0. This means that the same amount or twice the amount of power is used for cooling to cool IT equipment. In contrast, PUE of this highly-efficient data center provided by this project is 1.4 (calculated average), and therefore, compared to the existing APSDC in Hyderabad, power consumption can be reduced by roughly 30% to 50%.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.2.9: PUE Improvement Effect

In addition to the above, such as solar panels can be installed on the top of the modular data center or in open spaces of the data center to take advantage of renewable energy, and additionally, carbon sinks can be created by forestation in open spaces in the facility. Table below is the checklist of environmental and social considerations.

Table 3.2.2: Checklist of Environmental and Social Considerations Environmental Confirmation of Environmental Category Main Check Items Item Considerations ① Have EIA reports been officially completed? ② Have EIA reports been approved by authorities of the host

country’s government? (1) EIA and ③ Have EIA reports been unconditionally approved? If conditions Environmental are imposed on the approval of EIA reports, are the conditions N/A Permits satisfied? ④ In addition to the above approvals, have other required environmental permits been obtained from the appropriate regulatory authorities of the host country’s government? ① Are contents of the project and the potential impacts adequately explained to the public based on appropriate procedures, including

1 Permits and Explanation and 1 Permits (2) Explanation information disclosure? Is understanding obtained from the public? N/A to the Public ② Are proper responses made to comments from the public and regulatory authorities? ① Do air pollutants, (such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides

(1) Air Quality (NOx), and soot and dust) emitted from the proposed infrastructure N/A facilities and ancillary facilities comply with the country’s emission standards and ambient air quality standards? ① Do effluents or leachates from various facilities, such as (2) Water infrastructure facilities and the ancillary facilities comply with the N/A Quality country’s effluent standards and ambient water quality standards? ① Are wastes from the infrastructure facilities and ancillary

2 Mitigation Measures 2 Mitigation (3) Wastes facilities properly treated and disposed of in accordance with the N/A country’s standards?

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Environmental Confirmation of Environmental Category Main Check Items Item Considerations ① Are adequate measures taken to prevent contamination of soil (4) Soil N/A Contamination and groundwater by the effluents or leachates from the infrastructure facilities and the ancillary facilities? ① YES: Data Center Emergency (5) Noise and Do noise and vibrations comply with the country’s standards? Power Generator Complies with Vibration India and Japan's standard ① In the case of extraction of a large volume of groundwater, is (6) Subsidence there a possibility that the extraction of groundwater will cause N/A subsidence? ① Are there any odor sources? Are adequate odor control (7) Odor N/A measures taken? ① Is the project site located in protected areas designated by the (1) Protected country’s laws or international treaties and conventions? Is there N/A Areas a possibility that the project will affect the protected areas? ① Does the project site encompass primeval forests, tropical rain forests, ecologically valuable habitats (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, or tidal flats)?

② Does the project site encompass the protected habitats of endangered species designated by the country’s laws or international treaties and conventions? (2) Ecosystem ③ If significant ecological impacts are anticipated, are adequate N/A protection measures taken to reduce the impacts on the ecosystem? ④ Is there a possibility that the amount of water (e.g., surface water, groundwater) used by the project will adversely affect aquatic environments, such as rivers? Are adequate measures 3 Natural Environment 3 Natural taken to reduce the impacts on aquatic environments, such as aquatic organisms? ① Is there a possibility that hydrologic changes due to the project (3) Hydrology N/A will adversely affect surface water and groundwater flows? ① Is there a possibility the project will cause large-scale alteration (4) Topography N/A and Geology of the topographic features and geologic structures in the project site and surrounding areas? ① Is involuntary resettlement caused by project implementation? If involuntary resettlement is caused, are efforts made to minimize the impacts caused by the resettlement? ② Is adequate explanation on relocation and compensation given to affected persons prior to resettlement? ③ Is the resettlement plan, including proper compensation, restoration of livelihoods and living standards developed based on socioeconomic studies on resettlement? (1) Resettlement ④ Does the resettlement plan pay particular attention to vulnerable N/A groups or persons, including women, children, the elderly, people below the poverty line, ethnic minorities, and indigenous peoples?

⑤ Are agreements with the affected persons obtained prior to resettlement? ⑥ Is the organizational framework established to properly implement resettlement? Are the capacity and budget secured to implement the plan? ⑦ Is a plan developed to monitor the impacts of resettlement? ① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the (2) Living and 4 Social Environment Social 4 living conditions of inhabitants? Are adequate measures considered N/A Livelihood to reduce the impacts, if necessary? ① Is there a possibility that the project will damage the local archeological, historical, cultural, and religious heritage sites? Are (3) Heritage N/A adequate measures considered to protect these sites in accordance with the country’s laws? ① Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the (4) Landscape N/A local landscape? Are necessary measures taken? (5) Ethnic ① Does the project comply with the country’s laws for rights of Minorities and ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples? N/A Indigenous ② Are considerations given to reduce the impacts on culture and Peoples lifestyle of ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples? (1) Impacts ① Are adequate measures considered to reduce impacts during

5 5 rs during construction (e.g., noise, vibrations, turbid water, dust, exhaust N/A Othe Construction gases, and wastes)?

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Environmental Confirmation of Environmental Category Main Check Items Item Considerations ② If construction activities adversely affect the natural environment (ecosystem), are adequate measures considered to reduce impacts? ③ If construction activities adversely affect the social environment, are adequate measures considered to reduce impacts? ④ If necessary, is health and safety education (e.g., traffic safety, public health) provided for project personnel, including workers? ① Does the proponent develop and implement monitoring program for the environmental items that are considered to have potential impacts? ② Are the items, methods and frequencies included in the monitoring program judged to be appropriate? (2) Monitoring ③ Does the proponent establish an adequate monitoring N/A framework (organization, personnel, equipment, and adequate budget to sustain the monitoring framework)? ④ Are any regulatory requirements pertaining to the monitoring report system identified, such as the format and frequency of reports from the proponent to the regulatory authorities? ① Where necessary, pertinent items described in the Roads and Railways checklist should also be checked (e.g., projects including access roads to the infrastructure facilities). Reference to ② Checklist of For projects, such as installation of telecommunication cables, N/A Other Sectors power line towers, and submarine cables, where necessary, pertinent items described in the Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Lines, and Oil and Gas Pipelines checklists should also be 6 Note 6 checked. ① If necessary, the impacts to transboundary or global issues Note on Using Environmental should be confirmed (e.g., the project includes factors that may N/A Checklist cause problems, such as transboundary waste treatment, acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer, or global warming). * For the communication infrastructure projects, applicable items are １(1)(2), 3(1)(2), ４(1)-(5) and 5(1)(2), and only these items should be checked. 1) Regarding the term “Country’s Standards” mentioned in the above table, in the event that environmental standards in the country where the project is located diverge significantly from international standards, appropriate environmental considerations are made, if necessary. In cases where local environmental regulations are yet to be established in some areas, considerations should be made based on comparisons with appropriate standards of other countries (including Japan' experience). 2) Environmental checklist provides general environmental items to be checked. It may be necessary to add or delete an item taking into account the characteristics of the project and the particular circumstances of the country and locality in which it is located. Source: Study Team

3.2.7 Additional study of applicable applications (Land Registration) In response to the request from AP State officials, we also conducted a study on the applicability of land management application for Capital Area (217km2). The land was readjusted using Land Pooling Scheme. Amaravati, the upcoming Capital City area, is using GIS (Geographic Information System: a map information system) software provided by ESRI Inc. which enables the reading of existing parcel boundaries and readjusted parcel boundaries. It is essential that AP state prepare an application that is in line with the real estate registration scheme and also enables online land separations, hold historical ownership data and other critical features. This application will be the step to realize the idea shared by AP state officials, to realize online land purchase and selling scheme using this application in the future.

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Source: APCRDA Figure 3.2.10: City Planning Diagram created by APCRDA

Under these circumstances, we examined functional outlines and a perspective view of IT system usable in real estate registration services in the new state capital Amaravati.

Table 3.2.3: Function Overview of Real Estate Registration Services Name of No. Contents Operation/Function Deploying map services such as acceptance and survey of registry 1 Map services (map), map registrations/changes. Deploying real estate registration services such as acceptance of 2 Registration services registry, survey/examination support, entry, and notification /confirmation. Online application Deploying online applications in map services and registration services (including services as well as securing long-term storage of certificates for 3 electronic contract electronic contracts on land dealings and management of original function) documents that are currently being performed. Deploying system monitoring, monitoring of performance such as Operation and 4 capacity, security measures against viruses and unauthorized access, maintenance services etc., and maintenance management such as backup. Source: Study Team

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3.3 Development of Traffic Congestion System

3.3.1 Current Status and Issues (1) Current status of Vijayawada In late years, public transit such as subways is being developed and constructed in the urban areas of India. In Vijayawada, construction of subways is planned also. However, completion of subways is a matter for the future and buses are the only current public transit in the city. For this reason, many citizens use private automobiles, motorbikes, and rickshaws as a means of transportation, so that there is much dependence on road transportation, which causes chronic congestion on main roads. Besides, Chennai, where the automobile industry is thriving, is in the same state, and Vijayawada is expected to become a next hub of automobiles. Furthermore, Amaravati, the planned capital city, is one of the surrounding cities, so that development of public facilities as well as concentration of population is expected. Based on these things, increase of physical distribution vehicles and through-traffic to Amaravati is expected in future in Vijayawada, so that aggravation of congestion should be assumed. On the other hand, study for identifying the factors of the congestion in Vijayawada and analysis for countermeasures have not been conducted. Therefore, we conducted traffic state investigation to identify the traffic congestion intersections and congestion factors in a qualitative manner. i) Investigation contents We conducted visual investigation of traffic state targeting all areas of Vijayawada (Figure 3.3.1). The investigation items are as follows:

 Traffic congestion intersections (Figure 3.3.2)

 Running state of vehicles, motorbikes, and rickshaws at intersections

 Lane utilization status

 Green interval, etc. of signals

 Status of parking and stopping

 Conflict status of vehicles and pedestrians in intersections

 Status of ignoring traffic lights

ii) Main congestion factors a) Insufficient road traffic infrastructure development

 Drivers cannot perform satisfactory path selection because the road networks are insufficient. For this reason, traffic demand tends to occur at specific points, and chronic congestion occurs at many intersections and roundabouts. (Figure 3.3.3)

 Public means of transportation such as public bus have not been developed enough

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and efficient transportation is not provided. Utilization rate of private automobiles, motorbikes, and rickshaws is high. (Figure 3.3.4)

 Some private companies provide traffic information, but transportation managers do not.

 The number of cross walks is extremely few. Therefore, pedestrians are crossing roads disorderly. (Figure 3.3.5)

 The number of lanes on roads are too few to manage the current traffic demand. b) Traffic manners

 Vehicle drivers and pedestrians ignore traffic lights. Therefore, vehicles and pedestrians are often mingled at intersections. (Figure 3.3.6)

 Many drivers are driving vehicles with an extremely short following distance (Figure 3.3.7). They increase or decrease the speed extremely much especially at lane change.

 At intersections, the number of stopped vehicles is more than the number of lanes.

 Motorbikes and rickshaws are going through vehicles. They are going in the opposite direction on some roads. (Figure 3.3.8) c) Inadequate maintenance/control of road traffic infrastructure equipment

 There are many failures of signals. Besides, many failures have not been repaired (There was a failure at 61 intersections out of 66). (Figure 3.3.9)

 At the intersections where the signals are out of order, policemen are conducting traffic control using hand signals. (Figure 3.3.10)

 Operation for signal phases, green intervals, etc. is not appropriate for the traffic demand. Since the green interval for vehicles is abnormally long, the waiting time of the crossing side becomes long and congestion occurs.

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Source: Study Team based on Google Map Figure 3.3.1: Target Area for Traffic State Investigation

Source: Study Team based on Google Map Figure 3.3.2: Traffic Congestion Intersection

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.3: Status of Roundabout

Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.4: Utilization Status of Motorbikes and Rickshaws

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.5: Status of Disorderly Road Crossing

Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.6: Status of Ignoring Traffic Lights

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.7: Status of Driving Vehicles with Short Following Distance

Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.8: Status of Rickshaws Going in Opposite Direction

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.9: Failure of Signal

Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.10: Status of Hand Signals by Policeman

(2) Issues We have sorted out the issues based on the traffic state investigation result.

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i) Development of road traffic infrastructure In order to reduce congestion, it is necessary to increase traffic capacity by development of new roads, lane widening, etc. However, it needs much time and cost for performing these things. In order to achieve an effect in a short period, the following things are considered effective:

 Installation of more signals

 Installation of traffic information collecting device

 Installation of traffic signal control & traffic information system

ii) Improvement of traffic manners In order to improve traffic manners, not only drivers but also all people from children to seniors should follow traffic rules. Furthermore, not only the inside of Vijayawada but also the level of the state or the country needs to be targeted, so that long time is needed as with development of road traffic infrastructure. In order to achieve an effect in a short period, the following things are considered effective:

 Strengthening crackdown and guidance on traffic violation

 Installation of speed regulating devices

 Installation of intersection monitoring camera

iii) Maintenance/control of road traffic infrastructure equipment. In order to continuously reduce congestion and the number of traffic accidents, continuous effective utilization of road traffic infrastructure is necessary. To conduct this, the following things are necessary:

 Secure and foster transportation management engineers

 Strengthen maintenance scheme

3.3.2 Project Outlines (1) Goal As far as it goes now, in Vijayawada, congestion often occurs due to insufficient development of road traffic infrastructure and others. Besides, more congestion is expected due to concentration of population in neighboring Amaravati in future. Therefore, we are going to develop the road traffic infrastructure for the purpose of reducing congestion and the number of traffic accidents in Vijayawada. (2) Project description i) Development of traffic signal control system A traffic signal control system is to be developed that can perform appropriate signal control for varying traffic demand. The system consists of terminal units and a central unit. Terminal units consist of terminal equipment installed on roads such as signal

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controllers, traffic lights for vehicles, traffic lights for pedestrians, vehicle detectors, etc. Central units consist of equipment that conducts appropriate signal control based on information collected by vehicle detectors and equipment that checks the status of signal control. ii) Development of traffic information system A system is to be developed that provides traffic status in Vijayawada to drivers in order to disperse traffic demand into the entire road network. This system consists of road traffic information boards and a central unit, and the central unit consists of equipment for generating traffic status based on information obtained by vehicle detectors, that for providing traffic status to road traffic information boards and others, and that for checking information provision status, etc.

3.3.3 Installation Candidate Sites Based on the traffic state investigation in Vijayawada, all areas of the city are selected as a target candidate for the following reasons: Traffic congestion intersections and signal installed intersections are shown in Figure 3.3.11.

 Congestion intersections (bottleneck intersections) are scattered about all around the city.

 Traffic volume at positions of major roads and minor roads is large, and intersections that need control (Figure 3.3.12) by signals are scattered all around the city.

 Intersections that need readjustment of control over signal phases, green intervals, etc. are scattered about all around the city.

Source: Study Team based on Google Map Figure 3.3.11: Traffic Congestion Intersections and Signal Installed Intersections

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Distribution of signalized intersections for dispersion of traffic congestion and crossing of pedestrians

If congestion occurs at intersections without signals, entering the main road from the crossing side and crossing the main road by pedestrians are difficult and the likelihood of accidents is high. In such a case, there is a need to disperse traffic congestion and make entering the main road from the crossing side and crossing the main road by pedestrians easy. Dispersion of traffic congestion will be achieved by installing signals at intersections around the traffic congestion intersections. On top of that, in order to prevent accidents at intersections, lights for pedestrians will be installed so that pedestrians can cross the road safely.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.12: Distribution of Signalized Intersections for Dispersion of Traffic Congestion and Crossing of Pedestrians

3.3.4 Introduction of Installation Technology The traffic signal control system and the traffic information system that are actually used in Japan are shown in Figure 3.3.13.

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.13: System Scheme

(1) Traffic signal control system i) Signal control method The traffic signal control system contains "MODERATO", which controls broad area, and "MOVEMENT", which deals with varying traffic demand at each intersection.

a. Outlines of MODERATO MODERATO (Management by Origin-Destination Related Adaptation for Traffic Optimization) (Figure 3.3.14) calculates the congestion level of each entrance road based on information obtained from vehicle detectors installed on roads and determines the signal control timing (cycle length, split, and offset). By means of this, longer green intervals are set for the direction whose congestion level is higher (the direction with worse congestion). MODERATO is currently the standard signal control method in Japan and has been installed in the entire country.

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.14: Outlines of MODERATO b. Outlines of MOVEMENT MOVEMENT is a control that sets a green interval for each stream line (movement) at respective entrance roads such as straight stream line (straight movement) and right-turn stream line (right-turn movement). It calculates the congestion level for each movement and determines the signal control timing such as cycle length, and green interval of movement. At signal controllers, extension/shortening control of the green interval of each movement can be done according to the existence of vehicles. By means of this, finely tuned control can be done based on variation of the traffic state (Figure 3.3.15). Furthermore, by the signal display that keeps right-turn vehicles away from vehicles coming straight in the opposite direction, effect of preventing traffic accident occurrence can be expected.

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.15: Outlines of Movement Control

ii) Processing scale The processing scale of the traffic signal control system is shown in Table 3.3.1.

Table 3.3.1: Processing Scale of Traffic Signal Control System Item Processing scale Number of intersections 128 Number of MODERATO intersections 32 of them Number of MOVEMENT intersections 64 of them Number of accommodated detectors 640 * The processing scale can be increased by adding equipment. Source: Study Team

iii) Main equipment The main equipment of which the traffic signal control system consists is shown in Table 3.3.2.

Table 3.3.2: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists Classification Main Equipment Main Functions Remarks  Communication connection with Control is done central unit based on  MOVEMENT instructions from the Signal controller  Progressive control central unit.  Vehicle-actuated control Terminal unit  UPS built-in Traffic light for  Lighted based on instructions from vehicle/pedestrian signal controller  Measurement of traffic Shared with the Vehicle detector volume/occupancy time traffic information  Measurement of speed system  MODERATO Information for Central unit Signal control server  MOVEMENT signal control is sent  Pattern selection control to signal controllers.

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Classification Main Equipment Main Functions Remarks  Manual intervention control  Accumulation of collected information Shared with the of detector traffic information DB server  Accumulation of signal control status system  Accumulation of equipment abnormity  Inquiry of collected information of detector HMI device  Inquiry of signal control status  Intervention of signal control  Inquiry of equipment abnormity Source: Study Team

(2) Traffic information system The traffic information system generates traffic status and provides it to road traffic information boards and mobile terminals such as smartphones. On top of that, it can collect and display image information of roads from the CCTV center. i) Generating information to provide Traffic status is generated based on information obtained from vehicle detectors, and the information is provided to road traffic information boards, smartphones, etc. a. Road traffic information board Information provided on road traffic information boards is the traffic status (congestion information) of the road sections where drivers who go through the spot of the road traffic information board installation are supposed to go (Figure 3.3.16). If there are 2 or more road sections where congestion has occurred, the information is provided according to the priority order.

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.16: Display Image of Traffic Status on Road Traffic Information Board b. Smartphone Information provided to smartphones is on a deformed map so that users can intuitively grasp the information of the road sections where congestion can be measured (Figure 3.3.17).

Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.17: Image of Traffic Status Display by Smartphone

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ii) Processing scale The processing scale of the traffic information system is shown in Table 3.3.3.

Table 3.3.3: Processing Scale of Traffic Information System Item Processing scale Road traffic information board 32 * The processing scale can be increased by adding equipment. Source: Study Team

iii) Main equipment The main equipment of the traffic information system is shown in Table 3.3.4.

Table 3.3.4: Main Equipment of which Traffic Signal Control System Consists Classification Main equipment Main functions Remarks  Text display Control is done Road traffic  Design display based on Terminal unit information board instructions from the central unit.  Generating traffic information Traffic information  Providing information to road traffic generating server information board  Generating information to provide Traffic information  Providing information to providing server smartphones Image collection  Collecting images from the CCTV server center  Accumulating traffic information Central unit  Accumulating information to DB server provide  Accumulation of equipment abnormity  Inquiry of traffic information Shared with the  Inquiry of information to provide traffic information  Image display of CCTV camera system HMI device  Intervention to road traffic information board  Inquiry of equipment abnormity Source: Study Team

3.3.5 Challenges and Solution Policies for Project Implementation Since development of the traffic signal control system and the traffic information system is conducted in this project and the construction environment is very different from that of Japan, construction work is expected to be protracted. Therefore, construction work has to be done efficiently. In addition, maintenance and management of the system are necessary in order to continuously reduce congestion and traffic accidents. (1) Construction work For the traffic signal control system, since signals are assumed to be installed at more than

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100 intersections, construction work has to be done efficiently. In order to do the work efficiently, heavy equipment, construction tools, and construction members need to be procured quickly and the work needs to be conducted under a clearly defined construction work organization. Besides, since cables for existing equipment are scattered about at intersections where infrastructures are provided (Figure 3.3.18), construction needs to be done after sorting out the existing cables. The issues and solution strategies concerning construction work are shown in Table 3.3.5.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.18: Status of Scattering Existing Cables Table 3.3.5: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Construction Work Issue Solution strategy Building construction work  Construction management by construction management organization engineers with much experience in Japan  Guidance and education by construction management engineers Safe construction work  Advance training for managers of construction work and workers in Japan Efficient construction work  Guidance and education about procurement and use of heavy equipment and construction tools  Information management for existing cables Source: Study Team

(2) Maintenance and management of system To continue reduction of congestion and traffic accidents, response actions to traffic status change with age are necessary. Especially for reduction of congestion, design and operation need to be conducted by transportation management engineers with knowledge of signal control such as signal phases according to the traffic status and green interval design. For reduction of traffic accidents, what is most important is continuous operation of road

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traffic infrastructure. In order to continue this operation for long time, periodic maintenance of equipment and quick response at the time of failure are necessary. The issues and solution strategies concerning maintenance and management of the system is shown in Table 3.3.6.

Table 3.3.6: Issues and Solution Strategies concerning Maintenance and Management of System Issue Solution strategy Strengthening  Clarification of operation organization operation  Guidance and education by transportation management organization engineers with much experience in Japan  Advance training for engineers in Japan Strengthening  Building organization capable of maintenance for 24 hours per maintenance day and 365 days per year. organization  Guidance and education for engineers by maintenance engineers with much experience in Japan  Advance training for engineers in Japan Source: Study Team

3.3.6 Effects of Environment Improvement and Impact on Environmental Society (1) Effect in Japan i) Effect by MODERATO In Japan, centralized control of signals by the traffic signal control system is continuously done by each prefectural police department (Currently, centralized control of signals using MODERATO is generally adopted). Reduction of CO2 accompanied by the centralized control of signals in recent years is shown in Table 3.3.7. In Table 3.3.7, you can find that CO2 is reduced by centralizing signals. Table 3.3.7: Reduction of CO2 accompanied by Centralized Control of Signals Number of Reduction of CO2 Year centralized control (t- CO2 /year) 2012 1,681 37,722 2013 1,966 44,117 2014 2,004 44,970 2015 1,844 41,379 Source: National Police Agency, Various Effect by Advancement of Signals

Furthermore, you can find the traffic fatalities also decrease by centralized control of signals (Figure 3.3.19).

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信号機の集中信号制御機数Number of central signal controllers Number of central signal controllers and number of fatalities by traffic accidents 人口Fatalities10万人当たりの死者数 per population of 100,000 80 10

70 9 8 60 7 50 6 40 5

30 4 3 20 2 (person) 100,000 10 1 No. of central signal introduced (unit)controllerscentral signal of No. 0 0 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Fatalities caused by traffic accidents per population of of population per accidents traffic by caused Fatalities Source: Excerpt from White Paper on Transport, Traffic Bureau, National Police Agency, 2015 Figure 3.3.19: Reduction of Traffic Fatalities accompanied by Centralized Control of Signals ii) Effect by MOVEMENT The effect of MOVEMENT for the east-west direction (up lanes and down lanes) at one intersection (in Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture) (Figure 3.3.20, 3.3.21) is shown in Table 3.3.8. By this table, you can see the delay time to the west direction, which has large traffic volume, has been decreased much. If this effect is converted to amount of CO2 emissions, approximately 100 tons of annual CO2 reduction can be expected. x e le t e p u h h t t o To Nagoya u o m R so T o l l c a a n � � � i o tr ti 23 s a u N d o in T o T

To the east

To the west 1

h rt o n e h t o T

To Tsu

Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.20: Target Intersection of Movement Control

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.3.21: Phase of Movement Table 3.3.8: Effect of Delay Time Reduction by MOVEMENT Average delay time (seconds/vehicle) Direction Movement Before After Straight/left-turn 49 84 To the east Right-turn 63 81 Straight/left-turn 334 110 To the west Right-turn 237 86 Source: Study Team

(2) Effect in Yangon, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar For the purpose of congestion reduction in Yangon, improvement of intersections and readjustment of phases are conducted targeting 10 intersections in the city (Figure 3.1.22) and MODERATO was executed (Project completion report for the project of traffic environment improvement and dissemination/demonstration by traffic signal installation in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, May in 2015, Japan International Cooperation Agency). The reduction amount at important intersections is shown in Table 3.3.9 and Table 3.3.10. It can be assumed that CO2 is reduced in association with reduction of congestion length.

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Source: Study Team based on Google Map Figure 3.3.22: Target Intersections in Yangon Table 3.3.9: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekday) Congestion length difference (m) Direction Item 7:00 - 9:00 10:00 - 12:00 13:00 - 15:00 17:00 - 19:00 Average To the Before -170 -310.0 -290 -260 difference south - After Max difference -550 -290 -280 -80 Average Before -297.5 -117.5 -117.5 -90 To the west difference - After Max difference -440 -290 -230 -440 Average To the Before -5 -127.5 -182.5 -185.0 difference north - After Max difference -210 -210 -310 -520 Average Before -157.5 -377.5 17.5 -87.5 To the east difference - After Max difference -210 -430 40.0 -80.0 Source:Excerpted from the project completion report for the project of traffic environment improvement and dissemination/d

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Table 3.3.10: Congestion Reduction Effect at Important Intersections (weekend) Congestion length difference (m) Direction Item 7:00 - 9:00 10:00 - 12:00 13:00 - 15:00 17:00 - 19:00 Average To the Before -225 -235 -310.0 -317.5 difference south - After Max difference -630 -100 -240 -300 Average To the Before -172.5 -235 -192.5 152.5 difference west - After Max difference -500 -370 -370 80 Average To the Before -230 -272.5 -472.5 -652.5 difference north - After Max difference -500 -350 -770 -920 Average Before -512.5 -530 -487.5 -405 To the east difference - After Max difference -900 -430 -530 -650 Source:Excerpted from the project completion report for the project of traffic environment improvement and dissemination/d

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3.4 Water Supply System

3.4.1 Current Situation and Challenges (1) Current Situation The organizations relating to this waterworks in India are as shown in Table 3.4.1 below. APCRDA, our counterpart in this project, has been advancing the project in close coordination with the Ministry of Urban Development (MUD), a central government ministry, described below.

Table 3.4.1: Organization Related to Waterworks Name Function This ministry has a control over the waterworks of large and mid-sized cities and has a responsibility to make water project policies, procedures and laws, project promotion guidance and various standards, to establish development and investment guidelines, to give financial and technical assistance, and to carry out research and Ministry of Urban Development education. In accordance with the central government’s policy etc., the (MUD) department in each state carries out the water system project, design and construction in the state. For a large-city water system in a state, usually the city department in charge plans, designs, constructs and manages the water facilities under the supervision of the state. In the case of this project, APCDRA serves as an authority in charge. This ministry has a control over the waterworks of local small cities Ministry of Rural Development and villages and has a responsibility to carry out administrative (MRD) operations such as water project policies etc., which are almost the same as those of MUD. As an engineering organization of MUD, this organization gives technical guidance and assistance about water supply, sewerage systems and solid-wastes. CPHEEO provides the development policy and strategy and guidelines of MUD to the corporations and committees of each state and city, thus supporting the promotion of the water project of each state. In addition, CPHEEO plays a prominent role in the implementation process of financial assistance by the World The Central Public Health and Bank, ADB, JICA, etc. Environment Engineering In cooperation with UNDP, CPHEEO creates water pipe network Organization (CPHEEO) planning software and the following manuals, contributing to the efficient development of the water project of the country. * Manual on Water Supply & Treatment, Third Edition, Revised – updated, May 1999 * Manual on Sewerage & Sewage Treatment, Second Edition, 1993 * Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, 2000 * Manual on Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply Systems, 2005 For planning and design of water supply facilities, in addition to the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) manuals shown above, this bureau sets the water quality standard and design standard for waterworks. This ministry has a control over river and surface water management. The Central Water Commission This commission manages the surface water (water sources) used for (CWC) in Ministry of Water irrigation water, industrial water, etc., including sources for public Resources (MWR) water supply, and makes adjustments between states and between sectors/purposes. Central Groundwater Board In MWR, this board manages the changes in the groundwater level,

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Name Function (CGWB) manages the groundwater resource quantity and creates groundwater system diagrams. Regarding Indian environment, this ministry has a responsibility to make policies, procedures and laws, project promotion guidance and Ministry of Environment and various standards, to establish development guidelines, to give Forests (MEF) financial and technical assistance, and to carry out research and education. National Rivers Conservation This directorate, a department of MEF, creates and supervises action Directorate (CPCB) plans for environmental improvement of Indian rivers. This board, a department of MEF, conducts operations relating to the Central Rivers Conservation river basin pollution control measures, the treated sewage release Board (CPCB) standards of Water Pollution Control Board of each state, and the measures against violation. Source: Study Team

Now APCRDA has a control over the processes from the planning of the new capital region to the construction of facilities. After the water supply facilities have been constructed, like Vijayawada City and Guntur City, Amaravati Municipal Corporation (AMC) which is a corporation of the new capital region (city) is to operate the waterworks services and to operate and manage the water supply facilities.

Vijayawada water system under the control of VMC and Guntur water system under the control of GMC are operated as urban water facilities (existing) in the neighborhood of the planned site of the new capital region in AP State (Ref. Figure 3.4.1).

As is the case with the water supply system of the new capital region, these water supply systems are taking water from the Krishna River. The water purified at these water purification plants is sent to the distribution reservoirs placed strategically in the City and then supplied to each home.

Guntur existing water purification plant (Current Vijayawada existing water purification plant water supply capacity of about 92,000 m3/day, (Current water supply capacity of about 172,000 Additional water purification facilities with water m3/day, 4 systems and 5 facilities) supply capacity of 42,000 m3/day being constructed, Left side of photo) Source: Google Map Figure 3.4.1: Existing Water Purification Plants

The water purification and distribution system of Vijayawada is remotely monitored through Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and information on the quantity of

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purified water, the status of water distribution, and, as shown in Figure 3.4.2 below, the regional water demand, water supply situation, etc. is released on the Internet, which can be viewed by inhabitants using a PC etc. In addition, this modern system allows an inhabitant to pay his or her water bill by the Internet.

Source: (Status as of February 23, 2017 shown on www.ourvmc.org/#/dashboard) Figure 3.4.2: Homepage of VMC (Water Supply Condition)

Because the water purification plant (5 water purification facilities) of Vijayawada was constructed between 1965 and 2009, the facilities are significantly decrepit and the mechanical and electrical equipment in particular has deteriorated seriously, making it impossible to perform optimum water purifying constantly. In addition, water is supplied for only 2 hours twice (in the morning and evening) a day, which is a big problem.

The water purification plant of Guntur is also in a similar situation and the water purification facilities constructed in 1980, in particular, have various problems. Because the mechanical and electrical equipment are broken and the coagulating agent and disinfection agent are injected manually in a simple manner, the injection volume is unequal and it is difficult to perform water purifying operation optimally and constantly (Ref Figure 3.4.3). At Guntur water purification plant, in order to improve the water supply capacity and meet the increasing demand, water purification facilities with a water supply capacity of 42,000 m3/day are now being constructed beside the existing facilities, which project is funded by the World Bank.

(Manual method due to failure of meter and injector at Guntur water purification plant) Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.3: Guntur Water Purification Plant

At both water purification plants, when the rapid filtration media is back-washed, the valve is operated by manual. Therefore, the backwash flow rate is not constant and poor washing is observed. In terms of safety and environment, there is a very dangerous situation because some places are

3-69 Feasibility Study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh state, India equipped with chlorine gas (disinfectant) injection equipment with no measures against leakage or not equipped with such equipment. If a leakage accident should occur, not only the lives of the operators may be put in danger but also neighborhood inhabitants may be affected (Ref. Figure 3.4.4)

(Rapid filtration tank manual backwash and chlorine disinfection tank at Vijayawada water purification plant) Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.4: Vijayawada Water Purification Plant

In terms of water environment, there is no equipment to treat backwash wastewater and sedimentation basin sludge generated in the water treatment processes. Therefore, wastewater and sludge not treated are released directly into the water source, leading to fear that the public aquatic environment is adversely affected. In addition, in the case of Vijayawada water purification plant (5 facilities), sludge and filtration basin backwash wastewater flowed from the upstream water purification facilities is taken from the intake facilities of the adjacent downstream water purification facilities, which may increase the water purification load on the downstream facilities. At present, most water supplies in the planned site of the new capital region take water from groundwater/subsoil water and there is no particular water purification plant. After groundwater is taken (pump station), it is disinfected (normal assumption) and then sent to the elevated water tanks and the water tank of each home. There are a wide variety of facilities such as hand pump and groundwater intake pump stations and the situation as well as status of facilities are diverse (Ref. Figure 3.4.5).

Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.5: Existing Water Supply Facilities of New Capital City Area

In the case of the water quality of the Krishna River which serves as a water source, though the load of substance of concern is relatively low, the concentration of organic substance and ammonia nitrogen tends to be high (result of water quality inspection in this survey). There is fear that

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increased environmental pollution loads caused by future urban development and economic growth of the large cities such as Hyderabad City, City and small/medium cities and villages in the upper reaches of the Krishna River in addition the possible eutrophication of water impounded in the dams and barrages will degrade the river water quality in the future. (2) Challenges The new capital region development master plan requires “Reliable water supplies”, “1-week 24-hour water supply” and “Establishment of water facilities and systems that allow people to drink water directly from a tap and make the new capital region best in India”. (Ref. Figure 3.4.6)

Master plan created in 2015 Description content in the red box on the left Source: APCRDA Figure 3.4.6: Previous Master Plan Target on Water Supply System

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Considering the quality of raw water that is anticipated to be degraded in the future, it is not possible to meet the requirements by using the existing water purification process and technology. Therefore, the latest technology to make safe and delicious water is needed. The master plan requires that water facilities be implemented as simply as possible and that the implemented facilities allow simple operation and management and enable as effective and inexpensive (construction cost and operation maintenance cost) as possible treatment. To meet this target request, the latest technology is required. (Ref. Figure 3.4.7)

The infrastructure project including the water supply is now in progress in accordance with the new capital region development master plan, but it is not completed within the period of this survey. The water supply facilities are to be constructed in a planned manner based on the master plan, but it is difficult to assume concrete processes. At the same time as the creation of the master plan, the architectural plan and infrastructure project in Government Complex (GC) area are in progress. In GC area, government buildings, court buildings, etc. playing a central role in AP State are to be constructed, which makes it one of the most important areas in the new capital region. This infrastructure plan is also not completed within the period of this survey and detailed information cannot be obtained. In this survey, therefore, these proposals are made based on available documentation and information. It is therefore necessary to review these proposals when the above-mentioned plants are completed.

According to the proposed master plan, water is to be supplied to the new capital region from two water purification plants to be constructed newly. In the 1st phase, a water purification plant with a water supply capacity of 317,000 m3/day is to be Source: APCRDA Figure 3.4.7: RFP for Previous MP constructed in the upper reaches of the existing and water is to be sent and supplied using water transmission pipelines with a diameter of 2,200mm (Ring Main). For water supply to GC area that is the most important area, water is to be sent from this water purification plant for above 15 km using large-diameter water pipes. It is not clear what strategy or method can be arranged to send and supply water to GC area on a priority basis. Because, in addition to sending water over a long distance using large-diameter water pipes, water is to be supplied to many users during water conveyance, it is difficult to supply high quality tap water sufficiently to GC area.

What if, to solve these problems, Japanese advanced water purification technologies are used to purify and supply expected “Safe and delicious water” to GC area through another system. If it is possible to connect, using valves etc., this system to the main water system supplying water to the master plan area in the future so as to make it possible to perform water diverting and supplying as

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necessary, it may become a desired system. (Previous GC area plan and potable water demand plan.)

3.4.2 Project Overview The water supply system of the new capital region in AP Sate is required to supply safe, odorless and good-quality water for 24 hours x 7 days to meet the water demand. Considering possible water quality degradation accompanying the future economic development of the cities, and villages in the Krishna River basin, however, it is difficult to achieve this objective using the existing technology on water purification processes. In the important GC area, in particular, in the new capital region, it is desired that people can drink water of superior quality from a tap. In the process of economic development of Japan, because the rivers and public water bodies from which raw water was taken were polluted due to the industrial and commercial development, population growth, etc., the water purification technologies to make safe and delicious water were developed as a result of technical researches through trial and error. In addition, researches on a reduction in the construction and maintenance costs of water facilities and energy-saving effects were carried out jointly by the public and private sectors and a large variety of new technologies were created. The following advanced technologies, examples of this, have many favorable results and are verified to be extremely effective. This survey proposes a plan to build a small-scale water purification plant into which water purification processes utilizing the following Japanese latest, most cutting-edge technologies are introduced, so as to supply safe and delicious water to the GC area that is the most important area. 1) U-BCF : Up-flow Biological Contact Filter (Removing ammonium and odors that cannot be removed in the ordinary water purification process → Making safe and delicious water even if raw water is bad) 2) OSF : Open Siphon Filter (Using a siphon in a rapid filtration tank to eliminate the use of a large backwash pump or large valve → Reduction in large machinery and electric equipment cost, Reduction in cost, Energy saving) In the master plan established in 2015, the planed water demand in GC area is 10,000 m3/day. This survey assumes this planed water demand and proposes a water purification plant with above high technology with a water supply capacity of 10,000 m3/day. 3.4.3 Potential Site Because the proposed water purification plant is intended to supply water to GC area as described above, it is advantageous to locate it as close to the GC are and the Krishna River (intake source) as possible. It is said that the existing intake pump station (Thullur Lift Pump Station) is located in the northwest of GC area and that this pump station now sends and supplies water to the temporal new capital government buildings. The area surrounding the pump station is now unoccupied and this adjacent area is thought to be the most suitable potential site for the proposed water purification plant. We therefore suggest that the proposed water purification plant be located beside this pump station

3-73 Feasibility Study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh state, India and that this pump station be utilized as intake facilities for the proposed water purification plant. In consideration of the fact that the Krishna River’s water level is low with drought for 2 to 3 months between May and July, it is proposed to have water well facilities to take subsoil water in the drought period.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.8: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site

Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.9: Existing Water Pumping Station (Thullur Pump Station)

Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.10: Suggested Water Purification Plant Site (East Adjacent Area of Thurllur Pump Station)

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3.4.4 Introduction of the technology (1) Basic policy to design the WTP facilities We proposes a plan to build water purification plant (hereinafter called WTP) which can supply potable water by safe, secure, and stable treatment for the people and local residents, considering the environment conservation into account. It is also introduce equipment which is not necessary to upgrade so often and transfer superior Japanese technologies which can reduce expenses of chemicals for flocculants, disinfection and electricity in addition to minimize lifecycle cost of WTP operations.

Table 3.4.2: Basic Policy to Design WTP Facilities (Purpose and Design Policy) Purpose Design Policy Compliant with the drinking water quality standard of India • BIS 10500:2012/Indian Standard DRINKING WATER – SPECIFICATION Select a WTP system supplying quality treated water • Select a water purification process by which soluble substances contained in raw water can be removed at a low cost while the conventional purification process Safe, secure, and cannot remove or reduce.,. stable treatment and • Select a water purification process capable of coping with future further supply of high degradation of water quality. quality of potable water Ensure operation control which can be maintained and managed simply and easily. • Introduce equipment to prevent malfunction or unstable system operation as manual operations. Design facilities capable of ensuring stable supply • Ensure the standby capacity of major apparatuses such as mixers or pumps. • Take into account ensuring water intake quantity in the drought season. Introduce biological contact filtration (U-BCF) as enhanced purification capability • Pretreatment by biological contact filtration (U-BCF) ⇒ Reduction of organic substances and ammonia nitrogen ⇒ Reduction of chemicals (energy saving) and by-products (safety) • Adoption of up-flow fluidization bed ⇒ The plant can be operated at high flow rate because of high contact efficiency. ⇒ Head loss is small because of small quantity of captured turbidity ⇒ Gravitation flow-down method Introduce the open syphon filter (OSF) • Filtration of self balancing type ⇒ Simple control and perfect automatic operation, Transfer of advanced superior maintenance & management ability (safety). Japanese • A backwash water tank is used ⇒ The filtration media can be washed as desired, technologies (design so operation can be managed easily. Best washing effect is ensured (safety). as taking into • Complicated control instruments, large-diameter motor valves, and large washing account water quality pumps are not needed, so the facilities can be maintained and managed simply and and the environment) easily (safety). Install proper chemical injection equipment • Adoption of the quantitative pumping method to inject chemicals ⇒ Stable treatment • Preparation of chlorine gas injection equipment with safety equipment ⇒ Stable treatment and safety securement Install wastewater treatment equipment • There are no wastewater treatment facilities not only in the WTP of existing VMC and GMC WTP but also in the WTP plants of neighboring towns. In this proposal, we install wastewater treatment facility to appropriately treat wastewater and

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Purpose Design Policy sludge produced during the WTP process (taking into account the environment). Source: Study Team

(2) Survey of raw water quality In order to understand the quality of raw water, water quality survey was conducted twice on November 17, 2016 and January 18, 2017 in the Krishna River at three water intake points: Point T is near the planned construction site of the WTP plant, point B is near the planned construction site of the WTP plant of the master plan, and point K is in the downstream of the canal branched from the barrage on the Krishna River. The examination of water quality was outsourced to V R SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, which is located in Vijayawada. Figure 3.4.11 shows the locations of the raw water sampling points. The raw water quality shows a tendency that the concentration of suspension substances (turbidity) is low; however, the concentration of organic substances (COD) and ammonia nitrogen is high. In particular, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen is extremely high at point T, which is 0.3–0.5 mg/L. This seems that contamination from the fecal and urine of human and animals has negative effect. When raw water has high concentration of organic substances and ammonia nitrogen, not only more quantity of chlorine is consumed in the normal WTP process as a disinfectant, but also carcinogenic substances such as trihalomethane, which is one of disinfectant by-products, are generated. Environmental contamination load in the basin of the water source, Krishna River, will increase in the future as local economy develops. In addition, water will be impounded in a long period by the dams, barrages and the nutrition of impounded water will be enriched. As a result, the concentration of such carcinogenic substances will increase additionally.

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.11: Locations of Raw Water Sampling Points

Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.12: Status of Each Water Intake Point (at First-Time Water Intake)

(3) Selection of the WTP system 1) Existing WTP flow The WTP flow of the existing WTP plant managed by VMC uses flocculation, sedimentation, and rapid filtration as shown by Figure 3.4.13. The sedimentation basin is a round-shape structure made of concrete. The rapid filtration is the backwash water tank type utilizing gravitation; however, the system is operated manually and equipped with no flow rate control mechanism. Water for purification is underground water on the premises of the WTP and supplied to the backwash water tank by a pump. The sedimentation sludge and backwash wastewater resultant from the WTP process are discharged into Krishna River. When the sedimentation basin is cleaned, sludge at the bottom of the basin is collected once, and some are restored to the soil on the premises of the WTP while most of it was directly discharged to the River.

Coagulant Chlorine Krishna Rapid sand Treated Intake Well Clarifier Transmission river filter water tank

Discharge Dischage

Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.13: Existing WTP Flow

2) Proposed WTP flow In the proposed WTP flow, based on the basic policy, biological contact filtration (U-BCF) is positioned prior to the coagulation & sedimentation facility as enhanced treatment capability. This system also adopts an open syphon filter (OSF) of the self balancing type equipped with a backwash water tank for rapid filtration, realizing perfect automatic system operation and improving maintenance & management ability.

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Chemical injection is controlled properly by the quantitative pumping method. The sludge and backwash wastewater resultant from the WTP process are treated by the sludge treatment facility. This is an environmentally friendly closed method collecting the water used by treatment and returning it to the receiving well. In addition, water intake equipment using a shallow well is also built in preparation for the drought season in which river’s water level is lowered and sufficient quantity of water cannot be taken by the existing water intake tower.

Pre-Chorine Coagulant Post-chorine

Chemical Krishna Biological Contact Treated Intake Well Sadimentation Rapid Filter Transmission river Filter Facilities water

ShallowWell Wastewater Treatmant Facilities

Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.14: Proposed WTP Flow

3) Biological contact filtration (U-BCF) In association with the deterioration in water quality of rivers that serve as the source of potable water because of contamination of wastewater or enrichment of nutrition, a WTP experienced some purification troubles in Japan caused by an increase in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen or dissolved manganese, the generation of an offensive odor and taste due to the growth of algae, and increased TOC concentration. It is impossible to eliminate these water-soluble substances by the conventional process of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. To degrade ammonia nitrogen, a chlorine dose (as sodium hypochlorite) of approximately 10 times the ammonia concentration is required (on a weight basis). In addition, there exists a problem in that trihalomethanes are formed as chlorination byproducts. Today, many types of advanced water treatments based on biological contact process, ozonation, granular activated carbon filtration and nanofiltration (NF) are widely utilized to remove the above dissolved solids. Given the improvement in water quality, costs of water treatment and installation area, biological treatment is the most effective means among above all. In biological treatment, a higher water treatment performance can be obtained by direct filtration with raw water. However, when a general down-flow biological system is used, it is difficult to maintain stable operation because of filter clogging easily caused by turbidity in the raw water. Therefore, we have studied the method of passing water, particle size of the filter media, water collection and distribution devices, and washing process, to develop an up-flow biological contact filter (U-BCF) with granular activated carbon as a biological carrier, which is one of our technologies. Since this system can provide a significant improvement in water quality through the high-efficiency direct filtration of raw water, a stable supply of safer and better tasting water has been secured. Furthermore, since the amount of sodium hypochlorite, coagulant and

3-78 Feasibility Study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh state, India powdered activated carbon used by the entire water purification facility has been reduced, an improvement in system maintenance and a reduction in chemical costs can be attained. As a result thereof, U-BCF contributes considerably to reducing the environmental load of the plant as a whole.

 Merits of U-BCF Figure 3.4.15, Figure 3.4.16, and Table 3.4.3 show the appearance, device structure, and device specification of U-BCF, respectively. The raw water flows from the inlet conduit into the pressure conduit through the raw water regulating valve. It is evenly distributed from the pressure conduit by the bottom water distribution device, and passes through the supporting gravel bed and moves upward at a high flow rate, while expanding the filter bed (biological activated carbon layer) and keeping the fluidization state. In this method, dissolved solids in the raw water can be efficiently eliminated without clogging the filter bed.

Raw Water Filtered Water

Fluidized Bed Interface

Biological Activated Carbon Air Pressure Conduit Water Extraction Tank

Source: Study Team Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.15: U-BCF Facility Figure 3.4.16: U-BCF System Table 3.4.3: U-BCF Specifications Item Specification Treatment process Up-flow biological contact filtration Treatment flow rate Approx. 15m/h (360m/d) Contact time Approx. 6min Contact filter media Granular activated carbon, effective diameter: 0.4-0.5mm, Filter bed depth: 1.5m Supporting gravel bed depth: 0.3mm Washing method Air-scouring/water washing Source: Study Team

The filtered water is collected in the overflow troughs located in the upper part and then flows out into the outlet conduit. The use of this up-flow biological fluidized bed process causes only minimal head loss and, thereby, the filter can perform adequately with approximately a 1.0 m difference in water level between the inlet and outlet conduits. Since U-BCF primarily aims at removing soluble substances but removes no turbidity, clarification facilities employing the process of coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration or nanofiltration are placed in the latter part. It is best for the U-BCF system not to capture turbidity; however, a small amount

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(approximately 10 to 20%) of turbidity is captured in the bottom water distribution device and supporting gravel bed. In addition, organism growth is observed in the bottom water distribution device and supporting gravel bed, as well as in the filter bed because of biological treatment. Under these undesirable conditions, head loss increases with the continuation of water passing, and thus the system must be washed periodically. Therefore, turbidity and part of the adhering organisms are efficiently discharged by cleaning the system in the order from “air washing,” “air + water washing,” and “water washing”. With regard to the drain water resultant from washing, since a clarification facility is placed in the latter part, only highly turbid drain water is supplied to the drain water treatment facility. It is necessary to operate the plant at a flow rate within a constant range to keep the fluidization state of the filter bed. So, there are two methods usable, which are the basin count control method keeping the flow rate per basin constant by adjusting the number of basins employed for system operation, and the raw water quality control method utilizing a circulation pump to keep the raw water quantity constant. It has a negative effect on the biological treatment function not to operate the system for a long period because the treatment is based on biology. In order to keep system performance, the basin count control method must change water of the non-operational basins periodically, and the raw water quality control method must circulate treatment water. The merits of U-BCF are as follows: 1) An up-flow fluidized bed enables the effective utilization of the whole contact filtration layer, and thus provides high contact efficiency. 2) Activated carbon of a small particle size, which is used for the carrier, has a larger specific surface area, bringing higher treatment effects. 3) It is estimated that the adsorption capacity of activated carbon is maintained for a long period of time owing to the regenerative function of organisms adhered to granular activated carbon particles. 4) A system built with an up-flow fluidized bed is space-saving because contact filtration of high-turbidity raw water can also be carried out at a high flow rate. 5) Because of the small quantity of captured suspended substances, head loss is low and the system can adopt the gravity flow method without pressure equipment such as an intermediate pump. 6) Since ammonia nitrogen and other substances are biologically oxidized through the direct biological treatment of raw water, the amount of sodium hypochlorite injected for prechlorination and intermediate chlorination can be reduced and balanced. 7) Since the down-flow method removes even the turbidity of the raw water, coagulation is disturbed frequently in the subsequent coagulation process because of no core substances. On the other hand, turbidity is contained in the treatment water of U-BCF; so, coagulation

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property is not deteriorated. Moreover, since the turbidity of the biological treatment water changes its nature and its sedimentation property is improved, it tends to have a positive effect on the coagulation and sedimentation treatment.

 Operation status a) Treatment performance The U-BCF system was, among others, introduced to the Honjo WTP (71,000 m3/d) and the Ano WTP (171,000 m3/d) under the control of the Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau. Hereafter this report shows the treatment performance of the introduced U-BCF systems. Since granular activated carbon is used as filtering medium, organic substances are removed by the physical adsorption effect of activated carbon at the beginning stage of operation. After that, ammonia nitrogen and dissolved manganese begin to decrease and the biological filtration starts. It takes about one month to obtain the desired effects of biological filtration, although the quality and temperature of the raw water has a significant impact on the said interval. Table 3.4.4 shows the water quality and removal rate at the Honjo plant. Table 3.4.5 shows the removal rate of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), a causative agent of moldy smell.

Table 3.4.4: Water Treatment Performance (Average Concentration and Average Removal Rate) Water Quality *1 U-BCF-treated Unit Raw Water *1 Removal Rate Item Water Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) 0.046 0.008 90.5% Dissolved (mg/L) 0.013 0.001 91.4% manganese (D-Mn) Threshold odor (-) 4.7 2 59.7 number Turbidity (degree) 5.2 3.9 19.6% Potassium permanganate (mg/L) 7.2 5.4 23.0% consumption (KMnO4) Ultraviolet absorbance (-) 0.043 0.031 22.2% (UV260) Trihalomethane formation potential (-) 0.040 0.030 19.9% (THM-FP) Anionic surface (mg/L) 0.035 0.016 49.4% active agent 2-MIB (ng/L) 50 14 72.0% <50 *2 <10 100% pH (-) 7.98 7.76 - *1 Honjo water purification plant, Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau (71,000 m3/day), August 2000-March 2002 *2 Limit of determination (at that time): 10ng/L Source: Study Team

Table 3.4.5: MIB Removal Performance Date of Water Sampling*1 5/15 5/25 5/28 6/1 6/4 6/6 6/8

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Raw water (ng/L) 50 48 39 31 43 28 35 U-BCF (ng/L) 14 ND*2 ND ND ND ND ND Removal rate (%) 72 100 100 100 100 100 100 *1 Honjo water purification plant, Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau (71,000 m3/day), 2001 *2 ND: 10 ng/L or less Source: Study Team

0.50

0.45

原水Raw water UU--BCFBCF-treated処理水 water 0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15 Ammonia nitrogen [mg/L] 0.10

0.05

0.00 5/14 6/14 7/14 8/14 9/14 10/14 11/14 12/14 1/14 2/14 3/14 2003 2004 Note: Ano Water Purification Plant, Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau May 2003 to March 2004 Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.17: Daily Variation in Ammonia Nitrogen

A high removal performance of at least 90% was achieved for both ammonia nitrogen and dissolved manganese. The removal rate for the smell was around 60%. For 2-MIB, the removal rate was 72% at a concentration of 50 mg/L in raw water, and 100% at concentrations below 50 mg/L; so, excellent removal performance was achieved. The organic substances represented by potassium permanganate consumption, E260, and trihalomethane formation potential were reduced by approximately 20%, and anionic surface active agents were also reduced well. Figure 3.4.17 shows the variation per day of ammonia nitrogen at Ano plant. Although the concentration of ammonia nitrogen contained in raw water showed a maximum value of around 0 .5 mg/L in winter, it was removed favorably. Hence, the quality of filtrated water showed stable good values throughout the year. For the influences of raw water turbidity on head loss, there was a case: Due to a typhoon, a raw water turbidity continued at 100 degrees or more for one week, and then at 50 degrees or more for two weeks at Ano plant. However, no significant fluctuation of head loss was observed. Consequently, there was no influence observed on head loss due to an inflow of highly turbid raw water caused by heavy rains, and the system could still run stably. b) Maintenance and management System operation can be managed easily. System operation, washing, and monitoring are

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automatically controlled by the control panel on the device side, and data are transferred to the central monitoring panel by telemeters. The U-BCF system can be maintained and managed easily because it has less number of auxiliary machinery such as pumps because the gravitation flow-down method is adopted and no chemicals are injected. Moreover, chemical injection dose is reduced and smoothened as an entire treatment; so, this system has a positive effect even on the maintenance and management of the entire WTP. From the aspect of maintenance and management of the device, the pressure conduit of the U-BCF system must be cleaned artificially at a frequency of around once a year although it varies depending on the property of the raw water. c) Economic aspects Table 3.4.6 and Table 3.4.7 show an estimated comparison between the advanced treatment method by the combined use of ozone and activated carbon in a treatment water capacity of 40,000 m3/d, and the chemical reduction effect at the actual facility of Kitakyushu City, which is compared between before and after the U-BCF introduction.

Table 3.4.6: Comparison between Two Water Treatment Systems Ozone-activated carbon Item U-BCF Treatment treatment Construction cost 100 60 Running cost 100 55 Installation rea 100 35 Note: Calculated from each cost graph in JWRC (e-water II) “Establishment of methods for selecting water purification system by water quality”. Source: Study Team

The advanced treatment by the combined use of ozone and activated carbon has high treatment performance. However, this treatment needs much initial cost and running cost because advanced technologies are necessary for the maintenance and management of the system. On the other hand, although the treatment performance of the biological treatment is somewhat lower than that of the former treatment, a new flocculant by-product generated from using ozone, bromic acid, is not generated; so, the system can be maintained and managed easily. Since the latter treatment has great merits even from the aspect of cost, this treatment is undoubtedly effective. From the view point of LCC, as shown in Figure 3.4.18, most of LC-CO2 emission at WTP facilities is occupied by chemicals for water purification. This means that reduction of use of these chemicals contributes to energy saving greatly. It is proved by this fact as well that U-BCF has superiority and contributes to reduction of environmental load.

Table 3.4.7: Chemical Reduction Effect Injection Efficiency Injection Efficiency before U-BCF before U-BCF Name of Chemicals Reducing Rate (%) Introduction: Jan-Jun Introduction: Jan-Jun 2000 (mg/L) 2001 (mg/L)

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Poly aluminum chloride 29.2 27.2 7 (PAC) Aluminum sulfate 41.5 21.7 48 Sodium hypochlorite 3.3 2.6 21 Note: Honjo Water Purification Plant, Kitakyushu City Waterworks Bureau (Proceedings of the 54th National Waterworks Conference and Symposium) PAC combined with aluminum sulfate was used as a coagulant. Source: Study Team

6 LC-CO2 （10 kg-CO2/58 years） 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Raw water Coagulant/ Sedimentation Operation Sand filter

Chemical injection

Westewater Construction Operation Electricity Renewal Disposal

Source: “e-water II” project of Japan Waterwords Research Center Figure 3.4.18: Life-cycle CO2(LC-CO2) Emissions by Coagulation/Sedimentation and Sand Filter (LC-C02 Accumulated during Each Process)

4) Open Syphon Filter (OSF) The open syphon filter (OSF) is developed by our technology specific to rapid filtration basin, having the following two characteristics: 1) OSF is an open filtration facility of the self balancing type utilizing gravitation and the syphon mechanism. 2) This facility has its own backwash water tank, switching between the filtration process and backwash process easily and smoothly using a syphon tube. Figure 3.4.19 shows the development history of OSF. In Japan, the rapid filtration method was introduced from overseas in the Meiji era. This is called the conventional type, controlling filtration and washing by manual valve or automatic valve and pumps. After that, a valveless filter which utilizes the syphon mechanism and does not need a backwash pump was developed in the USA, spread mainly to the small-scale water supply systems in Japan. In addition, as the scale of rapid filtration basin became larger, the steel-made filtration device of the open type was introduced, and the green leaf filter was again developed in the USA, which is configured with more than one filtration basins and obtains backwash water from the filtration water of other filtration basins. The OSF is Japanese advanced technology utilizing the advantages of both the conventional automated control and the syphon-based method. This is a simple and highly efficient filtration device utilizing small number of power control equipment and syphons, realizing simple and easy control of the system operation.

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 Merits of OSF Figure 3.4.20 shows the structures of the conventional and OSF rapid filtration method. The conventional type uses a lot of automatic valves to control each process. This type controls flow rate monitoring water level or using control valves. On the other hand, OSF controls flow rate using a syphon instead of automatic valves. The syphon can be maintained and managed easily because it has no moveable components. In addition, no complicated equipment is necessary to control flow rate because the filtration mechanism is the self balancing type by which the head loss of filtration is balanced by water level rising on the primary side of the filtration basin. The conventional type uses a large-sized backwash pump for washing. On the other hand, OSF uses a small-capacity pump to collect treatment water into a backwash water tank installed in the frame of the filtration basin, and use a backwash syphon to backwash the facility. Therefore, the capacity of the entire facility can be reduced, and maintenance and management ability is improved.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.19: Development History of OSF

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.20: Comparison of Conventional Type and OSF

Table 3.4.8 and Table 3.4.9 show estimated power consumption of the conventional type and OSF of the filtration facility with a WT capacity of 40,000m3/d.

Table 3.4.8: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of Conventional Type Electric Install Normal Operation Load Install Operate Consumption Item Capacity Capacity Capacity Hour Factor (kW) (pc) (kW) (pc) (kW) (h/d) (%) (kWh/d) Backwash pump 55 3 165 2 110 1.0 70 77.00 Backwash blower 90 2 180 1 90 1.30 70 81.90 Raw water valve 0.4 6 2.4 6 2.4 0.27 70 0.45 Treated water 0.2 6 1.2 6 1.2 0.27 70 0.22 valve Backwash valve 0.2 6 1.2 6 1.2 0.27 70 0.22 Air wash valve 0.2 6 1.2 6 1.2 0.27 70 0.22 Drainage valve 0.2 6 1.2 6 1.2 0.27 70 0.22 Total - - 352.2 - 207.2 - - 160.2

Power cost per day 2,404 ¥/d Power cost per m3 0.060 ¥/m3 Note) 1. The unit price shall define as 15¥/kWH. Source: Study Team

Table 3.4.9: Power Consumption and Facility Capacity of OSF Electric Install Normal Operation Load Install Operate Consumption Item Capacity Capacity Capacity Hour Factor (kW) (pc) (kW) (pc) (kW) (h/d) (%) (kWh/d) Vacuum pump 3.7 2 7.4 1 3.7 1.2 70 3.11 Make-up pump 11 2 22 1 11 7.9 70 60.8 Compressor 2.2 2 4.4 1 2.2 2.4 70 3.70 Back wash blower 90 2 180 1 90 1.3 70 81.9 Drainage gate 1.5 6 9 6 9 0.2 70 1.26 Total - - 222.8 - 115.9 - - 150.8

Power cost per day ¥/d Power cost per m3 ¥/m3 Note) 1. The unit price shall define as 15¥/kWH. Source: Study Team

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Table 3.4.10: Comparison between Conventional Type and OSF Electricity Consumption Installed Capacity Item (kWH./d) (kWH/d) Conventional 160 352 OSF 151 223 Difference -9 (▲5.6%) -129 (▲37%) Source: Study Team

As shown by Table 3.4.10, power consumption and facility capacity can be reduced by approximately 6% and 37%, respectively. (4) Layout of WTP facility Figure 3.4.21 shows the general layout drawing of the suggested water purification plant

Source: Study Team Figure 3.4.21: Suggested Water Purification Plant – General Layout Drawing

3.4.5 Challenges and Measures for Implementation of Project As described above, the new capital region master plan (water facilities plan and basic design) is not yet completed and it is not clear how the overall water supply scheme for the new capital region will be implemented in the future and what time period is required. The detailed infrastructure plan of the GC architectural plan is also not yet clear. We need to assess how the suggested WTP in this survey can be harmonized in the overall water supply project and how it can be coordinated and harmonized with the infrastructure plans in GC area. It is necessary to closely examine and evaluate both plans and the progress and results of their

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facilities design in the future. While this proposal is to utilize the existing intake facilities (Thullur Lift Pump Station), it is highly possible that it becomes necessary to rehabilitate the existing facilities. Though this proposal covers a water purification plant only (from water intake station to clean water basin), it will become necessary to confirm if the costs of water transmission pipelines to GC area and water supply and distribution facilities (including elevated water tanks, water supply/distribution pipes, water meters, etc.) in GC area can be arranged by the local government and to confirm the timing of implementation, etc. For water intake, it is proposed that the amount of water of the Krishna River at the drought period shall be investigated again and that what amount of groundwater can be pumped up also shall be investigated and examined. When Vaikuntapuram barrage proposed as a second-phase project is constructed upstream and the 2nd water purification plant is constructed in the future, the downstream river flow will decrease drastically. At that time, it will be necessary to make a plan to take water (10,500 m3/day) from the raw water sent from Vaikuntapuram barrage to the 2nd water purification plant and send it to the suggested WTP in this survey. It is at present not clear what water purification method is to be used at the 1st water purification plant and 2nd water purification plant in the master plan. Very advanced water purification may not be adopted in the processes of these water purification plants. If the suggested water purification plant with a water supply capacity of 10,000 m3/day continuously supplies good water to GC area in the above-mentioned method for the future, at least the water system in GC area will be able to supply safe and delicious water continuously.

3.4.6 Effect of environmental improvement and influence on society (1) Expectation of influence on the environment This project is not applicable to any projects defined by the guidelines “Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations” issued by JICA in April 2010 to consider environmental society. So, this project is not deployed as a sector or a characteristic easily affecting the environment, and is not a region easily affected by the environment. Therefore, this project is judged as not having so serious undesirable influence on the environment, classified into environmental category B. Therefore, in this section, important influences caused by the project are extracted and expected according to the JICA guidelines. The execution procedure of the project is classified into the three phases, ie. before construction, during construction, and during operation of the WTP, and the environmental influence is summarized in Table 3.4.11.

Table 3.4.11: Expected Influence on Environment Project Evaluati Item Outline phase on Social environment

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Project Evaluati Item Outline phase on Involuntary moving of – D Residents do not seem to move. residents Lives of neighboring Short-term influence during construction, such as noise and II B- residents vibration Influence on local economy and living II B+ Employment might be created by implementing the project. including employment Since the WTP is built in a vacant lot, negative effect because of the change of land use does not seem to occur. Use of land – C However, consent by the land owners has not been confirmed. Negative effect due to project implementation is not Analysis of community – D expected. Influence on existing Since the WTP is built in a vacant lot, existing social social infrastructures II, III D infrastructures and services will not be influenced. and services Poverty, native inhabitants, and I, II, III D There are no resident minorities and native inhabitants. minorities Inappropriate Influence from project implementation does not seem to distribution of benefits – D occur. and damages Dispute due to Influence from project implementation does not seem to – D unmatched interests occur. Influence on water – D Influence on water rights does not seem to occur locally. rights Sanitation II B- Short-term influence might occur during construction. Risks of infectious diseases might increase because workers Risks of disasters and II B- live during construction. However, the period and range are infectious diseases limited. Cultural heritages – D There are no cultural heritages in the planned project site. Natural environment Geographical change resultant from the project is not Geology and geography – D expected. There is a risk for soil erosion because construction is Soil erosion II B- implemented in the planned site close to a canal or a river. It is expected that short-term influence might occur due to Underground water II B- construction. There is natural vegetation in the planned construction site. Flora and fauna, I, II D However, no rare animals or plants are present, such as biodiversity endangered species. Landscape I, II, III D Change of landscape is limited. Contamination Air pollution is caused by heavy machinery on the Air pollution II B- construction site, trucks to carry materials, and traffic congestion. However, the period and range are limited. Short-term influence is expected when the site is prepared or Water pollution II B- construction is implemented.

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Project Evaluati Item Outline phase on There is a risk of oil leakage from the heavy machinery on Soil pollution II B- the construction site. Waste produced by construction and garbage from the Waste II B- workers. Noise and vibration arise during construction. The influence Noise and vibration II B- is limited. The ground must be reinforced appropriately. In addition, Ground sinking II, III C water intake at the intake well (shallow well) might influence. Bad smell – D Smelly work is not expected. Bottom sediment II D Work influencing on bottom sediment is not expected. Accident II B- There is a risk of accidents on the construction site. Project phases: I: Before construction, II: During construction, III: During implementation of the project Extent of influence A-: Serious negative effect expected A+: Positive effect expected B-: Negative effect is expected to some extent B+: Positive effect is expected to a certain extent. C-: Influence cannot be evaluated in detail currently. D-: No or slight influence. Even future survey is not needed. Source: Study Team

As mentioned above, negative effect on the environment due to project implementation is not so serious. Most aspects of the expected influence will not exceed the local level, and occur in a short period only while the WTP is constructed. So, they can be prevented or mitigated by taking appropriate construction methods.

(2) Major environmental effect by implementing the project and measures to mitigate it Major environmental effect by implementing the project is summarized as follows: [Positive effects] • This project adds biological contact filtration (U-BCF) to the WTP process as an enhanced treatment capability. By doing so, potable water can be supplied safely and stably in the future, and safer water can be supplied to the government complex area. This improves reliability on potable water, contributing to the building of city water supply directly drinkable from taps and the enhancement of public clean sanitation. • Biological contact filtration (U-BCF) is treatment facility utilizing biological bacteria films without using chemicals, contributing to reduction of WTP chemicals in the latter phase. As a result, this method contributes to the enhancement of safety by reducing the disinfectant by-products and the minimization of chemical injection accounting for a large percentage of LCC. So, reduction of environmental load is promising.

[Negative effects]

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• Noise and dust arise from the trucks and heavy machinery, and waste is produced during the construction. In addition, in the phase of WTP operation, it is important to treat sludge appropriately. The other aspects of environmental effect are not so serious in the phase of WTP operation that it seems possible to manage these aspects by designing and operating the facility. Table 3.4.12 is a summary of the environmental effect and mitigation measures expected in the phases of preparation, construction, and operation, respectively.

Table 3.4.12: Outline of Environmental Effect and Mitigation Measures Activity Effect Mitigation measures I. Construction preparation phase Site preparation  Trimming of vegetation and  Minimize vegetation trimming. agricultural crops  Dust and waste caused by site  Select construction periods and preparation methods to minimize effect on  Dust, noise, and air pollution neighboring residents (especially caused by trucks and heavy noise and vibration). machinery II. Construction phase • Site preparation and pile  Effect on living of neighboring  Put appropriate covers on the driving residents of access roads trucks carrying materials to • Construction of sludge prevent dust scattering. treatment facilities and  Dust, traffic congestion, noise,  In order to avoid flood and access roads and vibration due to heavy prevent sediment and materials • Construction of WTP machinery and trucks to carry from flowing in the river, prepare facilities materials drainages. • Laying of water pipelines  Garbage produced by workers  For ventilation, sprinkle to (constructed by AP State) and living drainage prevent dust from scattering.  Traffic congestion when water  Conduct construction taking pipelines are laid worker’s safety into account, such as putting face masks or gloves III. WTP operation phase • Proper treatment of WTP  Improper treatment of the  Periodical monitoring of sludge sludge resultant WTP sludge treatment • Safety of staff and accident  Risks of accidents and injuries  Countermeasures for fires and risks caused during work (especially accidents, for example, fire management of chlorine gas and extinguishers, and taking chemicals) worker’s safety into account  Risk reduction measures, for example, partitioning of the chemicals management space or installation of detoxifying equipment Source: Study Team

(3) Conclusion This survey showed that the suggested WTP project brings great benefit to AP State, and its negative effect to the environment is limited. In addition, by adding sludge/wastewater treatment facilities which has not been taken into account in the existing WTP, contamination of rivers due to drain from the WTP can be prevented. Although negative effects will occur by implementing the project especially in the building phase,

3-91 Feasibility Study of the development of new capital city and urban infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh state, India most aspects of such effects appear locally in a short period. So, they can be prevented or mitigated by implementing and monitoring the project appropriately.

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3.5 Sewerage System

3.5.1 Present Condition and Issues For New Capital City Development Planning, APCRDA and ADC were established in 2014. The main functions of the two organizations are as follows: APCRDA: Planning, co-ordination, execution, supervision, financing, funding and for promoting and securing the planned development of the capital region and capital city area for the state. ADC: Development, implementation, operation and management of Amaravati, the new capital city of Andhra Pradesh.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.1: Organization Relationships for New City Development Planning

The MP (Master Plan) of the New Capital City (Amaravati) development is said to be in the final stage. It was expected to be finalized by December 2016 by the consulting firms (GIIC and Aarvee Associates); however, it has not been completed yet. Decentralized sewage treatment plants (19 STPs) are planned with the target year of 2050 in the MP. To understand the sewer characteristics in order to design STP with Japanese technology, the Study Team visited two existing STPs in Vijayawada City. The following shows general information of Vijayawada City, which is the second largest city in Andhra Pradesh: Vijayawada City is divided into four zones, namely, central zone, western zone, eastern-south-eastern zone and northern zone. The existing sewerage system mainly covers the central zone of the city. It has been reported that the functional sewage treatment capacity of the city is 80 MLD at a sewage

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generation rate of 126 LPCD, which is 80% of the water supply service level including losses due to infiltration.

Table 3.5.1: Vijayawada City—General Information Population 12.00 lakhs (1,200,000) Total Number of Households 283,597 Area 63 km2 8 with a total of 150 MLD (including those under construction and yet to be commissioned) Number of STP 80 MLD: Existing 40 MLD: To be Commissioned 30 MLD: Under Construction Source: VMC (Vijayawada Municipal Corporation)

Table 3.5.2: Details of STPs in Vijayawada City Sl. No. Area Covered under STP Name of STP STP Capacity (MLD) Population Covered Madhura Nagar 40 MLD-1 Ayodhya Nagar 20 MLD-1 Nagar Singh Nagar 1 New RR Pet Ajith Singh Nagar 400,000 Prakash Nagar Total 60 MLD Rajiv Nagar NSC Bose Nagar Kanakadurga Nagar 2 Kamineni Nagar Auto Nagar 10 MLD-1 150,000 Nagarjuna Nagar 10 MLD-1 Veterinary Colony Total 20 MLD Film Colony (Bloc-6B) 20 MLD-1 Bandar Canal bund Ramalin-geswara 10 MLD-1 3 (Block-6A) 200,000 Nagar Krishna Lanka Total 30 MLD Chalasani Nagar Karakatta 20 MLD-1 HB Colony 20 MLD-1 Kabela 4 Jakkamp-udi 350,000 Market Total 40 MLD Jakkampudi Housing Lay out Jakkampudi Farmers Lay out Total 150 MLD 1,050,000 Source: VMC (Vijayawada Municipal Corporation)

3.5.2 Project Outline The main purpose of this sewerage study is to introduce and explain appropriate Japanese technology (technology developed especially for tropical areas) to the concerned people of new capital city (Amaravati) under development. It is expected to be evaluated by the Indian side and expected to be one of nominated technologies for the new capital city.

19 decentralized STPs system are in the Master Plan (MP) for the new city. The MP is not complete yet, as of January 15, 2017. The target year is 2050; however, the implementation schedule of each STP has not been published yet. Thus, this report describes our proposed STP technology, which is

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newly developed technology called Pre-treated Trickling Filter (PTF) technology, the design capacity is 10 MLD (10,000 m3/day), shows capital cost and salient features for the Indian counterpart to compare with other technologies. The expectation is high that a 10-MLD PTF system will be installed at the government complex (Zone 9).

(1) Installation of PTF System for STPs of the New Capital City (19 STPs are planned currently) Scope: PTF System 10 MLD (10,000 m3/day) capacity (initial stage) Size 1,500 m2 Design Criteria Influent Water Quality BOD 250 mg/L SS 375 mg/L Effluent Water Quality BOD 15 mg/L SS 15 mg/L (The influent quality mentioned above is very strict; however, it was recommended by the Indian side. The existing STP’s design value is BOD 200 mg/L)

If the Indian side requires tertiary treatment with good treated water quality, then water reuse technology will be recommended at the proper stage. An outline of the water reuse technology is described in Chapter 3.5.8 in this report.

(2) Additional System Finally, if more clean treated water is required such as water with BOD below 5 mg/L, we recommend our water reuse technology, which was developed in Japan jointly with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (see section 3.5.8).

3.5.3 Introduction Target Area As mentioned earlier, 19 decentralized STPs are planned in the MP.

(1) MP for Sewerage MP for sewerage has not been received officially so far; however, the deadline for MP is reported to be December 15, 2016. The Planning for the new capital city (Amaravati) will be approved finally by the committee consisting of nominated members from APCRDA, ADC, and the Public Health Department in AP state. 3.5.4 Introducing the Technology 19 decentralized STP systems are planned in the MP for the new city. The MP is not complete as of December 30, 2016. The target year is 2050; however, each STP’s implementation schedule has not been published yet. Thus, this report describes our proposed STP technology, namely, Pre-treated Trickling Filter (PTF) technology for a 10-MLD capacity (10,000 m3/day) design, together with its capital cost and salient features to the Indian side for comparison with other technologies.

(1) PTF System

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PTF technology is newly technology as an alternative to the Activated Sludge Process Technology (ASP), which is most commonly used in Japan as well as in other countries. In Japan, the total electricity consumption in a sewerage system is equivalent to 0.7% of the total electricity consumption of the whole of Japan, which is very high (about 7 billion kWh/year). About 50% of the consumption is in the treatment process. The most common treatment process in Japan is the ASP, which accounts for about 75% of the treated water volume in Japan. ASP is also a good method to treat wastewater; however, some of its disadvantages are large installation space, enormous energy supply for aeration, and complicated operation and control. In response to these disadvantages, a new energy-saving wastewater treatment system called PTF system has been developed. The Trickling Filter Process is known to consume less energy than other various treatment processes. However, this is an old method with many disadvantages such as poor treated water quality, filter fly growth, and offensive odor released from filters. Trickling filters were used initially (1922) in Japan, but because of these drawbacks, no trickling filter is in operation presently. The PTF system was developed to resolve these problems without affecting the advantage, that is, low energy consumption. This system consists of three key technologies, namely, Floating Sponge Filter (FSF), High-rate Trickling Filter (HTF) and Final Solid-Liquid Separator (SLS). Comparing this technology with ASP, the Primary Clarifier is replaced by Floating Spongy Filter (FSF), Aeration Tank by HTF, and Secondary Clarifier by Final SLS.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.2: PTF System and ASP System

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.3: PTF System and Trickling Filter System

Finally, the PTF system has achieved following results in comparison with ASP and Trickling Filter:  Space-saving design (compact footprint)  Advanced energy savings (1/4th to 1/5th of ASP): Extremely low power consumption  Improved SS/BOD removal efficiency (Same water quality as ASP)  No aeration, no monitoring, no bulking,  Stable treatment performance  Simple operation and reduced maintenance  Amount of sludge is less than that of ASP  (Sludge is about 20% less than that of ASP and MBBR approximately with 10 MLD)  No offensive smell (compared to Old Trickling Filter)  No filter fly growth (compared to Old Trickling Filter)

The following section describes each process (FSF, HRT, SLS) generally to show how the original disadvantages have been overcome.

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(2) Processes in the PTF (Pre-treated Trickling Filter) System

Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.4: PTF System Flow

Figure3.5.4 shows the PTF system flow. PTF system consists of three key technologies: FSF, HTF and final SLS. Wastewater from the grit chamber flows into the FSF and is treated by upflow filtration through filter media. Next, the wastewater flows into the HTF and then into the SLS. Filtered water from SLS goes into the disinfection tank and is discharged to a river or a channel. Following are the salient features of each process: FSF removes SS and insoluble BOD by filtration. Clogging of water spray nozzle of trickling filter is prevented because of the removal of SS by FSF. HTF removes soluble BOD by biofilm. Filter bed of HTF can be washed and odor from sludge can be prevented. Final SLS removes fine SS of delaminated biofilm. Highly clarified, treated water can be obtained through this process.

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.5: FSF (Floating Sponge Filter)

FSF consists of unique filter media, upper screen and backwashing equipment. Raw water flows into FSF from the bottom, SS and insoluble BOD are removed through filter media by upflow filtration. 100% of substances that are larger than 1 mm are removed in this process. FSF requires lesser space compared to the conventional primary clarifier. The flux of FSF is 300 m/d. Only a short period is required for backwashing and operation can be continued. This FSF can remove more SS than a primary clarifier so that the subsequent trickling filter operation becomes easy because sludge deposition (which may cause offensive odor) can be prevented in the trickling filter.

Source: Study Team

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Figure 3.5.6: HTF (High-rate Trickling Filter)

HTF consists of filter media, water spray nozzle and washing equipment. Plastic filter media with large specific surface area is used to achieve a more compact design than the conventional trickling filter. Filtered water from FSF is sprayed over the media by rotary water spray nozzle., water is treated by microorganisms in biofilm on the surface of the media. In HTF, aeration blower is not required, so the electricity consumption is improved compared to the conventional aeration tank. The media can be backwashed by air. In the backwash process, filtration is stopped and the tank is filled with raw water. Filter media float in the water and are washed by injected air from the bottom. Then the backwashed wastewater is drained and filtration restarted. This is a very simple and quick backwash process. Normally, backwash once a month is necessary.

Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.7: SLS (Final Solid-Liquid Separator)

Any biofilm process has the disadvantage that very fine biofilm peels off and deteriorates the treated water quality, such as BOD, SS, and transparency. Therefore, secondary clarifier with filtering compartment is placed (SLS) after the HTF. This filter can ensure stable final effluent. Floating filter media packed between upper and lower screens are installed near the overflow weir. The backwash process is also very simple and easy (by air).

Table 3.5.3: Comparison of Systems 1

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Source: Study Team This table shows the comparison of the new system with the activated sludge system and the conventional trickling filter system. The effluent quality of new system is comparable to activated sludge system, has one fifth (fourth) the energy consumption, and operation is easier. Three filter processes that form the system functions eliminate the disadvantages of the conventional trickling filter system.

Table 3.5.4: Comparison of Systems 2

Source: Study Team (3) PTF Water Quality The next table shows the annual average water quality in Vietnam (PTF), Japan (PTF), and Vijayawada 20 MLD (UASB). PTF treated water quality as BOD is 7 mg/L (Vietnam), and 6 mg/L (Japan), which meets the future standard (2050) of the new capital city. BOD average in Vijayawada is higher than the others,

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however, water temperature is higher in Vijayawada, which means more biofilm activity can be expected.

Table 3.5.5: Annual Average India Vietnam Japan (Ramalingeswara (Da Nang) () Nagar) BOD (mg/L) Inf. 66 99 144 Eff. 7 6 (15) SS (mg/L) Inf. 102 86 142 Eff. 7 3 (15) Water Temp. (℃) 26 22 29 Source: Study Team

The next table shows the range and standard deviation (SD) of BOD and SS. From the figures for Vietnam and Japan, stable water quality of the PTF System can be observed. Maximum values of BOD and SS in Japan (PTF System) are higher than that of Vijayawada STP.

Table 3.5.6: Influent Water Quality Fluctuations India Vietnam Japan (Ramalingeswara (Da Nang) (Kochi) Nagar) Influent Effluent Influent Effluent Influent Effluent BOD Range 17-136 3-19 33-260 3-12 90-190 (8-20) (mg/L) Average 66 7 105 6 144 (15) SD 24 4 44 2 2690-186 (3) SS (mg/L) Range 34-197 4-14 37-221 1-6 142 (8-20) Average 102 7 86 3 27 (15) SD 36 3 38 1 27 (3) Water Temp. (℃) 26 22 29 Source: Study Team

The Japan Sewage Work Agency, on behalf of the Japanese construction ministry, acknowledged this system as being applicable to developing countries in 2014, based on the PTF water quality results.

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Table 3.5.7: Technology Verification of PTF

Source: Study Team (4) Drawings (10-MLD PTF System) Layout Plan, Sludge Treatment Building are shown from the next page:

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.8: Layout plan

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.9: Sludge Treatment Building

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3.5.5 Implementation Challenges and Countermeasures

(1) Water Quality Standards The target year of the New Capital City (Amaravati) Development is 2050, and influent and effluent standards seem to be strict. Effluent Design Standard Current Regulation Value BOD 10 mg/L 30 mg/L SS 20 mg/L 100 mg/L In our proposed PTF system, if influent water characteristics are the same as current values (BOD 150 mg/L, SS 150 mg/L), the treated water will meet the design standard. If cleaner water is required for reuse purpose with BOD less than 5 mg/L, water reuse technology (see 3.5.8) system is recommended.

(2) Technology PTF System is quite new to the Indian market; therefore, the Japanese side would like to collaborate with a local company for mutual benefit and with a view to reduce the total cost.

3.5.6 Environmental and Social Impacts

(1) Environmental Improvement by Sewerage System Generally speaking, sewerage system contributes to the society as follows:  Improvement in public health  Improvement in the living environment  Healthy development of the city  Better quality of water maintenance of the public water bodies

In terms of the sustainable development, the following sewerage functions are anticipated:  Contribution to recycling society  (recycling of water, energy, and so on)  Contribution to a resilient society (resilient)  Contribution to the creation of new values (innovation)  (such as water reuse, linking to other growing fields (hydrogen energy, agriculture, and robot industry, etc.)  Contribution to global community (global)

Moreover, PTF system has the following charcteristics;  Energy consumption is 1/4th to 1/5th of that of ASP (extremely low power consumption) → Major contribution in reducing GHG (Greenhouse Gas)  Compact footprint  Easy O&M compared to ASP, SBR, and MBR

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 Treated water quality is as same as that of ASP  Stable treatment performance → based on experience in Japan  Average Influent BOD 99 mg/L  Average Effluent BOD 6 mg/L  Resilient → Since FSF is an earthquake-resistant design, temporary treatment of water is possible during a disaster.  Smaller sludge volume compared to ASP (about 20% lesser sludge volume)

(2) Environmental and Social Impacts In this sector, expected impacts are described as much as possible at this stage using general items. Since MP of the sewerage system for Amaravati is being planned by the nominated consulting firms, more detail impacts are expected to be considered in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

1) Permits and Explanation 1. EIA and Environmental Permits EIA reports have not been officially processed. Because MP is under preparation and this is a national project, all procedures are expected to be comply with government regulations. 2. Explanation to the Local Stakeholders Land acquisition is almost done by government authorities with many land owners. 3. Examination of Alternatives In the process of formulating MP, various alternatives will be considered by the nominated consulting firms.

2) Pollution Control 1. Water Quality Since the target year of MP is 2050, treated effluent such as BOD, SS are set at stricter levels than the current Indian standards. 2. Wastes Sludge generated by the facility is planned properly to be treated and disposed of in accordance with the country’s standards. Sludge from STP can be sold to power plant nearby, which is recommended. 3. Noise and Vibration This will be examined at the EIA stage.

3) Natural Environment The project site (Amaravati 217 km2) was decided by AP state and the government, so negative impacts on the natural environment are not expected (ecosystem, protected area,

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and so on).

4 Social Environment Land acquisition by the AP state authority is almost complete and discussions with residents too are almost complete, in accordance with government procedures. Thus, negative impacts are not expected. The target area (Amaravati) is planned as a new State Capital City. The required land area is 217 km2.

5 Others Measures against impacts during construction and monitoring programs for environmental items are expected to be carried out at the EIA stage.

3.5.7 Introduction to Water Reuse Technology PTF’s effluent BOD is equivalent to that of ASP (Activated Sludge Process), SBR (Sequent Batch Reactor), and MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor); however more clean water with BOD less than 5 mg/L is required, which is the same quality as that of MBR (Membrne Batch Reactor). Water reuse technology as a tertiary treatment method is recommended. Next, general explanation on water reuse technology is given below.

(1) WATER REUSE TECHNOLOGY Inflow is treated water from STP in this project; that is, effluent from the PTF system. INFLOW (Treated Water of PTF System) Biological filter : Nitrification to reduce ozone consumption at the ozonation stage. Ozonation Process : Odor/color removal, disinfection, and refining of fine particles by ozonation. Coagulation/Flocculation: Removal of SS to prevent membrane fouling. Ceramic membrane Filtration : Filtration of coagulated water using 0.1μm MF ceramic membrane to remove micro-flocs.

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.10: Overview of Water Reuse Technology

Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.11: New Value in Water Reuse Market

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.12: Water Reuse Plant in Tokyo (7,000 m3/day)

Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.13: Transparency of Treated Water

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Source: Study Team Figure 3.5.14: Actual Usage of Reclaimed Water in Tokyo

As seen above, the treated water is utilized for many applications in practical situations such as:  Toilet flushing in buildings,  Industrial water,  Water for public fountains  Water for washing trains, etc.

Many kinds of usage are possible because of the high quality of treated water. The next table shows treated water quality at an actual plant in Tokyo.

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Table 3.5.8: Treated Water Quality

Source: Study Team

Whether this water reuse technology will be selected or not actually depends on the planning of the new capital city; the selection will be examined by the Indian side soon.

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4 Implementation Plan

4.1 Implementation Structure At the presentation to AP which was conducted in February, AP showed their strong interest to introduce all 5 items. Therefore, we would like to promote all 5 items as one “high-end” infrastructure package. On the other hand, we found that AP is considering funding options with World Bank and/or Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and/or the other options for developing its new capital state. Therefore, funding for 5 items needs to be decided promptly based on their needs by Japanese side.

4.2 Implementation Schedule

4.2.1 Overall Schedule AP intends to finish construction of the Government Complex in the new capital city by the end of 2018 and the tentative government office building is close to the completion. However, the constructions of some roads have just started and many lands are still used for growing sugarcanes. Judging from the present situation, the start of the implementation from 2019 is more realistic. Therefore, we would like to decide the master schedule with AP state in accordance with the following schedule.

4.2.2 Disaster Prevention System Development Project The outlined schedule for the project of disaster prevention system is shown below in Figure 4.2.1.

Source: Study Team Figure 4.2.1: Outlined Schedule (Disaster Prevention System Development Project)

Notes: Including the assistance cost related to disaster-prevention research of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Public Works Research Institute, Foundation of River & Basin Integrated Communications, etc.) A local contractor will be hired for installation; however, depending on the procurement rule

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of Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA), procurement in Japan may be required. Japanese staff for maintenance will not be stationed on the site, aiming at operation and maintenance (O&M) by collaborating with local companies.

4.2.3 Data Center and Cloud Computing Development Project The outlined schedule for the project of building up the data center and cloud computing infrastructure is shown below in Figure 4.2.2.

Source: Study Team Figure 4.2.2: Outlined Schedule (Data Center and Cloud Computing Development Project)

4.2.4 Traffic Information System Development Project The outlined schedule for the project of traffic information system is shown below in Figure 4.2.3.

Source: Study Team Figure 4.2.3: Outlined Schedule (Traffic Information System Development Project)

4.2.5 Water Supply System Development Project The outlined schedule for the project of water supply system is shown below in Figure 4.2.4.

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Source: Study Team Table 4.2.4: Outlined Schedule (Water Supply System Development Project)

4.2.6 Sewerage System Development Project The outlined schedule for the project of sewerage supply system is shown below in Figure 4.2.5.

Source: Study Team Figure 4.2.5: Outlined Schedule (Sewerage System Development Project)

4.3 Implementable Japanese Government Support

The development of the new capital city of AP State has a political background and its development is very urgent, however in practical situation, the involvement of many stakeholders is not contributing to the progress as per the planned schedule. Therefore, in order to comply with the development schedule required by the AP state side without any further delay, it is essential to actively support the practical development of the AP state from private sector and Japanese Government.

(1) Support Policy Considering the present situation, the policies for cooperation and advancement of Japanese technology are as follows: 1. Introduction of infrastructure technology with high added value General infrastructure technologies are already popular in India, and it is difficult for Japanese companies to find competitiveness in terms of cost and speed. Therefore, although there is a possibility that the necessary amount may be limited, also there are some areas essentially needs high value addition to the infrastructure to be created for new capital city and the influenced urban cities around new capital city.

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2. Implementation of a full-scale feasibility study Regarding the introduction of various Japanese technologies proposed in this survey, AP state Government has provided their principal acceptance during the final meeting that they are happy and positive to take this forward. In addition, the possibility of Japanese funding support was also mentioned from AP state, a full-fledged feasibility study for the introduction of Japanese technology including fund procurement will be necessary.

3. Strengthen communication with AP state government Indian and Chinese consultants have formulated Infrastructure Master Plan and consultant has formulated a Master Plan for Seed capital area, which aims at a high value added infrastructure such as hospital. Although, AP State expects to introduce Japanese technology to the new capital city including the Seed area, Japanese consultants are not present at local site in order to facilitate the prompt working development proposals, close consultations with stakeholders and quick adjustments that will help in achieving the target set by AP state government. It is crucial for Japanese side to start the next business at an early stage, try to grasp the situation and progress of related plans, and strengthen communication with AP government.

(2) Proposal for utilization policy of government support

It is proposed that a full-scale commercialization survey shall be implemented as soon as possible against Japanese technologies of which superiority is recognized by AP state government through this Study. 1) Purpose: Confirmation of business profitability and superiority of introduction of Japanese technology. 2) Contents Survey for commercialization including financing plan and environmental impact survey. 3) Target Project: Packaged infrastructure project using Japanese technology is proposed in present survey

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5 Recommendation and Conclusion

The Japanese team has done several site investigations and meetings with AP arranged and accompanied by Sumitomo Corporation. Our counterparts are APCRDA, ADC, ITE&C, Irrigation Department, Vijayawada police and so on. At the very first meeting, we needed agreement on design concept itself and clearing up the misunderstanding against each other. However, as a result of close communication between Japanese team and AP, meetings and site investigations became more fruitful every time and we could find the present issues of the infrastructure in AP and their needs. We also kept explaining our advanced technologies enthusiastically and finally could receive a strong interest from AP to introduce all 5 items, recognizing the value of our technologies. The below is the summary of our “high-end” infrastructure package which AP would like to introduce from Japanese team.

Table 5.1.1: Summary of Proposal

Source: Study Team

We recommend that 5 projects should be promoted and implemented as one package from the view point of funding and tight schedule. We strongly believe that such a strategy is the best and earliest way to synchronize the time schedule of developing of new capital city.

5-1 （様式２）

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報告書の題名: 平成28年度 質の高いエネルギーインフラ システム海外展開促進事業（インド共和国アン ドラ・プラデシュ州新州都開発及び都市 インフラ整備実施可能性調査）成果報告書

委託事業名： 平成28年度 質の高いエネルギーインフラ システム海外展開促進事業（インド共和国アン ドラ・プラデシュ州新州都開発及び都市 インフラ整備実施可能性調査）

受注事業者名：住友商事

頁 図表番号 タイトル 3-94 Table 3.5.1 Vijayawada City—General Information 3-94 Table 3.5.2 Details of STPs in Vijayawada City