Initial Environmental Assessment Report

Project Number: 49214-002 July 2017

IND: Solar Transmission Sector Project (Transmission System for Ultra-Mega Solar Power Park at Pavagada, Tumkur District, - Phase-II, Part A&B) Main Report with Annexures 1–2

Prepared by Power Grid Corporation of Ltd. for the Asian Development Bank.

This Environmental Assessment Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

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TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR ULTRA-MEGA SOLAR POWER PARK AT PAVAGADA, TUMKUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA-PHASE-II (PART-A) & (PART-B)

ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. ( A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ENTERPRISE )

ESMD/IEAR/TR. SYSTEM FOR SOLAR PARK AT TUMKUR JULY.’17

CONTENTS

Section Description Page No. Section - I : Project Description - 1-3 - Background - 1 - Project Objectives - 1 - Project Justification - 1 - Project Highlights - 2 - Project Scope & Present Study - 2 Section - II : Baseline Data - 4-20 - Karnataka 4 - 15 Section- III : Policy, Legal & Regulatory Framework - 21-25 - Environmental - 21 - Social - 24 Section- IV : Approach for Route/Site Selection - 26-31 - Route Selection - 26 - Study of Alternatives - 26 4.2- Evaluation of Alternatives Route alignment for - 400 - 27 kV D/c line - Evaluation of Alternatives Route alignment for Tumkur PS to - 29 Devanahalli 400 kV D/c (quad) line - Substation - 30 Section - V : Potential Environmental Impacts, Their Evaluation & - 32-42 Management - Impact due to Project Location & Design - 32 - Environmental Problem due to Design - 35 - Environmental Problems during Construction Phase - 36 - Environmental Problems Resulting from Operation - 38 - Critical Environmental Review Criteria - 40 - Public Consultation - 40 - Conclusion - 42 Section- VI : Institutional Arrangement & Monitoring - 43-59 - Environmental Monitoring Programme in POWERGRID - 43 - Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) - 45 - Environment Review - 45

LIST OF ENCLOSURES

S. No. Title/Name Description Annexure 1 Annexure -1 Guideline issued by Govt of India regarding RoW compensation 2 Annexure- 2 Tree / crop Compensation Procedure 3 Annexure -3 CEA Gazette Notification for Electrical Safety 4 Annexure -4 Safety Plan 5 Annexure -5 Health, Safety & Environment Conditions in Contract Document 6 Annexure -6 Health & Safety Checklists 7 Annexure -7 Report of PTI on EMF 8 Annexure -8 Procedure of Public Consultation 9 Annexure -9 Details of Public Consultation 10 Annexure -10 Estimated Budget 11 Annexure-11 Format for Environment Safeguard Monitoring Report Exhibit 12 Exhibit -1 Schematic Map Showing the Proposed Subprojects 13 Exhibit -2 Organisational Support Structure for EMP & ESPP Implementation Figure 14 Figure -1 400 kV line Depicting actual position along with RoW and extent of damage 15 Figure- 1a 400 kV Tower base showing impact on agricultural land and crop 16 Figure -2 Typical Plan of Transmission Line Tower Footings Showing Actual Ground Position and Extent of Impact 17 Figure- 2a Schematic Diagram indicating Area of Influence/Impact of 400kV Transmission Line Map 19 Map -1 Alternatives Route alignment of Hiriyur – Mysore 400kV D/c (quad) line 20 Map -2 Alternatives Route alignment of Tumkur (Pavagada) – Devanahally (KPTCL) 400kV (Quad) D/c line

SECTION - I: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.0 BACKGROUND

Government of India has taken up the initiative for development of Ultra Mega Solar Power Parks (UMSPP) in various parts of the country. As part of above initiative, an ultra-mega solar power park of 2000 MW capacity is being developed by M/s Karnataka Solar Power Development Corporation Ltd. (KSPDCL) (JVC of SECI & KREDL) at Pavagada in Tumkur district of Karnataka in two phases with 1000MW in each phase.

Keeping in view short gestation period of solar generation project and time required for development of evacuation system, it is proposed that the transmission scheme may be implemented in different phases commensurate to the power transfer requirement. MoP vide letter dated 08.01.15 & 04.08.15 intimated POWERGRID for taking up of transmission system for evacuation of power from 9 solar generating parks being set up in 7 States along with pooling stations as ISTS Scheme, including subject Tumkur (Pavagada) UMSPP on compressed time schedule basis.

This interstate transmission scheme for Tumkur (Pavagada) UMSPP was discussed and agreed in 39th Standing committee meeting on Power System Planning of Southern region held on 28-29th December 2015 and also ratified in the 29th meeting of Southern Region Power Committee (SRPC) held on 05.03.2016. The Prior approval of the Government of India under Section 68 of the Electricity (supply) Act, 2003 for the subject project has been obtained vide CEA letter dated 23.02.2016.

The present environment assessment report covers the Transmission system for ultra- mega solar power park at Pavagada, Tumkur district, Karnataka-Phase-II (Part-A) and (Part-B).

1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVE:

The objective is to improve import capability of Southern Region and transmitting harnessed solar power, which is another sustainable alternative, renewable and non- polluting form of energy and does not emit any Green House Gases (GHGs) or harmful wastes.

1.2 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

KSPDCL proposed to develop an ultra-mega solar power park of 2000 MW capacity at Pavagada in Tumkur district of Karnataka. Power from above project is envisaged to be transferred to other beneficiaries of southern region including Karnataka.

The proposed project to be developed in two phases, with 1000 MW generation capacity in each phase (Total Capacity: 2000 MW). In order to facilitate pooling of power from various solar modules within the park as well as to evacuate & transfer of power from Tumkur (Pavagada site) UMSPP, establishment of 400/220 kV pooling station at Tumkur is proposed as part of Phase-I scheme. For this LILO of 400 kV Gooty -Tumkur (Vasantnarsapur) D/c line as well as LILO of 400 kV Bellary Pool- Tumkur (Vasantnarsapur) D/c line at Tumkur Pooling station, which is passing nearby to Pavagada site location, is proposed under Phase-I transmission scheme. In addition to this Tumkur pooling station is proposed to be interconnected to 400 kV Hiriyur (POWERGRID) substation.

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For transfer of Tumkur (Pavagada) Phase- II solar generation (1000 MW), 400kV Hiriyur -Mysore D/c line is proposed which upon completion shall be joined with 400kV Tumkur (Pavagada)- Hiriyur D/c section near Hiriyur and shall be bypassed at Hiriyur so as to establish 400kV Tumkur – Mysore D/c direct line. For further dispersal of power to load centers in Bangalore region, augmentation of transformation capacity (1x500 MVA) at 400/220kV Tumkur (Vasantnarsapur) substation is also proposed.

For additional 1000 MW capacity augmentation of transformation capacity by 2x500 MVA at Tumkur (Pavagada) pooling station has been kept under the scope of Part-A of Phase-II scheme. In order to address reactive power management aspects including during low/no solar generation periods, reactive compensation in the form of bus reactor (1x125 MVAr) at Tumkur (Pavagada) PS as well as line reactors (80 MVAr) at Mysore end of Hiriyur-Mysore D/c line are proposed.

Further to cater to growing demand in Bangalore area and concerns in bay availability in existing substations, a 400 kV new substation at Devanahally near Bangalore is envisaged by Karnataka Power Transmission Company Ltd. (KPTCL). In order to take care of drawl by Karnataka from Tumkur project, 400 kV Tumkur (Pavagada)- Devanahally (KPTCL) D/c line, is proposed under the scope of Phase-II (Part-B) scheme of Tumkur (Pavagada) ultra-mega solar power park

1.3 PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS a) Project : Transmission system for Ultra Mega Solar Park at Tumkur (Pavagada), Karnataka – Phase II Part A Part B b) Location of the Project : Southern Region Southern Region c) Project Cost : Rs. 394.18 Crores at Rs. 426.21 Crores at June December 2015 Price 2016 Price Level (including Level (including IDC IDC of Rs. 22.23 Crores) of Rs. 17.11 Crores) d) Commissioning : 27 months from the 27 months from the date of Schedule date of Investment Investment Approval Approval

1.4 PROJECT SCOPE & PRESENT STUDY

The present Initial Environment Assessment Report (IEAR)1 is a document developed to identify possible environmental and social issues associated with construction of proposed 400 kV transmission lines and augmentation/extension of associated substations in the State of Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh. The IEAR provides insight on possible environment & social issues and list management measures to minimize/mitigate them based on POWERGRID’s Environmental and Social Policy & Procedures (ESPP) and Action Plan for Safeguards developed for use of the Country Safeguard System (CSS) under the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 (SPS). The present IEAR covers transmission system of both Part-A & Part- B under Phase-II with following scope of work;

A. Transmission system proposed under Part-A of Phase-II:

 Hiriyur – Mysore 400 kV D/c line2 - 206.00 km;

1 Equivalent to the safeguard document required for ADB’s environment category B projects. This IEAR has also met the requirements of ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. 2 With the completion of this line, it would be connected with Tumkur (Pavagada) Pooling station - Hiriyur 400 kV D/c line near Hiriyur to form Tumkur (Pavagada) -Mysore D/c direct line IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 2

 Augmentation of 2x500 MVA, 400/220KV transformer at Tumkur (Pavagada) Pooling station;  1 x125MVAR Bus reactor (2nd) at Tumkur (Pavagada) Pooling Station  Third 400/220 kV, 1x500 MVA transformer at Tumkur (Vasantnarsapur)  1x80 MVAR Switchable Line reactor at Mysore end of Hiriyur- Mysore D/c for each circuit.

B. Transmission system proposed under Part- B of Phase-II:

 Tumkur (Pavagada) Pooling station - Devanahally (KPTCL) 400kV D/c (Quad) Line - 153.00 km (D/c portion: 139.50 km & M/c portion: 13.50 km);  2 nos. of 400kV line bays each at Tumkur (Pavagada) Pooling station & Devanahally (KPTCL) Substation

The proposed project activities include the survey for finalizing the route alignment and construction of transmission lines. Lattice towers are erected on designated places using normal excavation and foundations, thereafter conductors are strung across these using manual/stringing machines.

The schematic showing proposed transmission system covered under the subject IEAR are placed as Exhibit – 1 & 1a.

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SECTION - II: BASELINE DATA

2.0 The proposed project is an interstate one located in Tumkur, Chitradurga, Mandya, Mysore, Chikmangalur and Bangalore Rural district of Karnataka and of Andhra Pradesh State respectively. The basic environmental settings of these states and subproject districts in particular are discussed below:

2.1 KARNATAKA:

Karnataka is a state in Southern India bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. It is situated between 11°31' & 18°45'N latitude and 74°12' & 78°40'E longitude and lies in the west central part of peninsular India. The state covers an area of 1,91,791 square kilometer (sq. km.) or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest state in India by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. is the most widely spoken and official language of the State.

Physiographically the state is divided into four regions. The northern plains and the southern plains are on the eastern side of the State; the coastal area to the west of the and the hilly region forming the Ghats. In the narrow coastal belt in the extreme west, the elevation ranges from 0 to 200 meters. In the hilly areas the elevation generally varies from 200 to 1900 meters and in the plains it ranges from 300 to 1000 meters. The detailed land use pattern of the state is given in Table 2.1.

Table-2.1: Land use Pattern in Karnataka

Land use Area in ‘000 ha Percentage Total geographical area 19179 - Reporting area for land utilization 19050 100.00 Forests 3073 16.13 Not available for cultivation 2230 11.70 Permanent pasture & other grazing lands 906 4.76 Land under misc. tree crops & groves 281 1.48 Cultruable wasteland 411 2.16 Fallow land other than current fallows 525 2.76 Current fallows 1700 8.92 Net area sown 9923 52.09 Source: Land Use Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI, 2013-14

Tumkur district is positioned in the south eastern part of Karnataka state. It lies between 120 45’ & 140 22’N latitudes and 760 24’ & 770 30’E longitudes. The shape of the district is irregular with the North-East part of it is totally detached from the remaining area. The district is having a total geographical area of 10597 sq. km. The landscape of the district consists mainly of undulating plains interspersed with a scattering of hills. The landmass in the plains ranges between 450 to 840 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL), while hilly areas range between 840 to 1200 m above MSL.

Chitradurga is situated in the southern part of the Deccan Peninsula and occupies a central position in the State of Karnataka. It lies between 130 34’ and 150 03’N latitudes and 760 01’ and 770 02’E longitudes. The district has a geographical area of 8436 sq.km. The district is characterized with undulating plains, interspersed with sporadic ranges and isolated low ranges of rocky hills. The contour in the district ranges from 500- 900 metres in height. The whole of Chitradurga district lies in the Valley of

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Vedavathi river.

The district Mandya lies between 12013’ & 13004’N latitude and 76019’ & 77020’E longitudes. The district is bounded on northwest by Hassan district, on the north and northeast by Tumkur district, on the east by Bangalore district and south by Mysore and Chamarajnagar district. The district covers an area of about 4,850.8 sq.km. The surface topography is in the form of undulating plain situated at an average elevation of 750- 900m above MSL. The general slope in the district is in southeast direction.

Mysore district is one of the southern most districts of the state and is bordered by Kodagu district in the west, Cannanore district of Kerala state in the south west, Chamarajanagar district in the south and south east, Mandya district in the north and Hassan district in the North West. The district lies between 11045' to 12040'N latitudes and 75059' to 77005'E longitudes covering an area of 6269 sq. km. The district is classified as uplands area. However the south-western parts of the district falls under semi-malnad category with elevation ranging from 2200 to 3150 m above MSL, whereas the general elevation of uplands is 700-900 m above MSL. The malnad region is covered under forest.

Chikballapur district is the eastern gateway to Karnataka. It formed by bifurcating old Kolar district in to Chikballapur and Kolar districts. It is land locked district and hard rock terrain of Karnataka in the maiden (plain) region and covers an area of 4208 sq.km. The district lies between 13˚13’ & 13˚58’ N latitude and 77˚21’ & 78˚ 12’E Longitude. It is bounded by Bangalore and Tumkur districts on the west, Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh on the north, Chittoor district on the east and by Kolar district on the south.

Hassan district is located on the border of the Western Ghats, in the southern part of Karnataka state. It is located between 12°30’ & 13°35’N latitude and 75°15’ & 76°40’ E longitude covering a geographical area of 6826.15 sq. km. The district is surrounded by Chitradurga to the north, Tumkur to the east, Mandya t to the south east, Mysore to the south, and district to the west.

Bangalore Rural district is located in the south-eastern part of Karnataka state between the 12015’ & 13031’N latitude and 77004’ & 77059’E longitude, covering a geographical area of 5814 sq. km. The district is bounded by Kolar and Tumkur district in the north, Mandya district on the west, Chamarajanagar district on the south and towards southeast by Tamil Nadu state. The district can be divided in to rocky upland, plateau and flat-topped hills at an elevation of about 900m above MSL. The major part of the district lies in Cauvery basin.

Climate:

Karnataka has a tropical climate with three major seasons warm and dry from February to May, Monsoon from June to October and winter from November to January. The state has a salubrious climate, cosmopolitan culture and a global image, which makes the state an ideal destination to live and work.

The climate of Tumkur district is moderate leaving a few extreme in places. The South- West monsoon season is from June to September and the NE monsoon period from October to December. The normal rainfall in the district is 780mm. The rainfall is highest in the eastern part of the district and reducing sharply in the northern part and gradually in the west. The temperatures start rising from January to a peak of around 34 0C in April, the hottest month in the district. Thereafter it declines during the monsoon period and December is coldest month and the temperatures dips down to 16 0C.

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The climate of Chitradurga district is marked by hot summer months, low rainfall and a pleasant monsoon. Generally the hot season starts by the end of February and lasts till about the beginning of June with the maximum temperature marks up to36.2 0C in April and some time it reaches up to 41 0C.The south-west monsoon extends from June to September. The average rainfall in the district ranges from 483 to 682 mm. The period from December to February constitutes the cold season and is characterized by a clear bright weather with the mean daily maximum temperature at 27.9 0C and mean daily minimum at 16.6 0C.

Mandya district enjoys sub-tropical climate with temperatures ranging between 16 0C and 35 0C. April is the hottest month and with the onset of southwest monsoon in June, the temperature drops considerably. December is the coldest month. The rainfall is generally uniform in the district except in the western sector where it is slightly higher. The normal rainfall of the district is 623mm.

Mysore district has a tropical savana climate with average minimum and maximum temperatures vary from 34 to 21.4 0C in April to 16.4 to 28.5 0C in January. The main seasons are summer from March to June, the monsoon season from July to November and winter from December to February Relative humidity ranges from 21 to 84%.The average rainfall of the district is 776.7 mm. The rainfall generally decreases from west to east. The pre-monsoon rainfall is more consistent than the post-monsoon rainfall.

Chickballapur district falls in the eastern dry agro climatic Zone and experiences a semi- arid climate, characterized by typical monsoon tropical weather with hot summers and mild winters. Normally April and May are hottest months with temperatures as high as 40 0C. They are generally lowest during December being as low as 10 0C. Normal annual rainfall ranges from around 651- 848 mm.

The climate of the Hasan district can be categorised at agreeable and pleasant. Summer season starts from the month of March to the end of May and it is marked by rising day temperature. Generally, April happens to be the hottest month with a daily mean temperature of 33.5 0C. The south-west monsoon sets in during June and last till the end of September with the onset of rain. The winter season begins in December.. The average rainfall in the district ranges from 746 mm.

The climate in Bangalore rural district is quite solubnous, with three different seasons. The pre-monsoon starts from January to May. From April onward erratic thunderstorms occur increasing during the month of May. Temperature is lowest during December and January. The mean annual rainfall of the district is 986.19 mm. The maximum temperature rises to 33.6 0C during April - May and minimum temperature 15 0C during December to January

Minerals:

Karnataka is the sole producer of felsites and the leading producer of iron ore, chromite, and dunite. Karnataka is the main gold producing state in the country, contributing 99% to India's total gold production. Karnataka is extremely resource rich and hosts country's 78% vanadium ore, 74% iron ore (magnetite), 42% tungsten ore, 38% asbestos, 33% titaniferous magnetite, 30% limestone, 25% granite, 22% manganese ore, 19% corundum, 18% dunite, 13% kyanite and 11% iron ore (hematite) resources. Steel zones proposed in Bellary, Koppal, Raichur, Bagalkot, Haveri and Gadag districts. Cement Industrial zones proposed in Gulbarga, Bagalkot, Chitradurga, and Belgaum districts. The minerals found in project area district are provided below;

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District Minerals found Tumkur China Clay, Dolomite, Fireclay, Gold, Iron Ore (Hematite), Limestone, Manganese, Quartz/Silica sand, Steatite, Granite Chitradurga Dolomite, Feldspar, Fireclay, Gold, Iron Ore (Hematite), Kyanite, Limestone, Manganese, Quartz/Silica sand, Steatite, Barytes & Pyrite, Copper, Corundum, Silver Mandya Kyanite, Magnesite, Quartz/Silica sand, Steatite, Asbestos, Corundum Mysore Chromite, Dolomite, Pyroxenite, Kyanite, Limestone, Magnesite, Quartz/Silica sand, Steatite, Asbestos, Calcite, Corundum, Graphite Chikaballabpur Quartz Hasan Chromite, China clay, Asbestos, Corundum, Feldspar, Fire clay, Gold, Iron ore, Vanadium, Granite, Limestone, quartz, vermiculite Bangalore China clay, Feldspar, Fireclay, Quartz/Silica sand, Corundum, Rural Granite

Source: The mining Information Clearinghouse of India (MICI)

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Soil:

The soil in Karnataka is varied with red clay and laterite soil, red soil mixed with clay and sand, black soil or split. These can be broadly divided into 6 soil types black, laterite, red and red loamy, coastal alluvial, dark brown clayey & mixed red and black soil. Majority of area is occupied with red & black which constitute 37.3% & 27.77% respectively of the total geographical area of the State.

Tumkur region has three major types of soils such as Red Loamy, Red Sandy and Black Soil. The major part of the district has red sandy soil. The eastern part is occupied by red loamy soil. Other parts of the district have mix of black and red soil.

Chitradurga district is having a fertile black soil with their bases having a high water holding capacity. In some area, rich clay soil is also found.

The soil of Mandya district range from red sandy loams to red clay loam. The soils are highly leached and poor in bases. The water holding capacity is low.

The soil type of Mysore district is grouped in to three type’s viz., the red sandy soils, red loamy soils and deep black soils. Except some area almost entire district is covered by red sandy soil. It is characterized by clayey content mixed with sand.

The soil types of Chickballapur district varies from red loamy soil to red sandy soil and lateritic soil.

The main soil types of Hasan district are Red soil, Red sandy soil, mixed soil and silty clay soil.

The soils of Bangalore Rural districts are broadly classified in to four categories viz (i). Loamy soil (ii) Lateritic soil (iii) Lateritic gravelly soil and (iv) Red sandy soil. Red loamy soils generally occur on hilly to undulating & lateritic gravelly soils found in upland regions of lateritic soils.

Water Resources:

A) Surface Water

Major rivers that flow in Karnataka state are Krishna, Godavari, Cauvery, West flowing rivers & Pennar. These river systems drain with their tributaries in the State. River Krishna is an interstate river flows with tributaries like Tungabhadra, Malaprabha, Ghataprabha, Bhima in Karnataka. River Cauvery is also an inter-state river, drains with tributaries Hemavathi, Kabini, Harangi, the Lakshmanathirtha, , Arkavathi and the Suvarnavathy. Manjera river which is tributary to having a partial catchment in Karnataka State. West Flowing Rivers are originating in the Western Ghats and generally flowing towards west and joins to Arabian sea. This river system consists of rivers like Mahadayi, Kalinadi, Gangavalli, Aghnashini, Sharavathi Chakranadi, Varahi & Netravathi. The Pennar river system in Karnataka state is having relatively less catchment area and flows with tributaries like North Pennar, South pennar & Jayamangali.

The Tumkur district is drained by both north flowing Pennar, and Lower Tungabhadra and south flowing Lower Cauvery basins. None of these rivers is perennial in nature. The major surface water divide between north and south flowing rivers passes through

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 8 north of Tiptur, and Tumkur towns. The drainage pattern in the area can be described as semi dendritic to dendritic.

Chitradurga district is drained mainly by the Vedavati which runs for a length of about 129 km. in the district. The other major streams in the district are Janagahalla or Chikkahagari, Swarnamukhi, Syagalahalla, Garani and the Nayakanhatti stream

The Cauvery river system drains the Mandya district towards the . The important rivers in the district are Cauvery, Hemanvathy, Shimsha, Lokapavani and Viravaishnavi all of which flow towards south and finally eastwards cutting through eastern range of hills. Apart from these rivers the district is endowed with number of streams, which along with the rivers form sub dendratic drainage pattern.

There are no perennial rivers in Chickballapur district. The district is drained by three river basins namely Palar, Ponnaiyar, and Pennar. All these rivers and their tributaries are small and carry water only during rainy season

The major part of the Hasan district is in Cauvery main basin drained by Cauvery, Hemavathy and Yagachi rivers, which flow towards east to join the Bay of Bengal and a small part on the eastern side is falling in west flowing minor river basin.

The Mysore district is drained by 5 perennial rivers namely East flowing Cauvery, Kabini, Nugu, Gundal and Lakshmanthirtha. The major drainage in the district is the east flowing Cauvery River. The main Cauvery River flows from west to east in the northern parts of the district till its confluence in the K.R.Sagar reservoir.

Important rivers draining the Bangalore Rural district are Cauvery, south Pennar, North Pennar and palar, Cauvery with its tributaries like Kanva, Arkavathi and Shimsha draining the area. The other important rivers are like Kumudavathi, Pinakini, and the tributaries of Pennar River drain northeastern part of the district. b) Ground Water

According to Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) study, in Tumkur district around 90% of the drinking requirements and 86% of irrigations requirements are met from ground water. This has resulted in over exploitation in about 54% area in the district. The total annual ground water recharge from all sources is 84061 hectare meter (ham). The stage of ground water development is 93.68%. However, 54.2% area of the district is overexploited, 3.5% critical, 10.3% semi critical and only 32% of the area is safe.

As per ground water resource estimation studies, ground water of Chitradurga district is over exploited with a groundwater draft of 59270 ham as against the available resource of 57623 ham thus the stage of ground water development in the district is 103%. Major part of the district is falling under overexploited category. However, some parts of the district fall in parts of safe watershed where there is scope for further development.

The ground water resource estimation of Mandya district shows that total annual ground water recharge is 65064.75 ham and net annual ground water availability is 63881.64 ham. The stage of ground water development for the whole district was computed as 37.93 %. About 27.14 % area of the district is over exploited, 11.43% area of the district is critical and 62 % of the area is safe. Fluoride & Nitrate concentration of more than permissible limit exists in many parts of the district. This may be due to indiscriminate use of fertilizer and biological contamination from decaying vegetation.

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The net annual ground water availability of the Chikballapur district is 28426 Ham and draft for all uses is 40060 ham. Out of 6 taluks, 5 are over exploited and in Bagepally taluk about 55% of the area is safe. Average stage of development is 140 %. There is over draft of 11634 ham annually in the district.

In Hasan district, the annual ground water availability is 830.97mcm and the balance resource availability for industrial and domestic purposes is 68.78 mcm. The ground water development in the district varies from 14% (Alur taluk) to102% ( taluk). More than half of the district area (60%) falls under ‘safe’ category, and the remaining 40% is ‘over-exploited.

According CGWB, the net annual ground water availability of Mysore district is 41143.06 ham and ground water development in the district is 63%. The annual draft for domestic and industrial uses is 3915.16 ham and the draft for irrigation purposes is 19922.70 ham. It is observed that ground water quality in the district in general is very good. However inland salinity and nitrate concentration is reported from some isolated patches.

In Bangalore Rural district, the net annual groundwater availability of the district is 19,394 ham and existing gross ground water draft for all uses is 25,653 ham. Thus, draft exceeding the total available ground water resources leaving almost nil ground water resources for future use. The stage of ground water development in all the four taluks of the district is above 100% and are in the over exploited category.

Ecological Resources:

Forest:

The recorded forest area of the state is 38,284 sq. km which constitutes 19.96% of the geographic area of the State and 5.01% of India’s Forest Area. According to legal status, Reserved Forests (28690 sq. km.) constitute 74.94%, Protected Forests (3931 sq. km.) constitute 10.26% and Un-classed Forests (5663 sq. km.) constitute 14.80% of the total forest area. Main Forest types occurring in the State are Evergreen and Semi- evergreen, Moist Deciduous, Dry Deciduous, Scrub and Thorny & Un-wooded. Based on interpretation of satellite data, total forest cover is 36,132 sq. km which is 21.93% of State’s geographical area. In terms of forest canopy density classes, the State has 1777 sq. km very dense forest, 20,179 sq. km moderately dense forest and 14,176 sq. km is open forest. The Western Ghats, which covers about 60% of forest area of Karnataka, is recognized as one of the 18-mega bio-diversity hotspots of the world. The Western Ghats forests are rich in faunal and floral diversity and are very valuable as both genetic and natural resources. Several economically important species such as Sandalwood (Santalam album), Rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia), Teak (Tectona grandis), Honne (Pterocarpusmarsupium), White Cedar (Dysoxylon malabaricum) and many non-timbers and other medicinal plant species grow naturally in the forests of Karnataka.

The proposed transmission lines shall pass through 7 districts of the State having forest cover ranging from 4.17% to 20.0%. It may be noted from the table below that the forest cover in the above said districts are generally open/degraded. Moreover, adopting careful route selection technique forest involvement in the proposed lines are completely avoided. The details of forest resources available in the project area districts are as follows:

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District Geographic (Area in Sq. km.) % Forest Area Very Dense Mod. Dense Open Total cover (Sq.km.) forest forest forest Tumkur 10,597 0 64 845 909 8.58 Chitradurga 8,440 0 63 436 499 5.91 Mandya 4,961 1 92 226 319 4.17 Mysore 3,413 54 211 309 574 16.82 Chikaballabpur* 8223 1 54 423 478 5.81 Hasan 6,814 67 743 553 1,363 20.0 Bangalore 5818 7 122 690 819 14.08 Rural Source: Indian State of Forest Report, 2015 *Chikaballabpur district was earlier part of Kolar district.

Project Area

Source: Department of Forests, Karnataka

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Protected Areas:

Karnataka is a Wildlife rich state having 5 National Parks (NP), 22 Wildlife Sanctuaries (WLS), 2 Conservation Reserves and 1 Community Reserves covering an area of 6482.521 sq km, which constitutes 3.38 % of geographical area of the state. The State has 5 Tiger Reserves namely, Bandipur, Bhadra, Nagarahole, Dandeli- Anshi and BRT Tiger Reserves. Karnataka has been declared as no. 1 State in Tiger Population in the country which is estimated around 300. Lists of protected area found in the project districts are provided in table below;

Sl. Year of Area Name of Protected Areas District(s) No Establishment (sq km) National Parks(NP) 1. Bandipur 1974 874.2 Mysore 2. Nagarahole(Rajiv Gandhi) 1988 643.39 Mysore Wildlife Sanctuaries(WLS) 1. Adichunchunagiri 1981 0.84 Mandya 2. Arabithittu 1985 13.50 Mysore 3. Cauvery 1987 510.52 Mysore, Mandya 4. Melkote Temple 1974 49.82 Mandya 5. Nugu 1974 30.32 Mysore 6. Ranganathittu Bird 1940 0.67 Mysore Conservation Reserve 1 Jayamangali Blackbuck 2007 3.23 Tumkur Community Reserve 1 Kokkare Bellur 2007 3.12 Mandya

From the above table, it may be noted that although there are 10 protected areas in the project area districts all these are completely avoided while selecting the route of the proposed lines.

Human and Economic Development

Karnataka has been middle -ranking State among 15 major states of India on a variety of development indicators. During the 11th five-year plan period, the state's economy has grown by 8.0 percent while the country's economy as per CAGR was 7.9 percent. GDP of the state during 2011-12 was Rs.2,97,964 crores at constant prices. Advance estimates show that Karnataka's GSDP at constant (2011-12) prices is expected to grow at 6.2% and reach Rs.780805 crores in 2015-16. Per Capita State Income (i.e. per capita NSDP) of Karnataka at current prices is estimated at Rs.145799 during 2015-16 as against Rs.130897 in 2014-15 with an increase of 11.4%. The Per Capita National Income is expected to reach Rs.93231 during 2015-16 from Rs.86879 during 2014-15 with an increase of 7.3%. The level of per capita income at constant (2011- 12) prices for the year 2015-16 is estimated to reach Rs.110624 as compared to Rs.105350 achieved in 2014-15.

Karnataka the highest numbers of persons are self-employed (43.7%). This is followed by casual labourers with 36.4% and wage earners with 18.6%. The proportion of contract workers is just 1.3%. The State has more number of casual workers than the national average of 31.1% and wage earners of 15.4%. Among the total working force, self-employed and casual labourers account for more than 81%, at all India. During the last few years, the services sector has been the largest component of GSDP. The

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 12 composition of ‘Real estate, Professional Services & Ownership of Dwellings’ is highest with 32.8% in 2015-16. This is followed by Manufacturing (14.6%), Trade and Repair Services (9.2%) and Crops (8.7%). Industries play an important role in the economic development of the state. Economic Survey of Karnataka 2015-16 19 Karnataka has been driving force in the growth of Indian industry, particularly in terms of high- technology industries in the areas of electrical and electronics, information & communication technology (ICT), biotechnology and, more recently, nanotechnology. The industrial structure of Karnataka presents a blend of modern high tech capital goods and knowledge intensive industries on the one hand and traditional consumer goods industries on the other .In 2014-15, 28742 MSME Units have been registered in the State with an investment of Rs.279291 lakh and providing employment to 175469 persons.

According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Karnataka was 61,095,297 of which 30,966,657 (50.7%) were male and 30,128,640 (49.3%) were female, or 1000 males for every 973 females. This represents a 15.60% increase over the population in 2001. The State has a literacy rate of 75.60%, with 82.85% of males and 68.13% of females in the state being literate. Kannada is the official language of Karnataka and spoken as a native language by about 66.26% of the people as of 2001. Other linguistic minorities in the state were Urdu (10.54%), Telugu (7.03%), Tamil (3.57%), Marathi (3.6%), Tulu (3.0%), Hindi (2.56%), Konkani (1.46%), Malayalam (1.33%) and Kodava Takk (0.3%). In the field of specialty health care, Karnataka's private sector competes with the best in the world.

As per 2011 census, the total population in the Tumkur district is 26,81,449 persons which is 4.39% of the population of Karnataka, with a density of 253 persons/sq.km. The percentage decadal growth rate is 3.74% (2001-2011). The rural and urban population constitutes 77.52% and 22.48%respectively.The sex ratio is 979 and the literates constitute 74.32% of total population. The literacy rate of the district is 54.48 percent, out of which male is 66.49% and female is 41.93 %, urban accounts 75.61 % and rural accounts 50.23%. The GDP of Tumkur is around 16600 crores (2014). Being an agrarian economy, the major plantation crops of Tumkur are coconuts and arceanuts. The major cash crops are paddy, ragi and groundnuts. Iron ore, manganese and granite are the major minerals found in Tumkur District. Owing to its proximity to Bangalore, besides being the gateway to Karnataka, being on the Chennai – Mumbai Industrial Corridor and the infrastructure that Tumkur provides. Tumkur is home to 24 large scale industries with an investment of 911.42 crores and generating an employment for 6445 persons. The existing 15 medium scale industries and 23804 micro and small Industries employ 132994 persons and account for an investment of close to 790 crores. Also 2000 MW of Solar power plant on 11000 acres in Pavagada to cater to the power needs of Tumkur and adjoining districts.

According to the 2011 census Chitradurga district has a population of 1,660,378, which gives it a ranking of 297th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 197 inhabitants per square kilometer. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 9.39%.Chitradurga has a sex ratio of 969 females for every 1000 males. Chitradurga district had a literacy rate of 73.7% with male and female literacy rate were 81.4% and 65.9% respectively as on 2011.Chitradurga's total GDP stands at INR 52.26 billion contributing 1.7% to State GSDP. Its per capita annual income in the district is INR.47, 534. However, the GDDP trend has been growing at 3% CAGR from 2007-8 to 2012-13; with agriculture and allied industries sector being the highest contributors at 3.5% for 2012-13. Chitradurga is an agriculture dominant economy with over 50% of the net area under cultivation. It cultivates major crops like

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Paddy, Ragi, Jowar and Maize. Pulse varieties grown include Red gram, Horse gram, Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram and Tur and Commercial crops like Groundnut, Sunflower, Cotton and Tobacco Rich in animal wealth. Textile constitutes second highest number of Large & Medium industries in the district along with approximately 12% of SSI units in the district. One of the highest investment attracting sectors, it has 3 artisan clusters in Textile Handlooms and Hand Printing in the region.

According to 2011 census, Mandya district has a population of 1,808,680 with a population density of 365 inhabitants per square kilometer. Its population growth rate is 2.55% (2001-2011) with a sex ratio of 989. The literacy rate of Mandya district is 70.40%, out of which male and female constitute 78.27% and 62.54% respectively. Since Mandya is located on the banks of the river Cauvery, agriculture is the predominant occupation and the single largest contributor to district’s economy. The main crops grown are paddy, sugarcane, jowar, maize, cotton, banana, ragi, coconut, pulses (predominantly horse gram and to some extent tur, cowpea, green gram, black gram, avare), vegetables etc.

Chikaballabpur had a population of 191,122 with population density of 298 persons/sq. km. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49% with a sex ratio of 964. The average literacy rate of the district stands at 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. The economy of the district is mostly agrarian with major producer for grape, grain and silk. Besides, horticultural & livestock also constitute major resources for economic. The district has the potential to launch grape processing and its products, milk processing and milk based products, Gem cutting, stone crushing, automobile components, poultry and cattle feed, which have tremendous scope in the District. There is huge scope for food processing industry. The urban market in Bangalore provides ample opportunity for food processing sector in the district. There is huge scope for Grapes and other horticulture produce industry.

Hassan district has a population of 1,776,421 of which males constitute 883,667 and that of females are 892,754 with a sex ratio of 1010 (2011 census). The district has a population density of 261 per sq.km. The average literacy of the district is 76.07. The district has strong agricultural base with good technical man power is available. There is growth due to establishment of industrial areas and many small scale industries related food industries. Around 70% of the population is under agricultural occupation. Coffee and Cardamom are indirectly exported through important metropolitan Cities like Bangalore, Mangalore and Chennai. Existing textile zone in the district with an investment of US$ 114.69 million (INR 551 crores) providing employment to 2390 persons. Garments are also exported from SEZ units. The total district GDP is 6612 crores of which Agriculture & allied, Industry, services sectors contribute 1787, 1437 and 3388 crores respectively. According to 2011census, the total population of Mysore district was 2,994,744, out of which rural population was 1,839,926 and urban population was 1,154,818. The density of population was 437 persons per km2. The literacy stood at 72.56 per cent in 2011, with rural literacy accounting for 62.41 per cent and urban literacy for 89.24 percent. Tourism is the major industry in Mysore. The city attracted about 3.15 million tourists in 2010. Mysore has traditionally been home to industries such as weaving, sandalwood carving, bronze work and the production of lime and salt. The planned industrial growth of the city and the state was first envisaged at the Mysore economic conference in 1911. This led to the establishment of industries such as the Mysore Sandalwood Oil Factory in 1917 and the Sri Krishnarajendra Mills in 1920.For the industrial development of the city, the Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has established four industrial areas in and around Mysore, in the , Belawadi, Hebbal and

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Hootagalli areas. One of the major industrial in the proximity of Mysore is Nanjangud which will be Satellite town to Mysore. Nanjangud industrial area hosts a number of industries like Nestle India ltd, Reid and Taylor, Jubiliant, TVS, Asian Paints. Nanjangud Industrial area also boasts being 2nd highest VAT / Sales Taxpayer which is about 400+ crores after Peenya which is in state capital Bangalore. JK Tyre has its manufacturing facility in Mysore.

Bengaluru Rural district has a population of 987,257 with a population density of 441 inhabitants per sq. km.as per census 2011. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.02% with a sex ratio of 945. The rural and urban population was 7.22 lakh and 2.68 lakh constituting 72.88% and 27.12% of the total population respectively. The literacy rate is 77.93%, out of which male literacy stands at 84.82% and female contributes 70.63%. The district contribution is a meager 2% to Karnataka’s NDP. However, the per-capita NDP of Bangalore Rural is much higher than that of Karnataka. This may be because of its proximity to Bengaluru Urban. People from the district avail the employment opportunities present in the neighboring Bengaluru Urban. The district is endowed with agricultural and horticultural crops such as ragi, rice, groundnut, sugarcane, castor, grapes, mulberry, etc. There are adequate infrastructural facilities such as transport and communications, banking, credit, and marketing. Though the region is not rich in mineral resources, its non-metallic mineral resources are utilized for bricks, tiles, and stoneware manufacture. For many years, weaving has also been a major occupation for a large section of the population. The soil and such climatic conditions are congenial for the cultivation of mulberry, rearing of silkworms, and production of silk, besides other agro-based industries. There are a number of wineries and quantity of production of wine has been increasing.

2.2 ANDHRA PRADESH

Andhra Pradesh has a geographic area of 160,204 sq. km., which constitutes 8.37% of the total area of the country. It is situated in the tropical zone and lines between 120 40’ and 19050’ N latitude and 760 45’ and 840 40’ E longitude. It is bordered by Telangana in the north-west, Chhattisgarh in the north, Odisha in the north- east, Karnataka in the west, Tamil Nadu in the south and the water body of Bay of Bengal in the east. Physiographically the state can be divided into 3 distinct regions viz. (i) the mountainous region having Nallamalai and Erramalai Hills of the Rayalaseema and the Eastern Ghats (ii) the plateau having an altitude of 100 m to 800m and (iii) the deltas of rivers and the sea coast. The general land use pattern of the state is given in Table 2.2.

Table-2.2: Land use Pattern

Land Use Area in ‘000 ha Percentage Total geographical area 16020 Reporting area for land utilization 16020 100.00 Forests 3493 21.80 Not available for cultivation 3436 21.45 Permanent pastures and other grazing lands 212 1.32 Land under misc.tree crops & groves 160 1.00 Culturable wasteland 392 2.45 Fallow lands other than current fallows 792 4.94 Current Fallows 1087 6.79 Net area sown 6448 40.25 Source: Land Use Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI, 2013-14

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Anantapur district is one of the four districts of Rayalaseema Region and the largest among the 23 districts of Andhra Pradesh. The district is economically backward and chronically drought affected. The district has three revenue districts, 63 mandals and 932 revenue villages and 7 municipalities. The district lies between 13040’ and 16015’ N latitudes and 70050’ and 78038’E longitudes with a geographical area of 19,197 sq.km. The district occupies the southern part of the State and is bounded on the north by of Karnataka State and Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, on the East by Cuddapah and Chittoor districts of Andhra Pradesh and on the South and West by Karnataka State.

Climate:

Climate of the State is hot and humid with temperatures ranging from 150C to 450C. Annual rainfall rages from 1,100 to 1,250 mm in the north, reducing to about 500 mm in the south. The north-eastern areas along the coastline are periodically lashed by cyclones. Anantapur has a semi-arid climate, with hot and dry conditions for most of the year. Summers start in late February and peak in May with average high temperatures around 37 °C range. Anantapur gets pre-monsoon showers starting as early as March, mainly through north-easterly winds blowing in from Kerala. Monsoon arrives in September and lasts until early November with about 250 mm (9.8 in) of precipitation. A dry and mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February; with little humidity and average temperatures in the 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) range. Total annual rainfall is about 22 in (560 mm).

Minerals:

Andhra Pradesh is listed top in the deposit and production of mica in India. Minerals found in the state include limestone, reserves of oil and natural gas, manganese, asbestos, iron ore, ball clay, fire clay, gold diamonds, graphite, dolomite, quartz, tungsten, steatitic, feldspar, silica sand. The minerals found in Anantapur district are Barytes, Calcite, China Clay, Corundum, Dolomite, Felspar, Granite, Iron Ore (Hematite& Magnetite), Limestone, Ochre, Pyriphyllite, Quartz/Silica, Steatite, Diamond.

Source: The mining Information Clearinghouse of India (MICI) IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 16

Soil:

The State is endowed with a wide variety of soils having less fertile coastal sands to highly fertile and productive deltaic alluviums of major river basins developed from different parent materials. . The major soil groups are red and laterites (66%), black (25 %), alluvial (5 %) and coastal (3 %) soils.

Anantapur district comprises of red soils which constitute 76% and black soil 24%. About 30% of the lands are saline and alkaline. Paddy and Groundnut are major Agricultural crops in the District. When it comes to Horticulture Banana and Papaya are heavily cultivated.

Water Resources: a) Surface Water

The major rivers of the State are Godavari, Krishna and Pennar, which pass through the Deccan Plateau and drain into the Bay of Bengal. Nearly 75% of the state area is covered by the river basins of the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar and their tributaries. There are 17 smaller rivers like the Sarada, Nagavali and Musi, as well as several streams.

Nearly 80% of Anantapur district is drained by the river Pennar and its tributaries like Chitravati, Papagni, Maddeleru, Tadakaleru&Maravanka.. Radial drainage pattern is seen near Kalyandurg, Rayadurg and Urvakonda villages. All the streams are ephemeral in nature. b) Ground Water

Based on the Ground Water Estimation Committee (GEC 97) norms, The total Ground water availability in the Anantapur district is 1,20,856 Million Cubic Meter(MCM). The net ground water availability is 53024 MCM and 33849 MCM in command and non- command areas respectively. The district is mainly dependent on ground water for its irrigation and domestic needs. The stage of ground water development in command area is 33%, while in non-command area, it is 35%. 34 mandals of the district falls under Safe category and15 mandals fall under Over-Exploited (OE) category.

Ecological Resources: The recorded forest area is 37,258 sq. km, which constitutes 23.25% of the geographic area of the State. Reserved forest constitutes 31,959 sq. km (85.77%), protected forest 5,069 sq. km (13.60%) and un-classed forest 230 sq. km. (0.61%). However, total forest cover in state is 24,424 sq. km comprising of 374 sq. km. very dense forest, 13,093 sq. km moderately dense forest and 10,424 sq. km. The forests are the main source of supply of fodder and fuel and subsistence for the poorest sections of the people and tribal population in the interior under-developed areas of the state. The five forest types occurring in the state are Tropical Dry Deciduous, Tropical Thorn, Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dry Evergreen, and Littoral and Swamp forests.

The proposed transmission lines shall pass through only one district viz. Anantapur of the State having forest cover of 3.6%. It may be noted from the table below that the forest cover in the above said district are generally open/degraded. Moreover, adopting careful route selection technique forest involvement in the proposed lines are completely avoided. The details of forest resources available in the project area district are as follows:

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District Geographic (Area in Sq. km.) % Forest Area Very Dense Mod. Dense Open Total cover (Sq.km.) forest forest forest Anantapur 19130 0 144 545 689 3.6 Source: Indian State of Forest Report, 2015

Project Area

Source: Department of Forests, Andhra Pradesh

Protected Areas: There are 13 Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks in the State. The largest Tiger Reserve of the country, Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam spread over 0.36 million ha and the Kolleru Wildlife sanctuary which is a Ramsar site are located in this State. Since there is no protected areas exist in Anantapur district, any possibility of involvement such areas are completely ruled out.

Human and Economic Development

Andhra Pradesh was ranked eighth among other Indian states in terms of GSDP for the financial year 2014-2015. The GSDP at current prices was 5200.3 billion and at constant prices was 2645.21 billion. The domestic product of agriculture sector accounts for 545.99 billion (US$8.5 billion) and Industrial sector for 507.45 billion (US$7.9 billion). The service sector of the State accounts more percentage of the

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GSDP with a total of 1,305.87 billion (US$20 billion). In the 2010 list magazine by Forbes, there were several from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians.

Andhra Pradesh economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Thungabhadra flow through the state and provide irrigation. 60 percent of population is engaged in agriculture and related activities. Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state. It is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as "Rice Bowl of India". The state has three Agricultural Economic Zones in Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables, Krishna district for mangoes, Guntur district for chilies. Besides rice, farmers also grow jowar, bajra, maize, minor millet, coarse grain, many varieties of pulses, oil seeds, sugarcane, cotton, chili pepper, mango nuts and tobacco. Crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts are popular. There are many multi-state irrigation projects under development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and . Livestock and poultry is also another profitable business, which involves rearing cattle in enclosed areas for commercial purposes. The state is also a largest producer of eggs in the country and hence, it is nicknamed as "Egg Bowl of Asia". Fisheries contribute 10% of total fish and over 70% of the shrimp production of India. The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production. The most exported marine exports include Vannamei shrimp and are expected to cross $1 billion in 2013–2014.

As of 2011 Census of India, the State had a population of 49,386,799 with a population density of 308/km2 (800/sq mi). The total population constitutes70.4% of rural population with 34,776,389 inhabitants and 29.6% of urban population with 14,610,410 inhabitants. Visakhapatnam district has the largest urban population of 47.5% and Srikakulam district with 83.8%, has the largest rural population, among others districts in the State. The overall population of the state comprises 17.1% of Scheduled Caste and 5.3% of Scheduled Tribe population. There are 24,738,068 male and 24,648,731 female citizens with a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The literacy rate of the State stands at 67.41%. Of that, male literacy stands at 75.56% while female literacy is at 59.74%. West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.6% and Vizianagaram district has the least with 58.9%. The industrial sector of the State includes some of the key sectors like Pharma, Automobile, Textiles etc. Sricity located in Chittoor district is an integrated business city which is home to many renowned firms like PepsiCo, Isuzu Motors, Cadbury India, Kellogg's, Colgate-Palmolive, Kobelco etc. The PepsiCo firm has its largest plant in India at Sri City. The State is also emerging in information technology and biotechnology. The development of IT in Tier-II and Tier-III cities like , Kakinada and is also improving. In the fiscal year 2012–2013, Vijayawada'sITrevenueswere 1,153million (US$18 million)crore. Tirupati with 693million (US$11 million) and Kakinada with 615 million (US$9.6 million) stand next. For the benefit of state i.e. after separating Telangana from Andhra, people of Andhra protested for special status during the month of January in 2017.

As of 2011 census of India, Anantapur district has a population of 4,081,148 with 9,68,160 households, ranking it as the 7th most populous district in the state. It is the largest district in the State with an area of 19,130 km2. Anantapur has a sex ratio of 977 females for every 1000 males. Urban population in the district is 28.9% of total population. Average literacy rate of the district is 63.57% as of 2011 census where male literacy rate in the district is 73.02% and that of female is 53.97%.

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The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the Anantapur district is 35,838 crore (US$5.6 billion) and it contributes 6.8% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). For the FY 2013-14, the per capita income at current prices was 69,562 (US$1,100). The primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the district contribute 9,944 crore (US$1.5 billion), 7,752 crore (US$1.2 billion) and 18,142 crore (US$2.8 billion) respectively to the GDDP. Paddy and Groundnut are major Agricultural crops in the district. When it comes to Horticulture Banana and Papaya are heavily cultivated.

The economy is principally agrarian with a developing industrial sector. Anantapur receives very less rainfall due to its location in the rain shadow area of Indian Peninsula. Prominent crops include groundnut, sunflower, rice, cotton, maize, chillies, sesame, and sugarcane. .Anantapur town is known as Groundnut City.

Anantapur has a major potential for development of industry due to its strategic location between Bangalore – Chennai and Bangalore –Hyderabad routes and availability of vast tracts of land. In 2006 the Indian government named Anantapur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the thirteen districts in Andhra Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). Dharmavaram region in Anantapur is world-famous for the handmade pure silk sarees. It is a major hub for Silk trade with end to end silk related industries situated in the region supporting a major portion of population. Tadipatri region in Anantapur is an industrialised town famous for Granite and Cement production. Ultra Tech Cements a unit of Industrial major Larsen & Toubro has a major Cement production unit near the town.

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SECTION–III : POLICY, LEGAL & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

3.0 Power transmission project activities by their inherent nature and flexibility have negligible impacts on environmental and social attributes. Indian laws relating to environmental and social issues have strengthened in the last decade both due to local needs and international commitments. POWERGRID undertakes its activities within the purview of Indian and State specific laws keeping in mind appropriate international obligations and directives and guidelines with respect to environmental and social considerations of Funding Agencies.

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL 3.1.1 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Subsequent to the first United Nations Conference on Human Environment at Stockholm in June, 1972, which emphasized the need to preserve and protect the natural environment, the Constitution of India was amended through the historical 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 by inserting Article 48-A and 51-A (g) for protection and promotion of the environment under the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Fundamental Duties respectively. The amendment, inter alia provide:

"The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country". (Article 48A)

"It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures”. {Article 51A(g)}

Article 21 of the constitution provides, “no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”.

Article 21 is the heart of the fundamental rights and has received expanded meaning from time to time after the decision of the Supreme Court in 1978. The Article 21 guarantee fundamental right to life – a life of dignity to be lived in a proper environment, free of danger of disease and infection. Recently, Supreme Court has broadly and liberally interpreted the Article 21, transgressing into the area of protection of environment, and held the protection of environment and citizen’s right to live in eco- friendly atmosphere as the basic right guaranteed under Article 21.

Thus, the Indian Constitution has now two fold provision: (a) On the one hand, it gives directive to the State for the protection and improvement of environment. (b) On the other hand, the citizens owe a constitutional duty to protect and improve natural environment.

3.1.2 MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS (NATIONAL)

 MoP order/sanction under The Electricity Act, 2003

Sanction of Ministry of Power (MoP), GoI is a mandatory requirement for taking up any new transmission project under the section 68(1) of The Electricity Act, 2003. The sanction authorizes POWERGRID to plan and coordinate activities to commission the new projects. Electricity act does not explicitly deal with environmental implications of activities related to power transmission. However, POWERGRID always integrates environmental protection within its project activities. IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 21

 Forest Clearance under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

When transmission projects pass through forest land, clearance has to be obtained from relevant authorities under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.This Act was enacted to prevent rapid deforestation and environmental degradation. State governments cannot de-reserve any forest land or authorize its use for any non-forest purposes without approval from the Central government. POWERGRID projects, when involving forest areas, undergo detailed review and approval procedures to obtain a Forest Clearance certificate from Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC), GoI before starting any construction activity in designated forest area.

 Environmental Clearances under Environment (Protection) Act,1986

Since transmission line projects are environmentally clean and do not involve any disposal of solid waste, effluents and hazardous substances in land, air and water they are kept out of the purview of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA). However, amendment in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 on 7th May’ 1992 made it necessary to obtain clearance from MoEFCC for power transmission projects in three districts in the Aravalis (viz., Alwar in Rajasthan and Gurgaon & Nuh-Mewat in Haryana). The Aravali range, in these areas, is heavily degraded; hence, any industrial activity there becomes critical. Environment Impact Notification, 1994 & 2006 lays down specific project categories that require clearance from MoEFCC Power transmission projects are not included in this list.

 Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

MoEFCC vide its notification dated 17th July, 2000 under the section of 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 has notified rules for regulation /control of Ozone Depleting Substances under Montreal Protocol adopted on 16th September 1987. As per the notification certain control and regulation has been imposed on manufacturing, import, export and use of these compound. POWERGRID shall follow provisions of notification and phase out all equipment which uses these substances and planning to become a CFC free organization in near future.

 Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001

MoEFCC vide its notification dated 16th May, 2001 under the section of 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 has put certain restriction on disposal of used batteries and its handling. As per the notification, it is the responsibility of bulk consumer (POWERGRID) to ensure that used batteries are not disposed of, in any manner, other than by depositing with the dealer/manufacturer/registered recycler /importer/ reconditioner or at the designated collection centres and to file half yearly return in prescribed form to the concerned State Pollution Control Board.

 Hazardous Wastes & Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 Vide notification dated 4th April, 2016 under the EPA, 1986, MoEFCC notified rules for environmentally sound management of hazardous & other wastes to ensure that the these wastes are managed in a manner which shall protect health and the environment against the adverse effects that may result from such waste. The used transformer oil has been declared as hazardous wastes vide this notification. As per the notification, all used oil is to be auctioned/sold to registered recyclers only and file annual return on prescribed form to the concerned State Pollution Control Board.

 E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011

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Vide notification dated 12th May 2011 under the EPA, 1986, MoEFCC notified rules for environmentally sound management of e-waste to ensure that e-waste are managed in a manner which shall protect health and the environment against the adverse effects that may result from hazardous substance contained in such wastes. Thus, it is the responsibility of the bulk consumer (POWERGRID) to ensure that e-waste generated is channelized to authorized collection center(s) or registered dismantler(s) or recycler(s) or is returned to the pick-up of take back services provided by the producer. POWERGRID, being a bulk consumer of electrical and electronics equipment shall maintain the record as per Form-2 for scrutiny by State Pollution Control Board.

 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002:

Under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity signed at Rio de Janeiro on the 5th June, 1992 of which India is also a party, MoEFCC has enacted the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 to provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith. As per the provision of act certain areas which are rich in biodiversity and encompasses unique and representative ecosystems are identified and designated as Biosphere Reserves to facilitate their conservation. All restrictions applicable to protected areas like National Parks & Sanctuaries are also applicable to these reserves. POWERGRID will abide by the provisions of the act, wherever, applicable and try to totally avoid these biosphere reserves while finalizing the route alignment.

 The Scheduled Tribes & Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006:

This act recognizes and vests the forest rights and occupation in forest land to forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests for generations but whose rights could not be recognized.

The definitions of forest dwelling schedule tribes, forestland, forest rights, forest villages, etc. have been included in Section 2 of the Act. The Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) is the nodal agency for implementation of the Act while field implementation is the responsibility of the government agencies. Its implementation has also been linked with forest clearance process under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 w.e.f. August 2009 by MoEFCC. POWERGRID shall abide by the provisions of the act if any portion of the transmission line is passing through forest land, in occupation of the forest dwelling scheduled tribes and other traditional forest dwellers for laying of transmission lines. However, for linear projects including transmission lines obtaining of NoC from the gram sabhas has been exempted for the requirement of FRA compliance as per MoEF circular dated 5th February 2013.

3.1.3 FUNDING AGENCY:

For POWERGRID, mandatory environment requirements with respect to ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) are as follows:

3  ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009

The SPS 2009 describes ADB’s policy and operational procedures on three key safeguard areas: environment, involuntary resettlement, and indigenous people, as well

3 The safeguard requirements of ADB vis-s-vis POWERGRID’s ESPP have been analyzed in detailed for use of Country Safeguards System (CSS) under ADB’s SPS’ 2009 and an action plan has been drawn to make it fully compliant under CSS which is enclosed as Annexure-12. IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 23 as a set of specific safeguard requirements that borrowers are expected to meet when borrowing for development projects. Its objective is to ensure social and environmental sustainability of projects through avoidance, minimization, mitigation and/or compensation of adverse impacts on environment and affected peoples; and help Borrowers to strengthen their safeguard systems and to develop their capacity in managing the environmental and social risks.

SPS 2009 includes categorization of projects based on significance of potential environmental impacts. The category is determined by the project's most environmentally-sensitive component including direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts within the project's area of influence. Project categorization system is given below:

Category A –an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required for a project that is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented, and may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. Category B –an initial environmental examination (IEE) is required for a project that is likely to have adverse environmental impacts that are less adverse than those of Category A which are site-specific, few if any of them irreversible and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than Category A. Category C–no environmental assessment is required but environmental implications will be reviewed for a project that is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Category FI– if a project involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary.

Based on the significance of the potential environmental impacts resulting from the transmission project and SPS 2009, the project is classified as environment category “B” requiring an IEE.

Power transmission projects financed by ADB are also required to follow the World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines and EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution published by the International Finance Corporation, 30th April 2007.

3.2 SOCIAL 3.2.1 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Constitutional provisions in regard to social safeguards are well enshrined in the preamble such as JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation. Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles guarantee the right to life and liberty. Health, safety and livelihood have been interpreted as part of this larger right. Social safeguards provisions are dealt in detail in different Article such as Article-14, 15 17, 23, 24, 25, 46, 330, 332 etc. POWERGRID shall implement the said constitutional provision in true sprit to fulfill its environmental and social obligations and responsibilities. 3.2.2 MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS (NATIONAL/STATE)

 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCTLARRA) : Govt. of India replaced the old Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and notified the new IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 24

RFCTLARRA, 2013 which came into force from 1st January 2014. This act ensures appropriate identification of the affected families/households, fair compensation and rehabilitation of titleholders and non-titleholders. However, the new act i.e. RFCTLARRA, 2013 authorizes State Govt. or its authorized Government agency to complete the whole process of acquisition of private land including Social Impact Assessment (SIA), Action Plan for R&R (i.e. Rehabilitation and Resettlement) & its implementation and POWERGRID’s responsibility is limited to identification and selection of suitable land based on technical requirement and ensuring budget allocation.

 Rights of Way and Compensation under Electricity Act, 20034:

The act has a provision for notifying transmission company under section 164 (B) to avail benefits of eminent domain provided under the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. MoP, GoI vides gazette notification dated 23rd Dec’03 had already notified POWERGRID under this section of said act. Therefore, for the purpose of placing of any wires, poles, etc., POWERGRID has all the powers that the telegraph authority possesses. Thus, POWERGRID can erect and construct towers without actually acquiring the land. However, all damages due to POWERGRID activity are compensated at market rate. Power transmission schemes are always planned in such a way that the power of eminent domain is exercised responsibly.

 Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878 as amended in 1949

The act provides for procedure to be followed in case of finding of any treasure, archaeological artefacts etc. during excavation. Possibilities of such discoveries are quite remote due to limited and shallow excavations. However, in case of such findings, POWERGRID will follow the procedure laid down in the Section-4 of act.

3.2.3 FUNDING AGENCY

For POWERGRID, mandatory social requirements with respect to ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) are as follows:

 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), June 2009 set out specific safeguard requirements for borrower as per its policy & operational procedures on three key safeguard areas: environment, involuntary resettlement, and indigenous peoples.

The key objective is to avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement (IR) by exploring project and design alternatives and to enhance, or at least restore, the livelihoods of all displaced persons in real terms relative to pre-project levels and to improve the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups. Regarding Indigenous People the objective of the policy is to design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for Indigenous Peoples’ identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural uniqueness as defined by the Indigenous Peoples themselves so that they (i) receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of projects, and (iii) can participate actively in projects that affect them.

4 Ministry of Power, Govt. of India vide its notification dated 15th Oct., 2015 has issued guidelines for payment of compensation for damages in regard to RoW for transmission lines. Since both Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh State has already adopted the said guidelines, POWERGRID shall pay compensation as per the norms in addition to normal tree/crop compensation. IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 25

SECTION IV: APPROACH FOR ROUTE/SITE SELECTION

4.0 ROUTE SELECTION - (ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT PROCESS)

At the system planning stage, itself one of the factors that govern the evolution of system is the possible infringement with the forest. Wherever such infringements are substantial, different alternative options are considered. The route/ site selection criteria followed is detailed below:

While identifying the transmission system, preliminary route selection is done by POWERGRID based on the Survey of India Topo sheets, Forest Atlas (Govt. of India's Publication) and Google Maps etc. During route alignment, all possible efforts are made to avoid the forest involvement completely or to keep it to the barest minimum, whenever it becomes unavoidable due to the geography of terrain or heavy cost involved in avoiding it. Presence of protected areas like National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and other ecological sensitive areas are verified by superimposing the proposed alternative alignment on the Protected Area Network Geospatial Map of Wildlife Institute of India (WII), GoI.

4.1 STUDY OF ALTERNATIVES

4.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA FOR ROUTE SELECTION

For selection of optimum route, the following points are taken into consideration:

(i) The route of the proposed transmission lines does not involve any human displacement/rehabilitation; (ii) Any monument of cultural or historical importance is not affected by the route of the transmission line; (iii) The proposed route of transmission line does not create any threat to the survival of any community with special reference to Tribal Community; (iv) The proposed route of transmission line does not affect any public utility services like playgrounds, schools, other establishments etc.; (v) The line route does not pass through any National Parks, Sanctuaries etc.; (vi) The line route does not infringe with area of natural resources.

In order to achieve this, POWERGRID undertakes route selection for individual transmission line in close consultation with representatives of concerned Forest Department and the Department of Revenue. Although under the law, POWERGRID has the right of eminent domain yet alternative alignments are considered, keeping in mind, the above-mentioned factors during site selection, with minor alterations often added to avoid environmentally sensitive areas and settlements at execution stage.

 As a rule, alignments are generally cited away from major towns, whenever possible, to account for future urban expansion.  Similarly, forests are avoided to the extent possible, and when it is not possible, a route is selected in consultation with the local Divisional Forest Officer, that causes minimum damage to existing forest resources.  Alignments are selected to avoid wetlands and unstable areas for both financial and environmental reasons.

In addition, care is also taken to avoid National parks, Sanctuaries, Eco-sensitive zones, Tiger reserves, Biosphere reserves, Elephant corridors and IBA sites etc. Keeping above in mind the routes of proposed lines under the project have been so aligned that

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 26 it takes care of above factors. As such different alternatives for transmission lines were studied with the help of Govt. published data like Forest atlas, Survey of India and Google Maps etc.to arrive at most optimum route which can be taken up for detailed survey and assessment of environmental & social impacts for their proper management.

4.2 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES ROUTE ALIGNMENT FOR HIRIYUR- MYSORE 400 KV D/C LINE

Three different alignments (Map-1) were studied with the help of published data/maps and walkover survey to arrive at most optimum route for detailed survey. The comparative details of three alternatives in respect of the proposed lines are as follows:

S.N Description Alternative-I Alternative-II Alternative-III 1. Route particulars i. Route Length (km) 206 208 196 ii. Terrain Hilly 5% 10% 10% Plain 90% 90% 90% 2. Environmental impact i. Name of District(s) Chitradurga, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Tumkur, through which the Mandya, & Mysore Mandya, & Mysore Mandya, & Mysore line passes ii. Town in alignment Birenahalli, Mattod, Birenahalli, Kunikere, Birenahalli, Kunikere, Vaddarahatti, Yelladakere, Yelladakere,Nulenur, Rampura, , Arsingundi, Kembala, Sangenahalli, Suranahalli, Melanahalli, Madenur Bhirapur, Tandaga, Kidakanahalli, Pochakatte,Lakkihalli Chowdlapur,Adihalli, Agrahara, Doddabidare, Chikkabidare, Bommenahalli, Sorlamavu, Jogipura, Kunikenahalli, Baladare,Haruvalli, Diggenahalli, Hulikere, Bastipura Muddanahalli , Anandur Gudenahalli, Kirisave Samudravalli Saratavalli, Bastipura Antanahalli,Yelekere, Chaudenahalli, Gollarahatti Dodighatta, Beekanahalli, Mavinahalli, Lokanahalli, Adaguru, Hosahalli Basavanahalli, , Gungralchatra & Dadadahalli Mandi bettahalli, Mydanahalli iii. House within RoW Shall be ascertained Shall be ascertained Shall be ascertained after detailed survey after detailed survey after detailed survey iv. Forest involvement Nil Nil Nil (km/ha.) v. Type of Forest N.A N.A N.A (RF/PF)& whether part of Wildlife Area/ Elephant corridor/ Biodiversity Hotspots/ Biosphere Reserve/ Wetlands or any other environmentally sensitive area, if any vi. Density of Forest N.A N.A N.A

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S.N Description Alternative-I Alternative-II Alternative-III vii. Type of flora Neem(Azadirachta Mango (Mangifera Neem (Azadirachta indica), Jackfruit indica), Coconut indica), Mango (Artocarpus (Cocos nucifera), (Mangifera indica), heterophyllus), Neem (Azadirachta Coconut (Cocos Mango (Mangifera indica), Jackfruit nucifera), Jackfruit indica), Coconut (Artocarpus (Artocarpus (Cocos nucifera), heterophyllus),Tamarinheterophyllus),Tamarin Tamarind(Tamarind d (Tamarindus indica), d (Tamarindus indica), us indica), Peepal Peepal (Ficus Peepal (Ficus (Ficus religiosa), religiosa), Arecanut religiosa), Arecanut Arecanut (Areca (Areca catechu), etc. (Areca catechu), etc. catechu), etc. viii. Type of fauna Domestic species like Domestic species like Domestic species like Goat (Capra hircus), Goat (Capra hircus), Goat (Capra hircus), Cow (Bos indicus), Cow (Bos indicus), Cow (Bos indicus), Buffalo (Bubalus Buffalo (Bubalus Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and also bubalis) and also bubalis) and also monkey (Macaca monkey (Macaca monkey (Macaca fascicularis), squirrel fascicularis), squirrel fascicularis), squirrel (Funambulus (Funambulus (Funambulus palmarum) etc. palmarum) etc. palmarum) etc. ix. Endangered Nil Nil Nil species, if any x. Historical/cultural Nil Nil Nil Monuments, if any 3. Compensation Cost (In Rs.): i. Crop (Non Forest) Apprx.1030.00 lakh Apprx.1040.00 lakh Apprx.980.00 lakh (@ 5 lakhs/km) (@ 5 lakhs/km) (@ 5 lakhs/km) ii. Land for Tower Base Apprx.5449.78 lakh Apprx.5502.70 lakh 5184.20 lakh & RoW Corridor iii. Forest (CA+NPV) Nil Nil Nil 4. Major Crossings (nos.): i. Highway(NH/SH) 5 3 2 ii. Power Line 22 19 17 iii. Railway Line 3 4 4 iv. River Crossing 3 3 1 5. Overall remarks Although line Line length is Line length is length is more, longest and also shorter but line route route is preferred involves more RoW involve dense due to involvement problems due to plantation area and of less habitated dense plantation more tree felling. area and lesser area and more tree More RoW problems plantation area felling. is anticipated at Hence, minimum Mysore end as RoW issue & tree corridor area is too felling anticipated. close to Mysore city & Brindavan gardens

From the above comparative analysis of three alternative routes, it is evident that none of the three alternative routes studied involves forest area. Although, line length of Alternative-I is higher than Alternate-III but minimum RoW problems are anticipated due to involvement of less habitated area as well as plantation area as compared to Alternative-II & III. Further, lesser degree of environmental impacts like minimum tree

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 28 felling and construction and operational problems are anticipated. Hence, Alternative -I is considered as the most optimum route and recommended for detailed survey.

4.3 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES ROUTE ALIGNMENT FOR TUMKUR PS TO DEVANAHALLI 400 KV D/C (QUAD) LINE

Three different alignments (Map- 2) were studied with the help of published data/maps and walkover survey to arrive at most optimum route for detailed survey. The comparative details of three alternatives in respect of the proposed lines are as follows:

S.N Description Alternative-I Alternative-II Alternative-III 1. Route particulars i. Route Length (km) 153 170 176 ii. Terrain Hilly Nil Nil Nil Plain 100% 100% 100% 2. Environmental impact i. Name of District(s) Tumkur, Anantapur, Tumkur, Anantapur, Tumkur, Anantapur, through which the Chikkabalpur, Chikkabalpur, Chikkabalpur, line passes Bangalore Rural Bangalore Rural Bangalore Rural ii. Town in alignment Kyataganacherlu, Kyataganacherlu, Kyataganacherlu, , Thirumani, Thimmapuram, Hussainpura, Naranagepalle, Garimekulapalli, Penukonda, Bagalur Maluguru, Bucherla, Kothapalli, Bagalur Pattikuntapalli, Mavuturu, Jalige, Venkatapura, Chilamatturu, Gauribidanur & Hindupur, Chikajala, Gudibanda,Chikajala, Bagalur Gauribidanur & Chikkaballapur & Doddaballapur, Devanahalli iii. House within RoW Shall be ascertained Shall be ascertained Shall be ascertained after detailed survey after detailed survey after detailed survey iv. Forest involvement Nil 1 Ha. Nil (km/ha.) v. Type of Forest N.A RF N.A (RF/PF)& whether part of Wildlife Area/ Elephant corridor/ Biodiversity Hotspots/ Biosphere Reserve/ Wetlands or any other environmentally sensitive area, if any vi. Density of Forest N.A Moderate N.A vii. Type of flora Grapes (Vitis Grapes (Vitis Grapes (Vitis vinifera), Mango vinifera), Mango vinifera), Mango (Mangifera indica), (Mangifera indica), (Mangifera indica), Sapota (Manilkara Sapota (Manilkara Sapota (Manilkara zapota), zapota), zapota), Pomegranate Pomegranate (Punica Pomegranate (Punica (Punica granatum), granatum), Guava granatum), Guava Guava (Psidium (Psidium guajava), (Psidium guajava), guajava), Papaya Papaya (Carica Papaya (Carica (Carica papaya), papaya), Citrus papaya), Citrus Citrus varieties. varieties. varieties.

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S.N Description Alternative-I Alternative-II Alternative-III viii. Type of fauna Domestic species like Domestic species like Domestic species like Goat (Capra hircus), Goat (Capra hircus), Goat (Capra hircus), Cow (Bos indicus), Cow (Bos indicus), Cow (Bos indicus), Buffalo (Bubalus Buffalo (Bubalus Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and also bubalis) and also bubalis) and also monkey (Macaca monkey (Macaca monkey (Macaca fascicularis), squirrel fascicularis), squirrel fascicularis), squirrel (Funambulus (Funambulus (Funambulus palmarum) etc. palmarum) etc. palmarum) etc. ix. Endangered Nil Nil Nil species, if any x. Historical/cultural Nil Nil Nil Monuments, if any 3. Compensation Cost (In Rs.): i. Crop (Non Forest) Apprx.765.00 lakh Apprx.850.00 lakh Apprx.880.00 lakh (@ 5 lakhs/km) (@ 5 lakhs/km) (@ 5 lakhs/km) ii. Land for Tower Base Apprx. 4114.50lakh Apprx.4569.60 lakh Apprx. 4730.88 lakh & RoW Corridor iii. Forest (CA+NPV) NA 20.00 lakh NA 4. Major Crossings (nos.): i. Highway(NH/SH) 10 14 9 ii. Power Line 6 7 9 iii. Railway Line 2 2 4 iv. River Crossing 2 2 6 5. Overall remarks Route is preferred Line length is more Line length is longer due to short line and also involves and also involves length, better forest area, as well dense plantations approach with no as dense plantation and habitation areas forest and less and habitation area. along with more nos plantation area of river crossing. involvement. Hence Hence, more RoW minimum RoW and construction issue & less tree problems anticipated. felling anticipated

From the above comparative analysis of three alternative routes, it is evident that Alternative-I is having shortest line length without any forest involvement. Further, line route is easily approachable and involves minimum plantation and habitation area and thus lesser degree of environmental impacts like minimum tree felling and construction and operational problems are anticipated. Hence, Alternative -I is considered as the most optimum route and recommended for detailed survey.

4.4 SUBSTATION

For substation site selection also analysis of 2-3 alternatives sites is usually carried out based on environment and social aspects and technical requirement. Such analysis considers various site specific parameters that include availability of infrastructure facilities such as access roads, water, distance from railheads, type of land (Government/ revenue/private land); social impacts such as number of families getting affected; Common Property Resources (CPR) including feasibility of acquisition. The finalization of substation land is done based on above analysis and site visit/verification. The social aspects are provided due weightage after technical requirement in decision making for selection/finalization of land for substation. It may be noted that the said exercise is not relevant as no new substation construction

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 30 is envisaged under the instant scheme. However, only extension/ augmentation work is proposed at Tumkur (Pavagada), Tumkur (Vasantnarsapur) and Devanahally. Since the above extensions work will be undertaken in existing substations where lands are already available with POWERGRID/Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and no fresh land required, R & R will not be an issue in the instant project.

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SECTION –V: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, THEIR EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT

5.0 IMPACT DUE TO PROJECT LOCATION AND DESIGN

Environmental impacts of transmission projects are not far reaching and are mostly localized to RoW (refer Table- 5.1). Actual 400 kV line including tower on ground along with RoW and extent of impact on land/vegetation is placed as Fig.-1 & 1a respectively. However, transmission projects have some effects on natural and socio-culture resources. These impacts can be minimized by careful route selection. In order to get latest information and further optimization of route, modern survey techniques/tools like GIS, GPS are also applied. Introduction of GIS and GPS in route selection result in access to updated/latest information, through satellite images and further optimization of route having minimal environmental impact. Moreover, availability of various details, constraints like topographical and geotechnical details, forest and environmental details etc. help in planning the effective mitigative measures including engineering variations depending upon the site situation/location. In the instant scheme also these techniques are used and detail survey using GIS/GPS is under progress. Although, all possible measures have been taken during the finalization of route alignment for the proposed transmission lines but due to peculiarity of terrain and demography of the area where subprojects are being implemented, some environmental impacts may be there. The explanations in brief with regard to specific environment review criteria based on preliminary survey are as follows: Table- 5.1: RoW Width & Clearance between Conductors and Trees Min. Clearance (in Meters) Transmission Voltage Max. RoW (In Meters) between conductor & Trees 400 kV 46 5.5 As per IS:5613 and MoEF guidelines dated 5thMay’ 2014 finalized in consultation with CEA

(i) Resettlement

Land is required for a) construction of substations Extension and b) erection of transmission lines. In general requirement of land area for substation varies from 30 acres (for 400/220 kV) to 120 acres (±800 kV) depending upon voltage levels, no. of bays, topography of land and few more technical factors.

As already explained in previous chapter, the instant scheme doesn’t involve construction of any new substations. However, extension work proposed under present scheme shall be undertaken in existing substations at Tumkur (Pavagada), Tumkur (Vasantnarsapur) and Devanahally where land is already in possession with POWERGRID/Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL). Since no fresh land acquisition is involved, R & R will not be an issue in the instant project.

In respect of (b), no permanent acquisition is envisaged. Land for tower and right of way is not acquired as agricultural activities can continue. A typical plan of transmission line tower footing indicating the above position along with extent of damage and area of influence are depicted in Fig.-2 & 2a respectively. As described earlier all measures are undertaken by POWERGRID at the line routing stage itself to avoid settlements such as cities, villages etc. It may be seen from the above description of proposed route alignments and also keeping in mind that no permanent acquisition of land is involved for tower foundation as per existing law, these subprojects don’t require any resettlement of villagers. However, some temporary damages/ disturbances can take

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 32 place, which will be compensated as per the law of the land and applicable/prevailing guidelines. In this regard, a separate document titled “Compensation Plan for Temporary Damage” (CPTD) detailing the entitlement matrix as well as provisions of new guidelines issued in October, 2015 by the Ministry of Power for RoW compensation @ 85% land value for tower base & @15% of land value (maximum) for width of RoW corridor is proposed and all cases of temporary damages i.e. line portion shall be dealt as per provisions of CPTD.

(ii) Land value depreciation

Based on past experience land prices are generally expected to rise in the areas receiving power. Generally, transmission lines pass through uninhabited area, agriculture fields and forests, where the land use is not going to change in foreseeable future. Therefore, the value of land will not be adversely affected to a significant degree.

(iii) Historical/cultural monuments/value

As per the policy of route selection, only that route alignment is finalized which avoids all the historical and cultural monuments. As per the preliminary assessment carried out during finalization of route alignment in consultation with State Revenue authorities and Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), no such monuments are coming in the proposed route alignments. Moreover, utmost care shall be taken during detailed survey to avoid such areas. However, during excavation, if any treasure, archaeological artifacts are found the same shall be intimated in writing to Collector/Archaeology department as per the provisions of Section-4 of “Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878 as amended in 1949”. The Collector shall initiate further action for its safe custody or its shifting to Treasury/ secure place. The construction activity may be suspended temporarily during this process.

(iii) Lines into precious ecological areas

As already explained all precautions have been taken to avoid routing of line through forest and protected areas like national park/sanctuaries. In the instant scheme the route of the proposed lines have been selected in such a way that there is no involvement of forest area along the corridors. Further, protected areas like wildlife sanctuary, national parks, biosphere reserves etc. have also been avoided completely. Moreover, suitable management measures as specified in EMP5 (refer clause- 7 & 9) like minimizing RoW requirement, use of existing tower/multicircuit tower, use of tall or extended tower etc, wherever feasible, will be undertaken to minimize the loss of vegetation.

(v) Lines into other valuable lands

Impacts on agricultural land will be restricted to the construction phase and when large- scale maintenance measures are required. The proposed transmission lines will pass mostly through agricultural fields. As per existing law, land for tower and right of way is not acquired and agricultural activities are allowed to continue after construction activity. POWERGRID pays compensation for all damages as per the law of the land and applicable/prevailing guidelines. Recently, MoP has issued guidelines for payment of compensation toward damages in regard to RoW for transmission lines (Annexure-1). As per these guidelines, POWERGRID shall pay compensation towards diminishing land value for area under tower base as well as ROW to all affected farmers/land owners in addition to normal tree and crop damage compensation.

5 Environment Management Plan (EMP) is placed at Table -6.1 IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 33

In areas where transmission lines will traverse through agricultural land, compensation will be paid to owners for any crop damage incurred as a result of construction activities. POWERGRID field staff will consult affected villagers and local revenue dept. and apprise them about the project and tower location, which shall be erected in the agricultural land. Revenue dept. after evaluating the land loss due to construction activity and crop damages based on productivity of land arrives at the compensation cost which is paid to farmer. Agricultural activities will be allowed to continue following the construction period. If bunds or other on-farm works are disturbed during construction or maintenance, they will be restored to the owner's satisfaction following cessation of construction or maintenance activities. In the event that private trees are felled during construction or maintenance operations, compensation will be paid to the owner in an amount determined by the estimated loss of products from the tree over an eight-year period (for fruit bearing trees). Agricultural lands under private ownership will be identified, and in accordance with normal POWERGRID procedures compensation will be paid to the affected villagers. The procedure for providing compensation is described in Annexure-2. Budgetary provision of Rs. 1795.00 lakh is made in the cost estimate to meet these expenses.

(vi) Interference with other utilities and traffic

As per regulations enacted by Government of India, it is mandatory for POWERGRID to seek clearance prior to construction from department of Railways, Telecommunications and wherever necessary from aviation authorities that are likely to be affected by the construction of transmission lines. The transmission lines affect nearby telecommunication circuits by causing electrical interference. A standing committee – Power & Telecommunication Co-ordination Committee (P.T.C.C.) has been constituted by Government of India to plan and implement the mitigating measures for the induced voltage which may occur to nearby telecom circuit and suggest necessary protection measures to be adopted. The committee suggests measures like rerouting of the telecom circuits, conversion of overhead telecom circuits into cables etc. to minimize the interference.

The cost of such measures is determined by the Committee on the basis of prevailing norms and guidelines. Though the exact cost to mitigate the impacts of induction in neighboring telecom circuits would vary from case to case, the cost on an average works out to be Rs. 50,000/- per km. Provision to meet these expenses has been made in the cost estimate for the same for transmission line proposed under the instant scheme.

The main approach road for accessing the construction sites & substations are either through National Highways, i.e. NH-8, 71, 88, 108, 117 & 121 or through other State/Village Roads bifurcating from these National Highways. The volume of traffic on these roads is found to be of low to medium intensity. Therefore, possibility of any steep rise in volume of traffic due to mobilization for said projects is not envisaged.

Wherever transmission line crosses the railways, clearance is taken from that department. In general, the system is planned and executed in such a way that adequate clearance is maintained between transmission lines on the one hand, and railways, civil aviation and defense installations on the other. Wherever the transmission lines pass near airports, the towers beyond specified height are painted in alternate orange and white stripes for easy visibility and warning lights are placed atop these towers.

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(vii) Interference with drainage pattern

As the transmission lines are constructed aerially and the blockage of ground surface is limited to area of tower footings, which is very small, there is little possibility of affecting drainage pattern. However, management measures as specified in EMP (refer clause - 5 & 12) like appropriate siting of towers shall be undertaken during detailed alignment survey and design to avoid any incidence of flooding hazards & loss of agricultural production due to interference with drainage patterns or irrigation channels. In the infrequent instances where the natural flow/drainage is affected, flow will be trained and guided to safe zones. Moreover, no tower will be placed in the river bed as there is no major river crossing in the proposed transmission lines. Further, all proposed substations (for extensions) are located in plane terrain and hence no effect on drainage of the area is envisaged particularly with adequate arrangement of drainage built in all substation design.

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS DUE TO DESIGN

(i) Escape of polluting materials

The equipment installed on lines and substations are static in nature and do not generate any fumes or waste materials. However, detailed specification with respect to equipment design and substation sewage design has been included in tender document to avoid any incidence of land and water contamination. Apart from this, solid waste like packing materials, cables, aluminum conductor, sand, aggregate material, cements and steel generated during construction is carefully handled and removed from site. To avoid contamination of Ground water/land from leakage of transformer oil, an oil sump is constructed below each transformer to collect any oil during change over or leakage. Oil sump is a part of standard design criteria for transformer foundation (refer clause - 44 of EMP).

(ii) Explosion/fire hazards

During the survey and site selection for transmission lines and substations, it has been ensured that these are kept away from oil/gas pipelines and other sites with potential for creating explosions or fires. Fires due to flashover from lines can be a more serious problem in forest. However, adequate safety measures shall be taken to avoid such incidence and has been included in EMP (refer clause - 15, 23 & 52). Besides this forest authorities also incorporate measures like making fire lines to prevent spreading of fire in the affected forest area. Apart from this, states of art safety instruments are installed in the substations on both the ends so that line gets tripped within milliseconds in case of any fault.

(iii) Erosion hazards due to inadequate provision for resurfacing of exposed area

The volume of soil excavated in the construction of transmission lines vary significantly, depending upon several factors including wind zone, type of towers, type of foundation, topography of the land etc. It is estimated that for construction of Hiriyur – Mysore 400 kV D/c and Tumkur- Devanahally 400kV D/c (Quad) line involving erection of approx. 559 & 431 towers, the amount of soil excavation would be around 30,500 m3 & 50090 m3 respectively. However, most of these excavated materials (about 80-90%) will be used for re-filling after construction work is over and remaining materials will be disposed properly as detailed out in EMP(refer clause - 25, 26 & 28). Moreover, the topsoil disturbed during the development of sites will be stored properly and used to restore the top surface of the platform. Left over infertile and rocky material will be dumped at carefully selected dumping areas and used as fill for foundations and

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 35 leveling. Further, excavation in the any hilly areas is avoided in rainy days. In hill slopes and erosion prone soils, internationally accepted engineering practices including bio- engineering techniques, wherever, feasible shall be undertaken to prevent soil erosion. Hence, possibility of erosion of exposed area due to construction activity is negligible.

(iv) Environmental aesthetics

Since spacing between the towers in case of 400 kV transmission lines is approx. 400 meters, there will be no adverse effect on the visual aesthetics of the localities particularly when it is ensured to route the lines as far away from the localities as possible. However, POWERGRID takes up plantation of trees to buffer the visual effect around its substations and to provide better living conditions. Wherever POWERGRID feels appropriate, discussions will be held with local Forest Department officials to determine feasibility of planting trees along roads running parallel to transmission lines to buffer visual effect in these areas. In addition, towers may be painted grey or green to merge with the background.

(v) Noise/vibration nuisances The equipment installed at substation are mostly static and are so designed that the noise level always remains within permissible limits i.e. 85 dB as per Indian standards. The noise levels reported during normal operating conditions are about 60 to 70 dB at 2 m. distance from the equipment. To contain the noise level within the permissible limits whenever noise level increases beyond permissible limits, measures like providing sound and vibration dampers and rectification of equipment are undertaken. In addition, plantations of sound absorbing species like Casuarina, Tamarind and Neem are raised at the substations that reduce the sound level appreciably. Actual noise levels measured at perimeters of existing substations are 35 to 45 dB. (vi) Blockage of Wildlife passage

The proposed transmission lines are passing mostly through agricultural land, wasteland etc. Since there are no protected areas, migration path of wildlife like elephant corridors exist near the subproject project locations, possibility of any disturbance to wild life is not anticipated. Another phenomenon reported in some places viz. Bird hit/electrocution by electric lines during landing and takeoff near the water bodies, fly path of birds is also not envisaged in the instant case due to routing of line away from such areas.

5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

(i) Uncontrolled silt runoff

As already explained, during construction a total of approximately 80,590 m3 excavated material will be generated from tower foundations and bays foundation. However, adequate measures shall be taken to store excavated materials properly for leveling and refilling after construction is over. In case of hill slopes and erosion prone soils, internationally accepted engineering practices including bio-engineering techniques, wherever, feasible shall be undertaken to prevent soil erosion. Moreover, excavation in the hilly areas is avoided in rainy days. Hence, uncontrolled silt run off is not anticipated.

(ii) Nuisance to nearby properties

As already described in preceding paras, during route/site selection due care is taken to keep the lines and substations away from settlements. Further, all the construction activities will be undertaken through the use of small mechanical devices e.g. tractors

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 36 and manual labour, therefore nuisance to the nearby properties if any, is not expected. Since all construction related activities for new substations (extensions) shall be confined to existing substations which are already inaccessible for general public due to its separation/demarcation by the boundary wall. Moreover, such areas are declared as prohibited for general public as per the provisions of Electricity Act, 2003. Hence, any adverse impact arising during the construction of these substations will be temporary and limited to the boundaries of existing substations only and will neither impact nearby habitat/property nor health & safety of neighboring community.

(iv) Interference with utilities and traffic and blockage of access way

Transportation of construction materials will be mostly through road network. Access to the site will be along existing National/State highway or village paths. Minor improvements to paths may be made where necessary, but no major construction of roads will be needed either during construction or as a part of maintenance procedures. In case, access road is not available at some places, existing field/path may be utilized and compensation for any damage to crop or field is paid to the owner.

As and when a transmission line crosses any road/ railways line, adequate care/caution is taken so as not to cause any hindrance to the movement of traffic. Stringing at the construction stage is carried out during lean traffic period in consultation with the concerned authorities and angle towers are planted to facilitate execution of work in different stages.

POWERGRID will follow all applicable standards concerned with safety for transmission and erection of Substation. These include IS: 5613 – recommendation on safety procedures and practices in electrical work as per CEA (Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply) Regulation, 2010 notified in the Gazette on 20th Sept. 2010 (Annexure-3). Apart from this, safety precaution like barricading of work area with reflective tape/illumination and placement of visible signage shall be undertaken to avoid any unforeseen incident. Furthermore, speed restrictions are imposed on project vehicles in project/habitation areas. Moreover, the construction activities associated with transmission line projects are not so extensive and only limited excavation is involved in tower foundations. As such, the volume of traffic and movement of construction vehicles laden with construction materials is quite limited and doesn’t pose any safety hazards for local population as well as increase in road accidents. The extension activities in substation area are always undertaken in enclosed/confined area.

(iv) Inadequate resurfacing for erosion control

Since the proposed transmission lines are to be constructed mostly in plain areas, soil erosion will not be a major issue. If due to terrain at some points towers may be placed on slopes and erosion prone soils, internationally accepted engineering practices including bio-engineering techniques wherever feasible shall be undertaken to prevent soil erosion. This will include cutting and filling slopes wherever necessary. The back- cut slopes and downhill slopes will be treated with revetments. As explained above adequate steps shall be taken to resurface the area after construction. Wherever sites are affected by active erosion or landslides, both biological and engineering treatment will be carried out, e.g. provision of breast walls and retaining walls, and sowing soil binding grasses around the site. Further, construction is generally undertaken in dry/non-monsoon period.

(v) Inadequate disposition of borrow area

As mentioned earlier the tower foundations involve excavations on small scale basis

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 37 and the excavated soil is utilized for back filling. In case of substations (extensions) generally the sites are selected in such a manner that the volume of cutting is equal to volume of filling avoiding borrowing of the area. As such acquisition/opening of borrow area is not needed.

(vi) Protection of Worker's health/safety

All health and safety issues and its management aspects are integral part of project/contract specific safety plan (Annexure-4) which is also part of contract condition. Various aspects such as work and safety regulations, workmen's compensation, insurance are adequately covered under the General Conditions of Contract (GCC), a part of bidding documents. Project is executed as per the approved plan and is regularly monitored by dedicated Safety personnel. Moreover, for strict compliance of safety standard/plan a special provision as a deterrent has been added in the contract which provides for a heavy penalty of Rs.10 lakhs for each accidental death and Rs1.0 lakh/each for any injury and is deducted from the contractor’s payment and paid to the deceased/affected family (Annexure – 5).

POWERGRID maintains safety as a top priority and has framed guidelines/checklist for workers’ safety as its personnel are exposed to live EHV apparatus and transmission lines. These guidelines/checklists include work permits and safety precautions for work on the transmission lines and substation both during construction and operation (Annexure-6) and is regularly monitored by site in-charge. In addition, training is imparted to the workers in fire-fighting and safety measures. Standard safety tools like helmet, safety belt, gloves etc. are provided to them in accordance to the provisions of Safety Rules. First aid facilities will be made available with the labour gangs, and doctors called in from nearby towns when necessary. The number of outside (skilled) labourers will be quite small, of the order of 25-30 people per group and remaining workforce of unskilled labourers will be comprised of mostly local people. As per policy/norms preference shall be given to the eligible local labor having required skills a specific clause has been incorporated in contract conditions (refer clause- 22.2.1 of GCC) for compliance of same by Contractor. Workers are also covered by the statutory Workmen (Compensation) Act. Regular health checkups are conducted for construction workers. The construction sites and construction workers’ houses will be disinfected regularly, if required. In order to minimize/checking of spread of socially transmitted diseases e.g. HIV/AIDS etc. POWERGRID will conduct awareness building programs on such issues for the construction workers.

5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM OPERATION

(i) O&M Staff/Skills less than acceptable resulting in variety of adverse effects

The O&M program in POWERGRID is normally implemented by substation personnel for both, the lines as well as substations. However, in respect of the long-distance transmission lines, there are monitoring offices that are located at various points en- route. Monitoring measures employed include patrolling and ground based thermo- vision scanning.

The supervisors and managers entrusted with O&M responsibilities are intensively trained for necessary skills and expertise for handling these aspects. A monthly preventive maintenance program will be carried out to disclose problems related to cooling oil, gaskets, circuit breakers, vibration measurements, contact resistance, con- densers, air handling units, electrical panels and compressors. Any sign of soil erosion is also reported and rectified. Monitoring results are published monthly, including a

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 38 report of corrective action taken and a schedule for future action.

POWERGRID is following the approved international standards and design, which are absolutely safe. Based on the studies carried out by different countries on the safety of EHV lines in reference to EMF affect POWERGRID have also carried out such studies with the help of PTI, USA and CPRI, Bangalore on their design. The studies inferred that the POWERGRID design are safe and follow the required international standard (for details refer Annexure- 7).

Additionally, in order to, ascertain the actual value of EMF, studies by independent as well as in house agencies were carried out. The values are presented in Table- 5.2 below: Table 5.2: Actual values of EMF in POWERGRID lines

S Name of Maximum Value ICNIRP Limits Name of the Remarks N Line Electric Magnetic Electric Magnetic Agency Field Field (μT) Field Field (μT) (KV/m) (KV/m) 1 400 KV S/C 2.5 -- 5 100 CPRI, Bangalore All 2 400 KV D/C 3.5 -- 5 100 & Osmania readings University, at 1.8 Hyderabad meter 3 400 KV D/C 3.7 2.32 5 100 Corporate height. Ballabhgarh- Technology Deptt. Maharanibagh (CTD) PGCIL 4 400 KV D/C 4.8 2.84 5 100 CTD, PGCIL Bhiwadi- Agra 5 400 KV D/C 3.2 5.04 5 100 Hyderabad- Ramagundam

From the above, it is evident that values of Electric and Magnetic Field are well within the limits prescribed by ICNIRP for continuous exposure. Since, residential areas are mostly avoided during routing of line, the chances of continuous exposure are remote Management of SF6 gas is given utmost importance considering its Global Warming Potential. Strict and well defined procedure has been put in place for storage, handling and refilling of SF6 gas cylinders. Every refill is documented and any unusual variation in gas volume is reported to concerned higher officials for review and rectification. Each and every leakage is promptly detected, addressed and documented.

Considering the importance of SF6 management, it is also incorporated in EMP (refer clause - 45)

Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) due to its high heat capacity, low flammability and low electrical conductivity was extensively used as insulating material in capacitors and transformers. But after the finding that these PCBs are non-biodegradable and has carcinogenic tendency, its use in electrical equipments as insulating medium has been banned all over the world long back. However, it has been reported in some studies that chances of contamination of oil with PCB is possible. Keeping that in mind, POWERGRID has taken all possible steps in association with NGC, UK and setup Regional testing laboratories for testing of existing oil for PCB traces and results of this suggests that PCB contamination is not an issue with POWERGRID. The World Bank has also made following comments after a detailed study on Management of PCBs in India:

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“Power Grid was the most advanced in testing for PCBs of the organizations visited for this project. They have established a procedure for identification of the presence of PCBs in transformer oil and more detailed analysis for positive identification sample. To date no significant concentrations of PCBs have been detected. Power Grid do not appear to have any significant issues regarding PCB management and have initiated a testing program. The experience & laboratories of Power Grid could be used to provide a national PCB auditing service”.

5.4 CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW CRITERIA

(i) Loss of irreplaceable resources

The transmission projects do not involve any large scale excavation. In the proposed transmission lines, land is affected to the extent 278 sq. m below the tower base for which compensation is paid to land owner as per norms.

(ii) Accelerated use of resources for short-term gains

The subject project will not be making use of any natural resources occurring in the area during construction as well as maintenance phases. The construction materials such as tower members, cement etc. shall come from factories while the excavated soil shall be used for leveling and backfilling to restore the surface. During construction of line, very small quantity of water is required which is met from nearby existing source or through takers. Hence, it may be seen that the activities associated with implementation of subject project shall not cause any accelerated use of resources for short term gain.

(iii) Endangering of species

As described earlier, no endangered species of flora and fauna exist in the subprojects area is getting affected thus there is no possibility of endangering/ causing extinction of any species.

(iv) Promoting undesirable rural-to urban migration

The subprojects will not cause any submergence or loss of land holdings that normally trigger migration. It also does not involve acquisition of any private land holdings. Hence, there is no possibility of any migration.

5.5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Public consultation/information is an integral part of the POWERGRID project cycle. POWERGRID follows a well-defined procedure for conducting public consultation involving different techniques as laid down in its ESPP, which is also approved by The World Bank under the Use of Country System (UCS). There are 10 different techniques which are used either independently or in combination appropriately at different milestones of the project depending on field conditions.(for details refer Annexure -8). The location for public meeting is usually selected at every 50-100 km involving major villages/habitated area en-route of line. However, in other villages/parts, informal group meetings or other techniques are applied for consultation. The consultation and feedback process is a continuous one and implemented regularly at different milestone of project cycle.

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The process of consultation and information dissemination begins even before the start of work as POWERGRID informs the general public by publishing in 2 (Two) local newspapers in vernacular language on implementation of project indicating the route of final alignment with name of the town /villages its passing through about the project and invites their suggestion, if any. During survey, also POWERGRID site officials meet people and inform them about the routing of transmission lines. During construction, every individual, on whose land line is constructed and people affected by RoW, are consulted. Apart from this, Public consultation using different technique like Public Meeting, Small Group Meeting with special focus on women, and vulnerable groups, Informal Meeting shall also be carried out during different activities of project cycle. During such consultation, the public are informed about the project in general and in particular about the following:

 Complete project plan (i.e. its route and terminating point and substations, if any, in between);  Design standards in relation to approved international standards;  Health impacts in relation to EMF;  Measures taken to avoid public utilities such as school, hospitals, etc.;  Other impacts associated with transmission lines and POWERGRID approach to minimizing and solving them;  Trees and crop compensation process.

Additionally, questions, doubts and apprehensions of members of public are heard and answered to the extent possible. Queries raised by participants were mostly concentrated on improvement in power availability to their village, safety and RoW compensation. Some of the queries raised are presented below:

 Whether this line will improve the power supplies in our village and remove frequent interruption/outage;  Whether these lines are safe for the nearby dwellers without any problems of electrocution while working in the fields;  What is compensation policy for the standing crops damaged and compensation for the land occupied by the tower footings;  What about employment for local people and procedure for same;  What is the width of RoW for cutting tree. How much compensation for the trees will be given and when.

In the instant scheme also, many group meetings were organized (informally and formally) in all villages where the interventions are likely to happen. Such consultation culminated in public meeting organized at different locations as provided in Table- 5.3. These meetings were attended by Gram Panchayat leaders/members, Village heads, interested villagers and general public. Village women folk also actively participated in consultation. To ensure maximum participation, prior intimation in local language was given and such notices were also displayed at prominent places/panchayat office etc. During the public consultation details of line and its importance were explained to the villagers by the officials of POWERGRID. The consultation was arranged in interactive manner in local language and queries like employment opportunities to affected villagers, health & safety, compensation for damages, improvement of power scenario in region etc. were addressed. The initiative was appreciated by the villagers and they assured their cooperation for construction of the said lines. The process of such consultation shall continue during different stage of project implementation and even during O&M stage. Details of above public consultation meetings including public notice,

IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 41 list of participants, photographs and public queries & answers are enclosed as Annexure -9.

Table -5.3: Public Consultation en-route of Transmission Lines

Sl. Date & time ofVenue Person Attended Consultation 1. 15.03.2017 Village- Muddanahalli Total 54 persons including Village District- Hassan, panchayat president & members, State- Karnataka affected persons interested villagers/ general public. 2. 01.07.2016 Village-Kyataganacherlu Total 56 persons including Village District- Tumkur panchayat members, affected persons State- Karnataka interested villagers/ general public.

5.6 CONCLUSIONS:

It is clear from the above assessment/studies that the project area is rich in natural forest resources as well as host many protected areas. But careful route selection, following the principle of avoidance has resulted in total avoidance of forest areas and protected areas. The project will not result in any long-term significant adverse impacts. Minimal environmental impacts are anticipated, mostly during construction. These can be mitigated successfully by implementing various management measures as listed in EMP. Further, the proposed project is planned to evacuate clean and green energy through renewable sources and benefits associated with such projects like reduction in emission of Green House Gases (GHGs) and resultant warming & Climate Change shall also offset possible adverse impact, if any. Hence, environmental and social benefits of the project and long-term investment program objectives outweigh the temporary negative impacts to the extent possible. The above facts while on the one hand underline the need for implementation of the subject scheme for overall development of the area and on other hand suggests that a detailed EIA may not be necessary due to negligible and manageable impact of transmission line.

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SECTION- VI: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT & MONITORING

6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM IN POWERGRID:

Monitoring is a continuous process for POWERGRID projects at all the stages be it the site selection, construction or maintenance.

The success of POWERGRID lies in its strong monitoring systems. Apart from the site managers reviewing the progress on daily basis regular project review meetings are held at least on monthly basis which is chaired by Executive Director of the region wherein apart from construction issues the environmental aspects of the projects are discussed and remedial measures taken wherever required. The exceptions of these meetings are submitted to the Directors and Chairman & Managing Director of the Corporation. The progress of various on-going projects is also informed to the Board of Directors. Flow chart showing institutional arrangement for implementation ESPP is placed as Exhibit-2. A three-tier support structure has also been developed at corporate, regional and site level with following functions for effective implementation of environment and social safeguard measures.

6.1.1 Corporate Level

An Environmental Management Cell at corporate level was created within POWERGRID in 1992 and subsequently upgraded to an Environment Management Department (EMD) in 1993 and in 1997 it has been further upgraded to Environment & Social Management Deptt. (ESMD) by incorporating social aspect of project. Briefly, the ESMD's responsibilities are as follows:

 Advising and coordinating RHQs and Site to carry out environmental and social surveys for new projects;  Assisting RHQs and site to finalize routes of entire power transmission line considering environmental and social factors that could arise en-route;  Help RHQs and Site to follow-up with the state forest offices and other state departments in expediting forest clearances and the land acquisition process of various ongoing and new projects;  Act as a focal point for interaction with the MoEFCC for expediting forest clearances and follow-ups with the Ministry of Power;  Imparts training to POWERGRID’s RHQs & Site Officials on environment and social issues and their management plan.

6.1.2 Regional Level

At its Regional Office POWERGRID has an Environmental and Social Management Cell (ESMC) to manage Environmental and Social issues and to coordinate between ESMD at the Corporate level and the Divisional Headquarters. The key functions envisaged for ESMC are:

 Advising and coordinating field offices to carry out environmental and social surveys for new projects envisaged in the Corporate Investment Plan;  Assisting the ESMD and site to finalize routes of entire power transmission lines considering the environmental and social factors that could arise en-route;

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 To follow-up forest clearances and land acquisition processes with state forest offices and other state departments for various ongoing and new projects;  Acting as a focal point for interaction with the ESMD and site on various environmental and social aspects.

6.1.3 Site Office

At the Divisional Headquarters level, POWERGRID has made the head of the division responsible for implementing the Environmental and Social aspect of project and are termed as Environmental and Social Management Team (ESMT). Key functions of the ESMT are:

 Conduct surveys on environmental and social aspects to finalize the route for the power transmission projects;  Conduct surveys & Interact with Revenue Authorities for land acquisition;  Interact with the Forest Departments to make the forest proposal and follow it up for MoEFCC clearance;  Implementation of Environment Management Plan (EMP);  Monitoring of EMP & producing periodic reports on the same.

From above, it may be noted that POWERGRID is well equipped to implement and monitor its environment and social management plans.

As regards monitoring of impacts on ecological resources particularly in Forest and Protected areas like Wildlife Sanctuaries or National Parks, it is generally done by the concerned Divisional Forest Officer, Chief Wildlife Warden and their staff as a part of their normal duties. As no forest/protected area is involved in the instant project such monitoring/provision shall not be applicable to proposed project. A detailed Environment Management Plan (EMP) including monitoring plan for all possible environmental and social impact and its proper management has been drawn (Table- 6.1) and will be implemented during various stage of project execution. Since many provisions of EMP are to be implemented by contractor, hence for proper monitoring EMP has been included in the contract document. A budget estimate towards tree/crop compensation and EMP implementation is prepared and is placed at Annexure-10. A summary of the same is presented below:

S.N. Budgetary Head Amount (Rs. Lakhs) 1 Forest compensation Nil 2 Tree & Crop Compensation 1795.00 3 Land Compensation for Tower Base and RoW Corridor 9564.28 4 EMP Implementation, Monitoring & Audit 60.90 Total 11420.18

Any other measures like provision of bird guards, spike guards, barbed wire fencing or any other arrangement for addressing the issues like bird hit/animal/elephant scratching etc. shall be finalized only after detailed/ check survey and finalization of route alignment. Since the detailed/ check survey is part of main package requirement of such measures, its extent and estimated cost shall be incorporated in the revised cost estimate proposal which is normally prepared for all projects as there is a considerable time gap between planning and actual implementation. However, as per the preliminary assessment such additional measures may not be required in the instant scheme as no such impact are envisaged due to routing of lines far away from such sensitive areas.

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6.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM (GRM)

Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is an integral and important mechanism for addressing/resolving the concern and grievances in a transparent and swift manner. Many minor concerns of peoples are addressed during public consultation process initiated at the beginning of the project. For handling grievance, Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will be established at two places, one at the project/scheme level and another at Corporate/HQ level. The GRCs shall include members from POWERGRID, Local Administration, Panchayat Members, Affected Persons representative and reputed persons from the society on nomination basis under the chairmanship of project head. The composition of GRC shall be disclosed in Panchayat/Village council offices and concerned district headquarter for wider coverage.

The complainant will also be allowed to submit its complaint to local project official who will pass it to GRC immediately but not more than 5 days of receiving such complaint. The first meeting of GRC will be organized within 15 days of its constitution/disclosure to formulate procedure and frequency of meeting. However, GRC meeting shall be convened within 15 days of receiving a grievance for its solution. GRC endeavor will be to pronounce its decision/ may also refer it to corporate GRC for solution within 30-45 days of receiving grievances. In case complainant/appellant is not satisfied with the decision of GRC they can approach POWERGRID Corporate Level Committee/District Collector or Court of law for solution.

The corporate level GRC shall function under the chairmanship of Director (Project) who will nominate other members of GRC including one representative from corporate ESMC who is conversant with the environment & social issues. The meeting of Corporate GRC shall be convened within 7-10 days of receiving the reference from project GRC or complainant directly and pronounce its decision within next 15 days.

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW:

Periodic review by corporate ESMD and higher management including review by POWERGRID CMD of all environmental and social issues is undertaken to ensure that EMP and other measures are implemented at site. POWERGRID will (i) update IEAR (if needed) and EMPs before contracts are finalized and work begins; (ii) prepare environmental monitoring reports; (iii) officially disclose environmental safeguards documents on its website in a timely manner, and in Hindi and English to the affected persons; (iv) document instances where EMP requirements were met or not met, status of associated corrective actions agreed with contractor and POWERGRID site staff, feedback from consultations with local residents, and shortcomings identified in site visit reports by environmental specialists from POWERGRID or external consultants.

A semi-annual environmental monitoring report reflecting the status of EMP implementation and corrective actions if any, will be prepared and disclosed on POWERGRID’s website. The monitoring report will also be submitted to ADB for disclosing on its website. The format of environmental monitoring report is enclosed as Annexure-11. The IEE, the EMP, and revisions and updates, if any will also be disclosed. Besides, an annual review by Independent Auditor under ISO: 14001 shall also be undertaken for compliance of agreed policy and management plan.

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Table-6.1: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule Pre-construction 1 Location of line Exposure to Setback of dwellings to line Tower location and Setback distances to POWERGRID Part of tower sitting towers and line safety route designed in accordance alignment selection nearest houses – once survey and detailed alignment and related risks with permitted level of power with respect to nearest alignment survey design frequency and the regulation dwellings and design of supervision at sites. 2 Equipment Release of PCBs not used in substation Transformer design Exclusion of PCBs in POWERGRID Part of tender specifications chemicals transformers or other project transformers stated in specifications for and design and gases in facilities or equipment. tender specification – the equipment parameters receptors once (air, water, Processes, equipment and Process, equipment Exclusion of CFCs POWERGRID Part of tender land) systems not to use and system design stated in tender specifications for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), specification – once the equipment including halon, and their use, Phase out schedule to Part of equipment if any, in existing processes be prepared in case and process design and systems should be still in use – once phased out and to be disposed of in a manner consistent with the requirements of the Government 3 Transmission Exposure to Line design to comply with the Electromagnetic field Line design POWERGRID Part of design line design electromagn limits of electromagnetic strength for proposed compliance with parameters etic interference from power lines line design relevant standards – interference once 4 Substation Exposure to Design of plant enclosures to Expected noise Compliance with POWERGRID Part of detailed location and noise comply with noise regulations. emissions based on regulations - once siting survey and design** substation design design Social Careful selection of site to Selection of substation Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of detailed inequities avoid encroachment of location (distance to authorities -once siting survey and socially, culturally and sensitive area). design archaeological sensitive areas (i.e. sacred groves, graveyard, religious worship place, monuments etc.)

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule 5 Location of line Impact on Avoidance of such water Tower location and line Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of tower siting towers & line water bodies bodies to the extent possible. alignment selection authorities– once survey and detailed alignment and Avoidance of placement of (distance to water alignment survey design tower inside water bodies to bodies) and design the extent of possible Social Careful route selection to Tower location and line Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of tower siting inequities avoid existing settlements and alignment selection authorities and land survey and detailed sensitive locations (distance to nearest owners – once alignment survey dwellings or social and design institutions) Minimise impact on agricultural Tower location &line Consultation with local land alignment selection authorities and land (distance to agricultural owners – once land) Careful selection of site and Tower location and line Consultation with local route alignment to avoid alignment selection authorities -once encroachment of socially, (distance to sensitive culturally and archaeological area) sensitive areas (i. g. sacred groves, graveyard, religious worship place, monuments etc.) 6 Securing lands Loss of land/ In the case of Involuntary Compensation and As per provisions laid POWERGRID Prior to award/start for income Acquisitions, Compensation monetary R&R out in the act of substation substations** change in and R&R measures are amounts/ facilities construction. social status extended as per provision of extended before etc. RFCTLARRA, 20136 possession of land. 7 Line through Loss of Avoid siting of lines through Tower location and line Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of tower siting protected area/ precious such areas by careful site and alignment selection forest authorities - survey and detailed precious ecological alignment selection (National (distance to nearest once alignment survey ecological area values/ Parks, Wildlife Sanctuary, designated ecological and design damage to Biosphere Reserves/ protected/ sensitive precious Biodiversity Hotspots) areas) species

6 In the instant case, no involuntary acquisition of land is involved. Hence this clause shall not be applicable. IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 47

Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule Minimize the need by using Tower location and line Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of tower siting RoW wherever possible alignment selection authorities and design survey and detailed engineers - once alignment survey and design 8 Line through Damage to Study of earmarked elephant Tower location and line Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of tower sitting identified the Wildlife/ corridors to avoid such alignment selection. forest authorities – and detailed Elephant Birds and corridors, Adequate ground once. alignment survey & corridor / also to line clearance, Fault clearing by design and Migratory bird Circuit Breaker, Barbed wire Operation wrapping on towers, reduced Minimum/maximum Monitoring – quarterly spans etc., if applicable ground clearance basis Avoidance of established/ Tower location and line Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of tower siting identified migration path (Birds alignment selection forest authorities - survey and detailed & Bats). Provision of flight once alignment survey diverter/ reflectors, bird guard, and design elevated perches, insulating jumper loops, obstructive perch deterrents, raptor hoods etc7., if applicable 9 Line through Deforestation Avoid locating lines in forest Tower location and line Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of tower siting forestland and loss of land by careful site and alignment selection authorities – once survey and detailed biodiversity alignment selection (distance to nearest alignment survey edge effect protected or reserved and design Minimise the need by using forest) existing towers, tall towers and Consultation with local RoW, wherever possible authorities and design engineers – once Measures to avoid invasion of Intrusion of invasive Consultation with local alien species species forest authorities - once Obtain statutory clearances Statutory approvals Compliance with from the Government from Government regulations – once for each subproject

7 As per International/National best practices and in consultation with concerned forest/wildlife Authority. IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 48

Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule 10 Lines through Loss of Use existing tower or footings Tower location and line Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of detailed farmland agricultural wherever possible. alignment selection. authorities and design alignment survey production/ engineers – once and design change in cropping Avoid sitting new towers on Tower location and line Consultation with local Part of detailed pattern farmland wherever feasible alignment selection authorities and design sitting and engineers – once alignment survey /design 11 Noise related Nuisance to Substations sited and Noise levels Noise levels to be POWERGRID Part of detailed neighbouring designed to ensure noise will specified in tender equipment design properties not be a nuisance documents – once 12 Interference Flooding Appropriate sitting of towers to Tower location and line Consultation with local POWERGRID Part of detailed with drainage hazards/ loss avoid channel interference alignment selection authorities and design alignment survey patterns/ of (distance to nearest engineers – once and design irrigation agricultural flood zone) channels production 13 Escape of Environment Transformers designed with oil Equipment Tender document to POWERGRID Part of detailed polluting al pollution spill containment systems, and specifications with mention specifications equipment design materials purpose-built oil, lubricant and respect to potential – once /drawings fuel storage system, complete pollutants with spill clean-up equipment. Substations to include Substation sewage Tender document to POWERGRID Part of detailed drainage and sewage disposal design mention detailed substation layout systems to avoid offsite land specifications – once and design and water pollution. /drawings 14 Equipments Contamination Substations constructed above Substation design to Base height as per POWERGRID Part of detailed submerged of receptors the high flood level(HFL) by account for HFL flood design- once substation layout under flood** raising the foundation pad (elevation with respect and to HFL elevation) design/drawings 15 Explosions Hazards to Design of substations to Substation design Tender document to POWERGRID Part of detailed /Fire life include modern fire fighting compliance with fire mention detailed substation layout equipment prevention and control specifications – once and design Provision of fire fighting codes /drawings equipment to be located close to transformers

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule Construction 16 Equipment Noise and Construction techniques and Construction Construction POWERGRID Construction layout and vibrations machinery selection seeking to techniques and techniques and (Contractor period installation minimize ground disturbance. machinery machinery creating through contract minimal ground provisions) disturbance- once at the start of each construction phase 17 Physical Disturbed Construction activities on Timing of start of Crop disturbance – POWERGRID Construction construction farming cropping land timed to avoid construction Post harvest as soon (Contractor period activity disturbance of field crops as possible but before through contract (within one month of harvest next crop – once per provisions) wherever possible). site 18 Mechanized Noise, Construction equipment to be Construction Complaints received POWERGRID Construction construction vibration and well maintained. equipment – estimated by local authorities – (Contractor period operator noise emissions every 2 weeks through contract safety, provisions) efficient operation Noise, Turning off plant not in use. Construction Complaints received POWERGRID Construction vibration, equipment – estimated by local authorities – (Contractor period equipment noise emissions and every 2 weeks through contract wear and tear operating schedules provisions)

19 Construction of Increase in Existing roads and tracks used Access roads, routes Use of established POWERGRID Construction roads for airborne dust for construction and (length and width of roads wherever (Contractor period accessibility particles maintenance access to the line new access roads to be possible – every 2 through contract wherever possible. constructed) weeks provisions)

Increased New access ways restricted to Access width (meters) Access restricted to POWERGRID Construction land a single carriageway width single carriage –way (Contractor period requirement within the RoW. width within RoW – through contract for temporary every 2 weeks provisions) accessibility

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule 20 Construction Safety of Coordination with local Periodic and regular No. of incidents- once POWERGRID Construction activities local communities for construction reporting /supervision every week (Contractor period villagers schedules, Barricading the of safety arrangement through contract construction area and provisions) spreading awareness among locals Local traffic Coordination with local Traffic flow (Interruption Frequency (time POWERGRID Construction obstruction authority/ requisite permission of traffic) span)- on daily basis (Contractor period for smooth flow of traffic through contract provisions) 21 Temporary Overflows, Measure in place to avoid Temporary fill Absence of fill in POWERGRID Construction blockage of reduced dumping of fill materials in placement (m3) sensitive drainage (Contractor period utilities discharge sensitive drainage area areas – every 4 weeks through contract provisions) 22 Site clearance Vegetation Marking of vegetation to be Vegetation marking Clearance strictly POWERGRID Construction removed prior to clearance, and clearance control limited to target (Contractor period and strict control on clearing (area in m2) vegetation – every 2 through contract activities to ensure minimal weeks provisions) clearance. No use of herbicides and pesticides 23 Trimming Fire hazards Trees allowed growing up to a Species-specific tree Presence of target POWERGRID Construction /cutting of trees height within the RoW by retention as approved by species in RoW (Contractor period within RoW maintaining adequate statutory authorities following vegetation through contract clearance between the top of (average and max. tree clearance – once per provisions) tree and the conductor as per height at maturity, in site the regulations. meters) Loss of Trees that can survive pruning Species-specific tree Presence of target POWERGRID Construction vegetation to comply should be pruned retention as approved species in RoW (Contractor period and instead of cleared. by statutory authorities following vegetation through contract deforestation clearance - once per provisions) site

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule Felled trees and other cleared Disposal of cleared Use or intended use of POWERGRID Construction or pruned vegetation to be vegetation as approved vegetation as (Contractor period disposed of as authorized by by the statutory approved by the through contract the statutory bodies. authorities (area statutory authorities – provisions) cleared in m2) once per site 24 Wood/ Loss of Construction workers Illegal wood /vegetation Complaints by local POWERGRID Construction vegetation vegetation prohibited from harvesting harvesting (area in m2, people or other (Contractor period harvesting and wood in the project area during number of incidents evidence of illegal through contract deforestation their employment, (apart from reported) harvesting – every 2 provisions) locally employed staff weeks continuing current legal activities) 25 Surplus Runoff to Soil excavated from tower Soil disposal locations Acceptable soil POWERGRID Construction earthwork/soil cause water footings/ substation foundation and volume (m3) disposal sites – every (Contractor period pollution, disposed of by placement 2 weeks through contract solid waste along roadsides, or at nearby provisions) disposal house blocks if requested by landowners 26 Substation Loss of soil Loss of soil is not a major Borrow area sitting Acceptable soil borrow POWERGRID Construction construction** issue as excavated soil will be (area of site in m2 and areas that provide a (Contractor period mostly reused for leveling and estimated volume in benefit - every 2 through contract re-filling. However, in case of m3) weeks provisions) requirement of excess soil the same will be met from existing quarry or through deep excavation of existing pond or other nearby barren land with agreement of local communities Water Construction activities Seasonal start and finish Timing of major POWERGRID Construction pollution involving significant ground of major earthworks(PH, disturbance activities – (Contractor period disturbance (i.e. substation BOD /COD, Suspended prior to start of through contract land forming) not undertaken solids, others ) construction activities provisions)) during the monsoon season

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule 27 Site clearance Vegetation Tree clearances for easement Ground disturbance Amount of ground POWERGRID Construction establishment to only involve during vegetation disturbance – every 2 (Contractor period cutting trees off at ground level clearance (area, m2) weeks through contract or pruning as appropriate, with Statutory approvals Statutory approvals provisions) tree stumps and roots left in for tree clearances – place and ground cover left once for each site undisturbed 28 Tower erection Waste Excess fill from substation/ Location and amount Appropriate fill POWERGRID Construction Substation disposal tower foundation excavation (m3)of fill disposal disposal locations – (Contractor period foundation- disposed of next to roads or every 2 weeks through contract disposal of around houses, in agreement provisions) surplus with the local community or earthwork/fill landowner. 29 Storage of Contamination Fuel and other hazardous Location of hazardous Fuel storage in POWERGRID Construction chemicals and of receptors materials securely stored material storage; spill appropriate locations (Contractor period materials (land, water, above high flood level. reports (type of and receptacles – through contract air) material spilled, every 2 weeks provisions) amount (kg or m3) and action taken to control and clean up spill)

30 Construction Noise Construction activities only Timing of construction Daytime construction POWERGRID Construction schedules nuisance to undertaken during the day and (noise emissions, only – every 2 weeks (Contractor period neighbouring local communities informed of [dB(A)] through contract properties the construction schedule. provisions) 31 Provision of Contamination Construction workforce Amenities for Presence of proper POWERGRID Construction facilities for of receptors facilities to include proper Workforce facilities sanitation, water (Contractor period construction (land, water, sanitation, water supply and supply and waste through contract workers air) waste disposal facilities. disposal facilities – provisions) once each new facility 32 Influx of Conflict with Using local workers for Avoidance/reduction of Observation & POWERGRID Construction migratory local appropriate asks conflict through supervision–on weekly (Contractor period workers population to enhancement/ basis through contract share local augmentation of provisions) resources resource requirements

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule 33 Lines through Loss of Use existing access roads Usage of existing Complaints received POWERGRID Construction farmland agricultural wherever possible utilities by local people (Contractor period productivity Ensure existing irrigation Status of existing /authorities - every 4 through contract facilities are maintained in facilities weeks provisions) working condition Protect /preserve topsoil and Status of facilities reinstate after construction (earthwork in m3) completed Repair /reinstate damaged Status of facilities bunds etc after construction (earthwork in m3) Loss of Landcompleted owners/ farmers Process of Crop/tree Consultation with POWERGRID During income. compensated for any compensation in affected land owner construction temporary loss of productive consultation with forest prior to land as per existing regulation. dept.(for timber yielding implementation and tree) and Horticulture during execution. deptt.(for fruit bearing tree) 34 Uncontrolled Soil loss, Need for access tracks Design basis and Incorporating good POWERGRID Construction erosion/silt downstream minimised, use of existing construction design and (Contractor period runoff siltation roads. procedures (suspended construction through contract Limit site clearing to work solids in receiving management practices provisions) areas waters; area re- – once for each site 2 Regeneration of vegetation to vegetated in m ; stabilise works areas on amount of bunds completion (where applicable) constructed [length in meter, area in m2, or Avoidance of excavation in wet 3 season volume in m ]) Water courses protected from siltation through use of bunds and sediment ponds 35 Nuisance to Losses to Contract clauses specifying Contract clauses Incorporating POWERGRID Construction nearby neighbouring careful construction practices. good construction (Contractor period properties land uses/ management practices through contract – once for each site

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule values As much as possible existing Design basis and Incorporating good provisions) access ways will be used layout design engineering practices– once for each site Productive land will be Reinstatement of land Consultation with reinstated following completion status (area affected, affected parties – of construction m2) twice – immediately after completion of construction and after the first harvest Social Compensation will be paid for Implementation of Consultation with POWERGRID Prior to inequities loss of production, if any. Tree/Crop affected parties – once construction compensation (amount in a quarter paid) 36 Flooding Flooding and Avoid natural drainage pattern/ Contract clauses (e.g. Incorporating good POWERGRID Construction hazards due to loss of soils, facilities being suspended solids and construction (Contractor period construction contamination disturbed/blocked/ diverted by BOD/COD in receiving management through contract impediments of of receptors on-going construction activities water) practices-once for provisions) natural (land, water) each site drainage 37 Equipment Contamination Equipment stored at secure Store room level to be Store room level as POWERGRID Construction submerged of receptors place above the high flood above HFL (elevation per flood design-once period under flood (land, water) level(HFL) difference in meters)

38 Inadequate Loss of land Existing borrow sites will be Contract clauses Incorporating good POWERGRID Construction siting of borrow values used to source aggregates, construction (Contractor period areas (quarry therefore, no need to develop management practices through contract areas) new sources of aggregates – once for each site provisions)) 39 Health and Injury and Safety equipment’s (PPEs) for Contract clauses Contract clauses POWERGRID Construction safety sickness of construction workers (number of incidents compliance – once (Contractor period workers and Contract provisions specifying and total lost-work days every quarter through contract members of minimum requirements for caused by injuries and provisions) the public construction camps sickness) Contractor to prepare and implement a health and safety plan.

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule Contractor to arrange for health and safety training sessions 40 Inadequate Likely to Training of environmental Training schedules No. of programs POWERGRID Routinely construction maximise monitoring personnel attended by each throughout stage damages person – once a year construction monitoring Implementation of effective Respective contract Submission of duly period environmental monitoring and checklists and remedial completed checklists reporting system using actions taken thereof. of all contracts for checklist of all contractual each site - once environmental requirements Appropriate contact clauses to Compliance report Submission of duly ensure satisfactory related to completed compliance implementation of contractual environmental aspects report for each environmental mitigation for the contract contract – once measures. Operation and Maintenance 41 Location of line Exposure to Setback of dwellings to Compliance with Setback distances to POWERGRID During operations towers and line safety overhead line route designed setback distances (“as- nearest houses – once alignment & related risks in accordance with permitted built” diagrams) in quarter design level of power frequency and the regulation of supervision at sites. 42 Line through Injury/ Avoidance of established/ Regular monitoring for No. of incidents- once POWERGRID Part of detailed identified bird mortality to identified migration path (Birds any incident of every month siting and flyways, birds, bats & Bats). Provision of flight injury/mortality alignment survey migratory path etc due to diverter/reflectors, elevated /design and collision and perches, insulating jumper Operation electrocution loops, obstructive perch deterrents, raptor hoods etc., if applicable 43 Equipment Contamination Equipment installed above the Substation design to Base height as per POWERGRID During operations submerged of receptors high flood level (HFL) by account for HFL (“as- flood design – once under flood (land, water) raising the foundation pad. built” diagrams)

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule 44 Oil spillage Contamination Each transformer has a Substation bunding Bunding (Oil sump) POWERGRID During operations of land/nearby secure and impervious (Oil sump) (“as-built” capacity and water bodies underlying pit with a storage diagrams) permeability - once capacity of at least 20% of the total oil volume of the transformer and the individual pits are connected to a main collection sump of capacity of 220% of largest transformer oil volume, which acts as a Secondary Containment, in case of a leakage. 45 SF6 Emission of Reduction of SF6 emission Leakage and gas Continuous POWERGRID During management most potent through awareness, density/level monitoring Operations GHG replacement of old seals, causing proper handling & storage by climate controlled inventory and use, change enhance recovery and applying new technologies to reduce leakage 46 Inadequate Injury and Careful design using Usage of appropriate Preparedness level for POWERGRID Design and provision of sickness of appropriate technologies to technologies (lost work using these operation staff/workers staff /workers minimise hazards days due to illness and technologies in crisis – health and injuries) once each year safety during Safety awareness raising for Training/awareness Number of programs operations staff. programs and mock and percent of staff Preparation of fire emergency drills /workers covered – action plan and training given once each year to staff on implementing emergency action plan Provide adequate sanitation Provision of facilities Complaints received and water supply facilities from staff /workers every 2 weeks 47 Electric Shock Injury/ Careful design using Usage of appropriate Preparedness level for POWERGRID Design and Hazards mortality to appropriate technologies to technologies (no. of using these technology Operation staff and minimise hazards injury incidents, lost in crisis- once a month work days) IEAR FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR UMSP AT TUMKUR PHASE-II (PART A & B) 57

Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule public Security fences around Maintenance of fences Report on substations maintenance – every 2 Barriers to prevent climbing Maintenance of barriers weeks on/ dismantling of towers Appropriate warning signs on Maintenance of facilities warning signs Electricity safety awareness Training /awareness Number of programs raising in project areas programs and mock and percent of total drills for all concerned persons covered – parties once each year 48 Operations and Unnecessary Adequate training in O&M to Training/awareness Number of programs POWERGRID Operation maintenance environmental all relevant staff of substations programs and mock and percent of staff staff skills less losses of & line maintenance crews. drills for all relevant covered – once each than acceptable various types Preparation and training in the staff year use of O&M manuals and standard operating practices 49 Inadequate Diminished Staff to receive training in Training/awareness Number of programs POWERGRID Operation periodic ecological environmental monitoring of programs and mock and percent of staff environmental and social project operations and drills for all relevant covered – once each monitoring. values. maintenance activities. staff year

50 Equipment Release of Processes, equipment and Process, equipment Phase out schedule to POWERGRID Operation specifications chemicals systems using and system design be prepared in case and design and gases in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) , still in use – once in a parameters receptors including halon, should be quarter (air, water, phased out and to be disposed land) of in a manner consistent with the requirements of the Govt. 51 Transmission Exposure to Transmission line design to Required ground Ground clearance - POWERGRID Operation line electromagn comply with the limits of clearance (meters) once maintenance etic electromagnetic interference interference from overhead power lines

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Clause Project activity/ Potential Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement & Institutional Implementation No. stage Impact measures monitored frequency responsibility schedule 52 Uncontrolled Fire hazard Periodic pruning of vegetation Requisite clearance Assessment in POWERGRID Operation growth of due to to maintain requisite electrical (meters) consultation with vegetation growth of clearance. forest authorities - tree/shrub No use of herbicides/ once a year(pre- /bamboo pesticides monsoon/post- along RoW monsoon 53 Noise related Nuisance to Substations sited and Noise levels {dB(A)} Noise levels at POWERGRID Operation neighbouring designed to ensure noise will boundary nearest to properties not be a nuisance. properties and consultation with affected parties if any - once

** These measures will not be applicable in the instant case since no new substation is covered under the present scope of works.

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ANNEXURE – 1 GUIDELINES ISSUED BY GOVT OF INDIA REGARDING ROW COMPENSATION

ANNEXURE – 2

TREE / CROP COMPENSATION PROCEDURE

TREE AND CROP COMPENSATION PROCEDURES

In exercise of the powers vested with Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) under Indian telegraph Act'1885, part 3, section 10 to 19 conferred under section 164 of the Electricity Act 2003 through Gazette by India, extra ordinary dated 24th Dec. 2003, has the authority to place and maintain transmission lines under over along or across and posts in or upon, any immoveable property. As per the provisions of Indian Telegraph Act1885 Part III Section 10 (b) which prohibits acquisition of any rights other than that of use only, land for tower and right of way is not acquired and agricultural activities are allowed to continue. However, as per clause 10 (d) of same act stipulates that the user agency shall pay full compensation to all interested for any damages sustained during the execution of said work. Accordingly, POWERGRID pays compensation to land owners towards damages if any to trees or crop during implementation of transmission project as well as during Operation and maintenance phase. The procedure followed for such compensation is as follows:

POWERGRID follows the principle of avoidance, minimization and mitigation in the construction of line in agricultural field having crop due to inherent flexibility in phasing the construction activity and tries to defer construction in cropped area to facilitate crop harvesting. However, if it is unavoidable and is likely to affect project schedule, compensation is given at market rate for standing crops. All efforts are also taken to minimize the crop damage to the extent possible in such cases. As regards trees coming in the Right of Way (RoW) following procedure is adopted for enumeration:

i) All the trees which are coming within the clearance belt of ROW on either side of the center line are identified and marked/numbered from one AP to the other and documented. ii) Type, Girth (Measured 1 m. above ground level), approximate height o the tree is also noted for each tree iii) Trees belonging o Govt., Forest, Highways and other local bodies may be separately noted down or timely follow up with the concerned authorities for inspection and removal. iv) Cashew, Guava, Lemon and other hybrid trees which are not of tall growing nature are not marked for cutting since these trees can be crossed using standard tower extensions if required.

A notice under Indian Telegraph Act is served to the land owners informing that the proposed transmission line is being routed through the property of the individual concerned. The notice shall contain the particulars of the land, ownership details and the details of the trees/crops inevitability likely to be damaged during the course of the construction of the proposed transmission line and acknowledgement received from land owner. A copy of said notice is further issued to the Revenue Officer, who has been authorized by the State Govt. for the purpose of assessment/valuation and disbursement of compensation to the affected parties.

The revenue officer shall further issue a notice of intimation to the concerned land owner and inspect the site to verify the documents related to the proof of ownership and a detailed Mahazar is prepared for the identified trees and crops inevitability damaged during the course of the construction. For assessing the true value of timber yielding trees help of forest officials is taken and for fruit bearing trees help of Horticulture department is taken.

The Mahazar shall contain the land owner details type of tree/crop, its present age, variety, yielding pattern etc. and the same is prepared at site in the presence of the land owner. These Mahazars are further compiled and a random verification is conducted by the concerned District Collector OR his authorized representative in order to ascertain the assessment carried out by the revenue office is genuine and correct. After this process the District collector issues a tree cutting permit to Power Grid Corporation to enable removal / damage to the standing tree/crop identified in the line corridor.

Once the tree/crop is removed / damaged, POWERGRID shall issue a tree cutting/crop damaged notice to the land owner with a copy to the Revenue Officer to process the compensation payment. Based on the above the compensation payment is generated by means of a computerized programme developed by the National Informatics Center exclusively for this purpose. The detailed Valuation statement thus generated using this programme is verified at various levels and approval of payment of compensation is accorded by the concerned District Collectors.

On approval of compensation, the revenue officer shall further intimate the amount payable to the different land owners and POWERGRID arranges the payment by way of Demand Draft to the affected parties. The payment is further disbursed at the local village office after due verification of the documents in presence of other witnesses.

Procedure exclusively followed in Kerala State:

Due to typical demography of Kerala state and presence of several orchards of Coconut and Rubber, State government in consultation with Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) have devised a formula for arriving the compensation which is as follows:

Compensation = yield X constant factor X average market value X future age.

The constant factor is to arrive the net return component for the particular variety of tree in line with the annuity ratio slab prescribed for the balance life of the tree. A sample calculation sheet using the said formula to arrive at compensation towards trees / crop is enclosed for ready reference.

Another measure adopted in Kerala to expedite assessment and disbursement by POWERGRID is to appoint an Special Revenue Officer and associated staff on deputation from State Government exclusively for the project under execution. This has helped in timely assessment and distribution of compensation amount to affected farmer. Moreover, it has further contributed in simplifying the process as affected farmer need not to visit revenue official again and again and his case is processed at site quickly.

TREE / CROP COMPENSATION PROCESS

Walk over / preliminary survey of route alignment

Detailed / Check Survey of final route alignment to fix the angle point and tower spotting

If the line passing through private cultivable areas. Issue of Notice under Indian Telegraph Act to the land owner

Preparation of Mazhazer by Revenue official at site in presence of land owner, POWERGRID and two witnesses.

Inspection / verification by DC or his authorized representative

Issue of tree cutting permit by DC

Cutting of trees by POWERGRID and issue of cutting certificate to land owner and revenue official by POWERGRID Grievance Procedure Association of AP may represent if not Forest / satisfied with Preparation of checklist and valuation Horticulture Deptt. assessment to revenue statement by revenue official for assessment of or to DC for value of timber and revision/review. fruit bearing trees Approval of valuation statement by DC respectively. If still not satisfied he/she may move to court. Disbursement of compensation to affected farmers and acknowledgement Local Court